Book Volume 1
Preface
Page: ii-iii (2)
Author: Paulpandian Muthu Mareeswaran and Jegathalaprathaban Rajesh
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010002
Dye Degradation - Basics and Necessity
Page: 1-32 (32)
Author: Kiruthiga Kandhasamy, Sheeba Daniel, Poovan Shanmugavelan and Paulpandian Muthu Mareeswaran*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Without colour, life is incomplete. Dye refers to the compounds that give
goods their colour. Even though natural dyes have been used for generations, their
limitations have led to the development of synthetic dyes. By addressing the history
and significance of natural dyes, the limitations of natural dyes, the introduction of
synthetic dyes, the negative effects of synthetic dyes, and an overview of several
techniques used for the treatment of disposed dyes in the environment, this chapter
serves as a foundation for the discussion of the entire upcoming book. The goal of this
chapter is to provide a brief overview of the need for and the concept of dye
degradation.
Toxicity Analysis of Dyes
Page: 33-50 (18)
Author: Arumugam Girija* and Paulpandian Muthu Mareeswaran
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
In the textile sector, synthetic dyes are crucial. However, dyes pose a serious
threat to all organisms because of their toxicity. Environmental concerns have grown
over the non-selective and excessive usage of these dyestuffs. These colours have the
potential to be harmful in terms of behaviour, biology, chemistry, physicality, and
radiation. The toxicity of the dyes can be classified as acute (short-term effect) or
chronic (long-term damage). In order to establish criteria for the regulation of dyes
when they come into contact with humans and other living things, toxicity analyses of
dyes are therefore required. In a toxicology study, the reaction of an organism to a
specific dye at different concentrations is compared to the reaction of the same
organisms not exposed to the dye. The toxic effects of an experimental substance are
revealed by toxicity testing on numerous biological systems. The producers utilize this
evaluation to determine the dye's toxicity and whether it has carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic effects.
Utility of Nanotechnology in Dye Degradation
Page: 51-84 (34)
Author: Seemesh Bhaskar and Sai Sathish Ramamurthy*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles and low-dimensional graphene-based derivatives
are increasingly used for decolourization and degradation of harmful organic
pollutants. However, the utility of their hybrid compositions synthesized via low-cost
routes is rarely discussed. Our research examines the efficiency of surfactant-free
nanomaterials and their composites with graphene oxide towards the degradation of
four important textile and laser dyes, namely: Rhodamine B (RB), Methylene blue
(MB), Sulforhodamine 101 hydrate (SR) and Fluorescein (FS). The surfactant-free
metal-graphene oxide nanocomposites are engineered in two different techniques: (i)
laser ablation mediated synthesis (LAMS) and (ii) multifunctional soret nano-assemblies (MSNAs). On account of the hybridized plasmonic effects from the large
charge density oscillations in plasmonic nanoparticles and π-plasmons of graphene
oxide, intriguing results are obtained and discussed in this chapter. The synergistic
interplay and electron relay between the π-plasmons of graphene oxide and that of
organic dyes (π-π stacking), in the vicinity of the plasmonic nanocomposites,
significantly enhances the performance of the engineered nanomaterials toward dye
degradation. The dye-degradation of xenobiotic pollutants demonstrated here opens a
new door for the development of a broad spectrum of low-cost surfactant-free
nanocomposites for environmental remediation. This study presents a futuristic insight
to explore the synergy of low-dimensional and plasmonic nanomaterials constituting
elements from different parts of the periodic table to accomplish dye degradation and
related applications.
Treatment of Textile Dye Effluent by Electrochemical Method
Page: 85-107 (23)
Author: Venkatesan Sethuraman, Karupannan Aravindh, Perumalsamy Ramasamy, Bosco Christin Maria Arputham Ashwin and Paulpandian Muthu Mareeswaran*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
This chapter discusses the electrochemical aqueous solution-based
breakdown of synthetic textile colours. Several dyeing and finishing industries produce
a significant amount of dye wastewater. For the treatment of effluent water, the
electrochemical technique is being studied. The discharge of textile wastewater
likewise rises as there are more textile industries. So, in recent years, the
electrochemical degradation of industrial effluents has gained popularity. Conductivity,
pH, process detention times, total suspended solids (TSS), heavy metals, emulsified
oils, bacteria, and other pollutants from water are operating factors in electrochemical
treatment. Utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV), reactive synthetic textile dyes'
electrochemical behaviour has been reviewed. Studies on chemical oxygen demand
(COD), UV-Vis, and CV are chosen to assess the effectiveness of degradation. There
are numerous additional businesses that require electrochemical technologies for
purifying effluent water. Metal recovery, tanneries, electroplating, dairies, textile
processing, oil and oil in water emulsion, and other businesses are among them.
Effect of Electrode Materials in Decolorization of Dyestuffs from Wastewater
Page: 108-142 (35)
Author: R. Jagatheesan*, C. Christopher and K. Govindan
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The wastewater produced by the textile industry is replete with numerous
contaminants that are known to be hazardous to aquatic and terrestrial living systems.
Particularly dangerous contaminants in the textile sector that defy traditional degrading
techniques include synthetic dyestuffs. In order to protect the environment, this chapter
reviews current advancements in the electrochemical treatment of wastewater
containing synthetic organic dyes by anodic oxidation. The mechanisms of
electrochemical oxidation in anodic oxidation processes are thoroughly described. The
electrochemical degradation of wastewater has been studied using a wide variety of
electrodes. As a result, this paper attempts to summarize and discuss the most
significant and recent studies on the use of anodes for the removal of organic synthetic
dyestuffs that are currently available in the literature.
Z-scheme: A Photocatalysis for the Remediation of Environmental Pollutants
Page: 143-155 (13)
Author: Suresh Kumar Pandey and Dhanesh Tiwary*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Modern artificial heterostructures control redox reactions at the catalyst's
active sites by effectively separating charges and transporting excitons with the help of
light sources. Regarding environmental remediation, the Z-scheme—particularly in the
degradation and mineralization of organic pollutants—plays a crucial role.
Appropriately designed photocatalysts with Z-scheme have several benefits over
conventional photocatalytic processes, including improved charge separation and
effective redox process management in response to visible light. It provides the way for
the creation of newer and more effective photocatalysts because it is said to make
reduction and oxidation processes easier than with the constituent single precursor. In
contrast to other heterostructure schemes like the Type-I and Type-II schemes,
heterostructures with the Z-scheme mechanism attracted a lot of attention.
A Review of Various Materials under Different Conditions for Efficient Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
Page: 156-166 (11)
Author: SP. Keerthana*, R. Yuvakkumar* and G. Ravi
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010010
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Large amounts of more toxic dye water have been released into the
environment recently as a result of the expansion of the textile industry. There are
numerous approaches that have been found and applied to lessen the water's toxicity.
One of the processes that operate when there is light illumination is photocatalysis. The
electrons in the valence band absorb light illumination when exposed to it, excite the
conduction band, and create a hole in the valence band. The dye compounds will be
lessened by the recombination of these created electron-hole pairs. Materials for
effective photocatalysis are being researched. Many factors affect the photocatalytic
performance, including narrow bandgap, high surface area, and good recombination
rate. TiO2
is a semiconducting material, however, due to its higher bandgap values, it
has a lower potential when exposed to light. This article provides a brief overview of
several materials that can be affected by a variety of factors, such as doping, surfactant
addition, and composites made of carbon-based materials. It also compares how well
each material performs in terms of lowering hazardous pollutants and provides an
illustration of the mechanism.
Recent Techniques in Dye Degradation: A Biological Approach
Page: 167-186 (20)
Author: Nagaraj Revathi, Jeyaraj Dhaveethu Raja, Jegathalaprathaban Rajesh and Murugesan Sankarganesh*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010011
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are organic compounds that are mostly employed in the
manufacturing industry. A huge number of dyes are unbound and released into the
environment during the dying process. The discharge of dye/effluent with a high
biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) into the
environment has several negative consequences for the area's flora and fauna. They are
poisonous and mutagenic, and have other significant negative impacts on a variety of
creatures, including unicellular and multicellular organisms. Besides the costly
Physico-chemical treatment methods, biological approaches involving bacteria, fungi,
algae, plants, and their enzymes have got a lot of attention in recent years for the
decolorization and degradation of dyes contained in effluents due to their economic
effectiveness and environmental friendliness. Microbial degradation appears to be the
most promising of these technologies for resource recovery and sustainability.
Microorganism and plant-derived enzymes' ability to decolorize and break down dyes
has long been known, and they are shown to be the most effective molecular weapon
for bioremediation. Several sophisticated approaches are currently being investigated
for the effective decolorization of textile dyes as well as eco-toxic effluent, including
genetic engineering, nanotechnology, mobilized cells or enzymes, biofilms, and
microbial fuel cells, among others. These biological methods for decolorization and
degradation of textile effluent are very successful and have various advantages over
traditional procedures. Biological methods for removing toxic textile dyes are both
environmentally friendly and cost-effective.
Subject Index
Page: 187-191 (5)
Author: Paulpandian Muthu Mareeswaran and Jegathalaprathaban Rajesh
DOI: 10.2174/9789815179545123010012
Introduction
This series provides information on the nature of dyes, their harmful effects, and dye degrading techniques. The first volume of this series presents a fundamental concept of dye degradation. The information on target-oriented dye mitigation is intended to give readers a better understanding of the dye degradation process to sustain a healthy environment. Chapters present referenced information and highlight novel breakthroughs in the industry. Key topics: Foundations of Dye Knowledge: Evaluating Toxicity Nanotechnology Electrochemistry Catalytic Materials and Photocatalysis Microbial Biodegradation This book serves as a foundational resource for researchers and students in chemistry and chemical engineering courses. It also serves as a reference for industry professionals who work with chemical dyes (for example in textile and plastic industries) and are engaged in the critical field of environmental remediation.