Book Volume 18
Recent Synthetic and Biological Advances in Anti-Cancer Ferrocene-Analogues and Hybrids
Page: 1-39 (39)
Author: Vishu Mehra* and Isha Lumb
DOI: 10.2174/9789815040791123180003
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Cancer is among the most severe risks to the global human population. The
enduring crisis of drug-resistant cancer and the limited selectivity of anticancer drugs
are significant roadblocks to its control and eradication, requiring the identification of
new anticancer entities. The stable aromatic nature, reversible redox properties, and
low toxicity of ferrocene revolutionized medicinal organometallic chemistry, providing
us with bioferrocene compounds with excellent antiproliferative potential, which has
been the focus of persistent efforts in recent years. Substituting the aryl/heteroaryl core
for ferrocene in an organic molecule alters its molecular characteristics, including
solubility, hydro-/lipophilicity, as well as bioactivities. Ferrocifen (ferrocene analogues
of hydroxytamoxifen) has shown antiproliferative potential in both hormone-dependent
(MCF-7) and hormone-independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. It is now in
pre-clinical trials against malignancies. These entities operate through various targets,
some of which have been revealed and activated in response to product concentrations.
They also react to the cancer cells by diverse mechanisms that can work in concert or
in isolation, depending on signaling pathways that promote senescence or death. The
behavior of ferrocene-containing hybrids with a range of anticancer targets is explained
in this chapter.
Synthesis of Fused Nitrogenated Heterocycles: Intramolecular Povarov Reaction
Page: 40-111 (72)
Author: Carme Masdeu, Jesús M. de los Santos, Francisco Palacios and Concepcion Alonso*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815040791123180004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Nitrogenated heterocycles take part in the structure of many natural products
and agents with important biological activity, such as antiviral, antibiotic and antitumor
drugs. For this reason, heterocyclic compounds are one of the most desired synthetic
targets nowadays. In this review work, the literature related to the preparation of
polyheterocyclic compounds by using the intramolecular Povarov reaction will be
collected. The Povarov reaction is a process in which aromatic amines, carbonyl
compounds and olefins or acetylenes participate to give rise to the formation of the
nitrogenated compounds. Then, intramolecular Povarov reactions to carry out these
syntheses are described according to the key processes involved; catalytic reactions
with transition metals will be included discussing the reaction mechanisms and
examining the effect of catalysts and solvents in the preparation of the products, thus
reflecting the synthetic potential of this strategy. Moreover, applications of prepared
compounds will also be considered.
Use of Barbituric Acid as a Precursor for the Synthesis of Bioactive Compound
Page: 112-150 (39)
Author: Sundaram Singh* and Savita Kumari
DOI: 10.2174/9789815040791123180005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Barbituric acid is an organic compound containing a pyrimidine heterocyclic
skeleton. It is a water-soluble and odorless compound. Barbituric acid served as a
starting material for many barbiturate drugs. The variable properties of the products
achieved from barbituric acid motivate organic chemists to investigate its chemistry
and current developments have suggested it by multicomponent reactions (MCR).
Barbituric acid and its derivatives, commonly known as barbiturates, are
important in pharmaceutical chemistry because they are fascinating building blocks for
synthesizing biologically active compounds. The first barbiturate to be prepared was
Barbital (5, 5-diethyl barbituric acid), and it is hypnotic and sedative and was used as
an anxiolytic and sleeping aid. Barbituric acid derivatives act on the central nervous
system and are used as sedatives, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and hypnotics. Recent
investigations show that barbituric acid derivatives may have applications in matrix
metalloproteinases, inhibiting collagen-ase-3 (MMP-3), anti-invasive, recombinant
cytochrome P450 enzymes, fungicides, methionine aminopeptidase-1 (MetAP-1),
herbicides, antibacterial, anti-tumor antiangiogenic, antioxidant, antiviral, and HIV-1
integrase inhibitors. Furthermore, recent literature accounts have shown that barbituric
acid derivatives may also perform as immune modulators. Barbituric acid has been
exploited in designing and preparing various types of carbocyclic and heterocyclic
compounds. An extensive range of multicomponent reactions utilize barbituric acid as
a starting material. By using the Knoevenagel condensation reaction, a wide range of
barbiturate drugs, that act as central nervous system depressants can be synthesized
using barbituric acid. Barbituric acid is a precursor in the laboratory production of
riboflavin (vitamin B2
).
Ionic Liquids as Solvents and/or Catalysts for Organic Synthesis
Page: 151-189 (39)
Author: Vaishali Khokhar, Shruti Trivedi, Shreya Juneja, Komal, Siddharth Pandey*, Gyandshwar K. Rao, Kamalakanta Behera and Kamal Nayan Sharma*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815040791123180006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are receiving increased enticement from synthetic organic
chemists; world-wide due to their extraordinary physicochemical properties. The wide-ranging applications of ionic liquids as solvents and catalysts in organic synthesis are
mainly due to their non-volatile nature which arises from very low vapor pressures.
Since the past few decades, researchers have explored the efficacy of these designer
solvents as green substitutes of toxic and volatile organic solvents for a variety of value
added synthetic organic reactions. Furthermore, the tremendous potential of ILs as
catalysts is also worth mentioning. Unlike organic solvents of comparable polarity,
they often act as catalysts in various organic reactions. Thus, the present chapter aims
at observing and exploring the application of ionic liquids as solvents and catalysts in
various synthetic organic reactions. The green chemistry aspects of the solvent as well
as the catalytic use of ionic liquids in order to develop environmentally benign
organic synthesis is also the focus of discussion in this chapter.
Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Page: 190-235 (46)
Author: Mohammad Ruhul Amin Bhuiyan*, Hayati Mamur and Ömer Faruk Dilmaç
DOI: 10.2174/9789815040791123180007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Semiconducting metal oxide nanomaterials are the future potential materials
for biomedical applications. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials are developed by using
the organic synthesis process for excellent biocompatibility, selectivity, sensitivity,
good chemical stability, non-toxicity, and fast electron transfer properties. They have a
high surface-to-volume ratio that performs proper contouring on the human body to
feel comfortable. Recent advanced studies on these nanomaterials show that they are
promising materials for effective antibacterial and antifungal agents against a variety of
microbes. They also promise to provide advanced technology for biomedical
applications that can be used to destroy several types of malignant cells in the human
body. Moreover, they can be used as antibacterial agents in the human body. This
chapter briefly discusses the cost-effective approach to organically synthesizing ZnO
nanomaterials. Moreover, these ideas can be developed to characterize these materials
as biomaterials to perform easily upscaled in biomedical applications.
Superhydrophobic Polymeric Nanocomposites Coatings for Effective Corrosion Protection
Page: 236-267 (32)
Author: Shimaa A. Higazy, Olfat E. El-Azabawy and Mohamed S. Selim*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815040791123180008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The contemporary era of studying superhydrophobic surfaces began in 1997,
when Neinhuis and Barthlott discovered the self-cleaning qualities of the lotus effect.
Corrosion of steel represents an important industrial issue with well-known negative
economic and environmental consequences. The protection of steel objects during
service operations is an inexhaustible research subject because of the steel's high demand
in the industry. Anticorrosive coatings have aided in extending the life of the material
without impairing its bulk qualities. The microporous structure of polymers allows
corrosive ions to pass at the coating–metal interface, resulting in poor serviceability.
Advanced structural modifications, such as polymeric nanocomposites, have been used
to solve these disadvantages. Organic-inorganic nanocomposites are employed as
outstanding anti-corrosive coatings to provide steel constructions' service longevity.
Superhydrophobic nanocomposite coatings tend to be one of the most promising
methods for avoiding corrosion in steel. Various nanostructured fillers have the ability
to significantly improve the corrosion-barrier efficiency of polymeric coatings.
Superhydrophobicity in nature will be briefly addressed to provide a comprehensive
study. This chapter focuses on introducing the anticorrosive properties of
superhydrophobic coatings. It gives an overview of present and advanced research
developments, such as graphene nanocomposite surfaces.
Morphologies and Properties of Virgin and Waste PP Nanocomposites
Page: 268-290 (23)
Author: Khmais Zdiri*, A. Elamri, O. Harzallah and M. Hamdaoui
DOI: 10.2174/9789815040791123180009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Polypropylene is a semicrystalline thermoplastic addition polymer used in
several applications, such as plastic parts for many industries, consumer product
packaging, special devices like living hinges, and textiles. Thanks to its excellent
properties, it could be used only or in a nanocomposite system.
This article presents the different types of nanoparticles used for the enhancement of
thermo-mechanical and physical behaviors of PP nanocomposites. The analysis of
morphologies and thermo-mechanical behaviors of virgin PP nanocomposites are
described. Moreover, this paper also discusses the improvements of properties of waste
PP by nanoparticle incorporation. Finally, the last section of the paper covers a case
study about influence of clay nanoparticles on waste PP based nanocomposites.
Introduction
Advances in Organic Synthesis is a book series devoted to the latest advances in synthetic approaches towards challenging structures. The series presents comprehensive reviews written by eminent authorities on different synthetic approaches to selected target molecules and new methods developed to achieve specific synthetic transformations or optimal product yields. Advances in Organic Synthesis is essential for all organic chemists in academia and the industry who wish to keep abreast of rapid and important developments in the field. Volume 18 presents 7 reviews focused on ionic materials, nanoparticles and nitrogen containing heterocycles in organic synthesis. - Recent synthetic and biological advances in anti-cancer ferrocene-analogues and hybrids - Synthesis of fused nitrogenated heterocycles: intramolecular povarov reaction - Use of barbituric acid as a precursor for the synthesis of bioactive compound - Ionic liquids as solvents and/or catalysts for organic synthesis - Zinc oxide nanomaterials for biomedical applications - Superhydrophobic polymeric nanocomposites coatings for effective corrosion protection - Morphologies and properties of virgin and waste PP nanocomposites