Book Volume 2
Preface
Page: ii-ii (1)
Author: Pardeep Kaur, Tewin Tencomnao, Robin and Rajendra G. Mehta
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020002
Food Color, Taste, Smell, Culinary Plate, Flavor, Locale, and their Impact on Nutrition: Present and Future Multisensory Food Augmentation and Noncommunicable Disease Prevention: An Overview
Page: 1-24 (24)
Author: Douglas W. Wilson, Fabien De Meester, Toru Takahashi, Ram B. Singh and Harpal S. Buttar*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Cognizant that ‘the world is one family’, this overview describes
chemosensory characteristics of food and related issues that may enable global
inequalities in healthy food consumption to be improved with a reduction in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), preventatively. Past and modern aspects of food
tradition are briefly described followed by titular chemosensory characteristics and
their potential application to improving health in nutrition in the sense intended,
including the culinary plate. Human-computer interface and food augmentation reality
and commensal dining, in association with chemosensory properties, including sound
concerning oral food processing, are described. Future research on arresting trends in
the prevalence of NCD is suggested based on the literature. Visual cues for in-store
food choice are discussed that potentially allow the consumer, through psychological
processes and behavior outcomes, to be more discerning. Advertisements and store
architecture per se are not discussed. The relatively high prevalence of anosmia caused
by COVID-19 infection relative to non-infected subjects may alter taste and flavor
perception and lead to changed dietary habits and metabolism. Most global consumers
can practice the ‘how’ and ‘when’ to beneficially eat but food insecurity poses a global
problem.
Oxidative Stress and Protein Misfolding in Skin Aging
Page: 25-48 (24)
Author: Tushar Oak, Riya Patel and Maushmi S. Kumar*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Aging is a visible indicator of malfunctioning or toxic proteins that sensitize
other proteins to oxidative damage which is most prominently observed on the skin.
Protein misfolding is caused by the protein following an incorrect folding pathway
which may lead to spontaneous misfolding while oxidative stress refers to the
disruption of the balance between antioxidant defenses and reactive oxygen species
production. Oxidation may alter noncovalent interactions within proteins, peptide chain
fragmentation, and protein cross-linking, which causes protein misfolding and further
skin aging. A feedback loop is observed in all three processes. A proper understanding
of these events is significant in the formulation of anti-aging preparations and further
understanding of the mechanism of aging. In this Chapter, we will be discussing some
natural antioxidants available to combat oxidative stress which facilitate healthy aging
and normal functioning of the body. We will be elaborating on the body’s natural
defense mechanism against these problems such as the role of Chaperones. We will be
looking at the detailed mechanism of oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and their
correlation with skin aging along with factors influencing it. The biomarkers for
oxidative stress will be enlisted. A brief correlation between these processes in a test
worm and how it correlates to humans and its importance will be explained in this
chapter.
Therapeutic Scope and Application of Mushroom-Derived Pharmacoactives in Enhancing Health
Page: 49-70 (22)
Author: Sharika Rajasekharan Pillai and Siriporn Chuchawankul*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
In the present era, the notion that “prevention is better than cure” has gained
impetus with increased incidences of infectious and degenerative lifestyle diseases.
Recent years have seen many people choosing functional food such as probiotics,
plant-based nutritional supplements, and their normal dietary needs. Studies have
shown significant health benefits in using these nutraceuticals as they aid in the body's
general well-being. Among food varieties, edible mushrooms have also become a
functional dietary food. It has been used as a source of nutrition in many parts of the
world. Oriental medicine has been using mushrooms as a component in various
medicinal concoctions for several decades. Today, with the advent of scientific knowhow, around 2,000 edible mushrooms have been identified; among them, 700 possess
bioactive compounds. Both In vitro and In vivo studies have shown immunomodulatory
effects via the regulation of innate, complement-mediated, and adaptive immunity by
enhancing the active mechanisms of immune systems such as the macrophages, IL,
TNF-α, IFN-γ, NO, and the complement system. The possibility of modulating these
immune system players by the bioactives may pave the way to side-effect-free
anticancer and immunosuppressant drugs. Recent studies have also elucidated the
neuroprotective effect induced by mushroom-derived compounds through ROS
scavenging and antioxidant activity. This chapter highlights the recent findings and the
importance of these mushroom-derived compounds and their anti-inflammatory, anticancerous antioxidant, and immunomodulatory roles.
Natural Products as Antioxidant Adjunct Therapy for Blood Parasitic Infections
Page: 71-109 (39)
Author: Paweena Pradniwat*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Human blood protozoa infections cause oxidative stresses from the parasites,
host's defense systems, and administered drugs. Oxidative stress is an important tool to
eliminate parasites from the host's body. However, the host's cells, tissues, and even
organs would be damaged along with parasites. Many pathologies such as cerebral
malaria, and renal or hepatic failures are a result of the unbalanced oxidative condition.
Many medicinal plant extracts show both anti-protozoa and antioxidant activities
simultaneously. Therefore, the administration of medicinal plant extracts in
combination with chemical drugs should be beneficial for patients with blood-protozoa
infection, by both eradicating the parasites and alleviating the oxidative stress. In
addition, the combination might also help prevent parasite resistance to chemical drugs
as the extract and chemical drugs aim at different targets simultaneously. In this
chapter, the properties and benefits of medicinal plant extracts are discussed
Natural Products as a Therapeutic Approach in Regulating Autophagy for the Management of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Page: 110-129 (20)
Author: Mani Iyer Prasanth, Dicson Sheeja Malar and Tewin Tencomnao*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex phenomenon that occurs constantly in cells for
maintaining the well-being of individuals. However, any dysregulation in the
mechanism or the proteins involved leads to detrimental effects on several diseases
including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Autophagy
dysfunction is involved in the progression of NDs including Alzheimer’s disease (AD),
Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD). With the involvement being
identified, autophagy has become a prospective target in ameliorating NDs. Natural
products in the form of extracts and bioactive compounds were repeatedly reported for
targeting autophagy-related proteins and the mechanism making them promising drug
candidates against NDs. The current chapter briefly outlines the role of autophagy in
NDs and the effect of selected natural products in restoring pathological outcomes.
Propitious Effects of Natural Bioactives for Osteoporosis: Special Emphasis From Marine Source
Page: 130-145 (16)
Author: Shravya Shanbhag, Palak Parekh and Maushmi S. Kumar*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the most significant health issues on the globe. The
activity of osteoclast cells is connected to altered hormone levels and other factors such
as age. The condition is characterized by increased bone fragility and loss of bone
tissue. Osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and Paget's disease are frequently caused by an
imbalance in the production and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The disease's
early signs are scarcely noticeable. It results in gradual bone loss, which eventually
makes the patients more prone to fractures. Osteoporosis must be avoided since the
fractures caused by it have substantial medical expenses and morbidity.
Bisphosphonates are used in the treatment of osteoporosis, along with hormone
therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), calcitonin, strontium ranelate
(SR), and other treatments. Marine Natural Products (MNPs) have also had a
significant impact on bone metabolism by preventing osteoclastogenesis. These MNPs
are generated from a variety of marine resources, including marine cyanobacteria, soft
corals, mollusks, fish, dinoflagellates, algae, sponges, and mangroves. Numerous plant
and herb species are also effective in the treatment of osteoporosis. We check if these
plant-based bio-actives may replace hormonal and synthetic drug-based treatments.
This chapter also throws light on any possible effect of COVID-19 that might be on the
body, particularly the musculoskeletal system.
Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease: Epidemiology, Diagnostic Biomarkers and Prevention by Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Plant-Derived Therapies
Page: 146-204 (59)
Author: Prabhnain Kaur*, Ritu Dahiya, Ginpreet Kaur, Harpal S. Buttar*, Douglas W. Wilson and Istvan G. Telessy
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020010
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by hardening/narrowing of arteries and
reduction of blood flow to vital organs. Animal models and human research show that
endothelial dysfunction and plaque development precede the pathogenesis of
atherosclerosis, and related coronary heart disease, neurological, and renal disorders.
Cardiac CT-scans are used to detect atherosclerosis. Early diagnosis of atherosclerosis
reduces mortality, morbidity, and healthcare expenditures. Biomarkers like C-reactive
protein, IL-6, IL-8, phospholipase A2, cardiac troponin, MicroRNA, miR-21, and other
endothelial inflammation biomarkers are novel targets for monitoring atherosclerosisrelated cardiovascular disorders. Anti-platelet and anti-cholesterol drugs are used in the
treatment of atherogenesis and blood vessel clots. However, cholesterol-lowering drugs
may cause serious adverse effects. Thus, safe and cost-effective non-pharmacological
anti-atherogenic and anticoagulant therapies are urgently needed. Nutraceuticals,
functional foods, plant-derived therapies, antioxidant/anti-inflammation,
foods/fruits/vegetables, and lifestyle changes (e.g., physical activity, less alcohol,
smoking cessation) reduce atherogenesis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, LDL, and C-reactive protein in all age groups, especially younger people.
Overwhelming evidence suggests that regular physical activity (30 min/day), cessation
of cigarette smoking, and consumption of antioxidant nutraceuticals rich in flavonoids
and retinoids, fresh vegetables and fruits, omega-3 PUFA, culinary spices, probiotics,
Mediterranean-type diet, and “DASH DIET” lower the risk of atherogenesis and
cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes current advances in the diagnosis and
management of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular illnesses with plant-based
and wholesome diets, including the Mediterranean diet, DASH DIET, and lifestyle
changes. New preventative measures and alternative therapies, including dietary
interventions and plant-based foods may be the most cost-effective ways to manage
atherosclerosis and cardiovascular illnesses.
Immunomodulating Botanicals: An Overview of the Bioactive Phytochemicals for the Management of Autoimmune Disorders
Page: 205-229 (25)
Author: Ami P. Thakkar, Amisha Vora, Harpal S. Buttar and Ginpreet Kaur*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020011
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Immunomodulation refers to the mechanism by which the response of the
immune system is modified by the regulation of antibody synthesis, leading to either an
increase or a decrease in its levels in the circulation and body organs. Owing to their
immunomodulation and remedial benefits, a broad range of herbal remedies have been
shown to be effective in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple
sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
The ancient Indian system of Ayurveda and different other alternative therapeutic
methods have acknowledged the potential benefits of herbal-based remedies to
upregulate or suppress the immune response in the human body. The conventional
pharmacotherapies used for the management of autoimmune ailments are documented
to cause serious drug-induced adverse reactions (ADRs). Whereas, some
phytotherapies have proven safe, reliable, and efficient alternatives for the existing
drug regimens with lesser ADRs. For instance, Withania somnifera, Andrographis
paniculate, Tinospora cordifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Berberis arista are a few
herbs whose bioactive phytoconstituents have been reported to possess powerful
immunomodulation properties. Based on their purported immunomodulatory
mechanisms, they can be used for the management of autoimmune conditions. The
focus of this review is to highlight the key inflammatory biomarkers such as TNF-α
and interleukin 1, 6 involved in the distortion of the immune system in humans. Also,
we will discuss the usefulness of animal models for understanding the underlying
mechanisms of autoimmune disorders. In addition, we will describe the patents of
phytomedicine formulations filed by different manufacturers for the management of
autoimmune disorders, as well as futuristic opportunities that should be explored for
discovering the therapeutic functions of alternate remedies for treating autoimmune
diseases.
Subject Index
Page: 230-235 (6)
Author: Pardeep Kaur, Tewin Tencomnao, Robin and Rajendra G. Mehta
DOI: 10.2174/9789815238273124020012
Introduction
Bentham Briefs in Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy showcases the latest developments and techniques in the fields of pharmacology and healthcare, presenting them in distinctive volumes. Each volume offers a concise, focused overview of subjects, authored by experts in the field. The book series serves as an anthology for graduate students and researchers in pharmacology and life sciences, as well as medical professionals seeking specialization for research-related projects. The second volume, Botanicals and Natural Bioactives: Prevention and Treatment of Diseases, discusses the medicinal applications of natural bioactives in the treatment of a variety of physiological disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, neurological dysfunctions, infectious diseases, age-related diseases, and cancer. The volume has eight chapters on disease treatment and preventative measures, with contributions from more than twenty experts. Readers will comprehend the niche utilization of botanicals and natural bioactives as medicinal agents for a variety of ailments. Overall, the chapters dwell on the chemosensory features of nutritious foods to avoid non-communicable diseases and the role of immunomodulating natural products and botanicals in the prevention and treatment of skin diseases, aging, inflammation, cancer, parasitic infections in the bloodstream, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, and autoimmune disorders. The variety of topics covered in this book makes it an excellent resource for a wide audience interested in phytomedicine.