Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Analytical Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4110
ISSN (Online): 1875-6727

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Heavy Metals in Blood Serum of Smokers and Non-smoking Controls

Author(s): Abdulhussein Abdulameer Alkufi, Mohanad Hussain Oleiwi and Ali Abid Abojassim*

Volume 20, Issue 3, 2024

Published on: 29 January, 2024

Page: [175 - 182] Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/0115734110282582240116111759

Abstract

Background: The analysis of heavy metals in the blood serum can serve as a reliable indicator for establishing the association between cigarette smoking and the presence of heavy metals.

Methods: In this study, performed in Al-Najaf during 2023, concentrations of three heavy metals - cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) – were investigated in two groups: cigarette smokers, and non-smokers (the control group) by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Participants in this experiment were categorized into five age groups: 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and 61- 70.

Results: The results showed that smokers displayed significantly higher blood serum concentrations of all heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) compared to non-smokers Furthermore, it is found that the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb for smokers were 0.873±0.619 ppm, 1.957±0.883 ppm, and 0.043±0.021 ppm, respectively. For non-smokers, they were 0.197±0.165 ppm, 0.159±0.105 ppm, and 0.031±0.016 ppm, respectively. These differences were statistically significant. Overall, the mean heavy metal levels displayed a descending order in the present study, i.e., Cd > Cr > Pb.

Conclusion: The concentrations of Cd and Cr in all samples of the present study were higher than the biological limit according to ACGIH. Therefore, Cd and Cr were the most critical metals accumulated in the blood of cigarette smokers. Additionally, the findings have indicated that the analysis of blood serum samples can serve as a reliable indicator for establishing the association between cigarette smoking and the presence of heavy metals.

Keywords: Tobacco, smoking, serum, heavy metals, blood serum, smokers, non-smoking controls.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Nakhaee, S.; Amirabadizadeh, A.; Ataei, M.; Ataei, H.; Zardast, M.; Shariatmadari, M.R.; Mousavi-Mirzaei, S.M.; Mehrpour, O. Comparison of serum concentrations of essential and toxic elements between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2021, 28(28), 37672-37678.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13290-1] [PMID: 33721162]
[2]
Järup, L. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br. Med. Bull., 2003, 68(1), 167-182.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032] [PMID: 14757716]
[3]
Meeker, J.D.; Rossano, M.G.; Protas, B.; Diamond, M.P.; Puscheck, E.; Daly, D.; Paneth, N.; Wirth, J.J. Cadmium, lead, and other metals in relation to semen quality: Human evidence for molybdenum as a male reproductive toxicant. Environ. Health Perspect., 2008, 116(11), 1473-1479.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11490] [PMID: 19057699]
[4]
Arain, M.S.; Kazi, T.G.; Afridi, H.I.; Ali, J. Preconcentration of trace level manganese in blood samples of patients with different neurological disorders using a deep eutectic solvent extraction method prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. At. Spectr., 2017, 38(4), 92-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.46770/AS.2017.04.003]
[5]
Sung, J.H.; Oh, I.; Kim, A.; Lee, J.; Sim, C.S.; Yoo, C.; Park, S.J.; Kim, G.B.; Kim, Y. Environmental and body concentrations of heavy metals at sites near and distant from industrial complexes in Ulsan, Korea. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2018, 33(5), e33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e33] [PMID: 29349943]
[6]
Galażyn-Sidorczuk, M.; Brzóska, M.M; Moniuszko-Jakoniuk, J. Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2008, 137(1-3), 481-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9783-2] [PMID: 17508260]
[7]
Bandeira, C.M.; de Almeida, A.Á.; Carta, C.F.L.; Almeida, A.A.; de Figueiredo, F.A.T.; Sandrim, V.C.; Gonçalves, A.J.; Almeida, J.D. Tobacco influence in heavy metals levels in head and neck cancer cases. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2018, 25(27), 27650-27656.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2668-9] [PMID: 30056540]
[8]
Mahugija, J.A.; Kasenya, Z.S.; Kilulya, K.F. Levels of heavy metals in urine samples of school children from selected industrial and non-industrial areas in Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Afr Health Sci., 2018, 18(4), 1226-1235.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v18i4.44] [PMID: 30766589] [PMCID: PMC6354869]
[9]
Forman, D.; Ferlay, J.; Stewart, B. W.; Wild, C. P. The global and regional burden of cancer. World Cancer Report, 2014, 16-53.
[10]
Condoluci, A.; Mazzara, C.; Zoccoli, A.; Pezzuto, A.; Tonini, G. Impact of smoking on lung cancer treatment effectiveness: A review. Future Oncol., 2016, 12(18), 2149-2161.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon-2015-0055] [PMID: 27424719]
[11]
Maret, W. The metals in the biological periodic system of the elements: Concepts and conjectures. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2016, 17(1), 66-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17010066] [PMID: 26742035]
[12]
Tsai, K.Y.; Su, C.C.; Chiang, C.T.; Tseng, Y.T.; Lian, I.B. Environmental heavy metal as a potential risk factor for the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders in central Taiwan. Cancer Epidemiol., 2017, 47, 118-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2017.02.003] [PMID: 28259083]
[13]
Golia, E.E.; Dimirkou, A.; Mitsios, I.K. Heavy‐metal concentration in tobacco leaves in relation to their available soil fractions. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 2009, 40(1-6), 106-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620802623570]
[14]
Shariat, S.Z.A.S.; Rastqar, A.; Jabbari, M.; Taheri, M.; Keshvari, M. Cadmium concentration in cigarette brands, tobacco leaves, and smokers’ blood samples. Herb. Med. J., 2019, 4(1), 11-17.
[15]
Ghasemi, M.; Sabzmakan, L. Experiences of high school students about the predictors of tobacco use: a directed qualitative content analysis. J. Educ. Community Health, 2015, 2(3), 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20286/jech-02031]
[16]
Shakeri, M.T.; Nezami, H.; Nakhaee, S.; Aaseth, J.; Mehrpour, O. Assessing heavy metal burden among cigarette smokers and non-smoking individuals in Iran: Cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2021, 199(11), 4036-4044.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02537-6] [PMID: 33469740]
[17]
Grassin-Delyle, S.; Martin, M.; Hamzaoui, O.; Lamy, E.; Jayle, C.; Sage, E.; Etting, I.; Devillier, P.; Alvarez, J.C. A high-resolution ICP-MS method for the determination of 38 inorganic elements in human whole blood, urine, hair and tissues after microwave digestion. Talanta, 2019, 199, 228-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.068] [PMID: 30952251]
[18]
Milam, C.; One, M.B.; Dogara, R.K.; Yila, E.Y. Assessment of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in blood samples of sheep and rabbits from jimeta-yola, adamawa State, Nigeria. Int. J. Adv. Pharm. Biol. Chem., 2017, 6(3), 3391-4010.
[19]
Tinggi, U.; Gianduzzo, T.; Francis, R.; Nicol, D.; Shahin, M.; Scheelings, P. Determination of selenium in red blood cells by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 2004, 259(3), 469-472.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JRNC.0000020920.28409.30]
[20]
Yahaya, M.; Shehu, A.; Dabai, F.G. Efficiency of extraction of trace metals from blood samples using wet digestion and microwave digestion techniques. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag., 2013, 17(3), 365-369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v17i3.4]
[21]
Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. USA: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists , 2010; pp. 200-219.
[22]
Al-Dahhan, W.H.; Yousif, E.; Hashim, H. Determination of toxic metals in tobacco from selected imported cigarette brands and local tobacco in iraqi markets: Toxic metals determination of tobacco. SQU J. Sci., 2020, 25(2), 78-84.
[23]
Journal, B.S.; Ali, F.H.; Hasan, E.J.; Znad, D.E.; Zamil, S.K.; Lafi, A.F. Evaluation of the level of some heavy metals in tobacco of domestic and imported cigarette brands used in Iraq. Baghdad Sci. J., 2015, 12(3), 582-590.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.12.3.582-590]
[24]
Al-Jeboori, F.H.A.; Hussain, K.I.; Hammode, A.S.; Znad, D.E. Analysis of heavy metals in selected cigarettes and syrupy tobacco (Mu, assel) brands smoking in baghdad market Iraq. Adv. Life Sci. Technol., 2015, 32, 1-5.
[25]
Iwuoha, G.N.; Oghu, E.I.; Onwuachu, U.I. Levels of selected heavy metals in some brands of Cigarettes marketed in university of port harcourt, rivers state. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag., 2013, 17(4), 561-564.
[26]
Ashraf, M.W. Levels of heavy metals in popular cigarette brands and exposure to these metals via smoking. Sci. World J., 2012, 2012, 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/729430] [PMID: 22489199]
[27]
Qu, J.B.; Xin, X.F.; Li, S.X.; Ikeda, M. Blood lead and cadmium in a general population in Jinan City, China. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 1993, 65(S1), S201-S204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381341] [PMID: 8406926]
[28]
Viroonudomphol, D.; Suwanton, L.; Pinyosirikul, U.; Satsue, S.; Harnroongroj, T. Effect of active and passive smoking on heavy metals toxic and antioxidant trace elements. J. Med. Bioeng., 2016, 5(1), 58-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/jomb.5.1.58-62]
[29]
Al-Ramadi, M.A.; Al-Otaibi, F.O.; Homoda, A.M.; Mostafa, G.A.E. Evaluation of some toxic metals in blood samples of smokers in Saudi Arabia by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 2017, 15(12), 2669-2673.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i12.19]
[30]
Bao, X.; Asgari, A.; Najafi, M.L.; Mokammel, A.; Ahmadi, M.; Akbari, S.; Miri, M. Exposure to waterpipe smoke and blood heavy metal concentrations. Environ. Res., 2021, 200111460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111460] [PMID: 34089744]
[31]
Babalola, O.O.; Adekunle, I.M.; Okonji, R.E.; Ejim-Eze, E.E.; Terebo, O. Selected heavy metals in blood of male Nigerian smokers. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 2007, 10(20), 3730-3733.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.3730.3733] [PMID: 19093492]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
16
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy