Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in young adults, and with the incidence of diabetes increasing at a frightening rate, retinopathy is estimated to threaten vision for almost 51 million patients worldwide. In diabetes, mitochondria structure, function and DNA (mtDNA) are damaged in the retina and its vasculature, and the mtDNA repair machinery and biogenesis are compromised. Proteins encoded by mtDNA become subnormal contributing to dysfunctional electron transport system, and the transport of proteins that are important in mtDNA biogenesis and function, but are encoded by nuclear DNA, is impaired. These diabetes-induced abnormalities in mitochondria continue even when hyperglycemic insult is terminated, and are implicated in the metabolic memory phenomenon associated with the continued progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes also facilitates epigenetic modifications-the changes in histones and DNA methylation in response to cells changing environmental stimuli, which the cell can memorize and pass to the next generation. Epigenetic modifications contribute to the mitochondria damage, and are postulated in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and also to the metabolic memory phenomenon. Thus, strategies targeting mitochondria homeostasis and/or enzymes important for histone and DNA methylation could serve as potential therapies to halt the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, epigenetic modifications, mitochondria damage, mitochondria DNA, oxidative stress.
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Mitochondria Damage in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy and in the Metabolic Memory Associated with its Continued Progression
Volume: 20 Issue: 26
Author(s): Renu A. Kowluru
Affiliation:
Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, epigenetic modifications, mitochondria damage, mitochondria DNA, oxidative stress.
Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in young adults, and with the incidence of diabetes increasing at a frightening rate, retinopathy is estimated to threaten vision for almost 51 million patients worldwide. In diabetes, mitochondria structure, function and DNA (mtDNA) are damaged in the retina and its vasculature, and the mtDNA repair machinery and biogenesis are compromised. Proteins encoded by mtDNA become subnormal contributing to dysfunctional electron transport system, and the transport of proteins that are important in mtDNA biogenesis and function, but are encoded by nuclear DNA, is impaired. These diabetes-induced abnormalities in mitochondria continue even when hyperglycemic insult is terminated, and are implicated in the metabolic memory phenomenon associated with the continued progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes also facilitates epigenetic modifications-the changes in histones and DNA methylation in response to cells changing environmental stimuli, which the cell can memorize and pass to the next generation. Epigenetic modifications contribute to the mitochondria damage, and are postulated in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and also to the metabolic memory phenomenon. Thus, strategies targeting mitochondria homeostasis and/or enzymes important for histone and DNA methylation could serve as potential therapies to halt the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kowluru A. Renu, Mitochondria Damage in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy and in the Metabolic Memory Associated with its Continued Progression, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2013; 20 (26) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/09298673113209990029
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/09298673113209990029 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Uric Acid and Oxidative Stress
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Insulin Resistance
Current Pharmaceutical Design Scaffold Hopping for Identification of Novel PKCβII Inhibitors Based on Ligand and Structural Approaches, Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Study
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Clinical Features and Disease Damage Risk Factors in an Egyptian SLE Cohort: A Multicenter Study
Current Rheumatology Reviews New Chemotherapeutic Strategies Against Malaria, Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Hypertension in the Elderly: An Evidence-based Review
Current Pharmaceutical Design Indications for Heart Transplantation in Congenital Heart Disease
Current Cardiology Reviews Preface
Current Cardiology Reviews Pharmacological manipulation of peripheral vascular resistance in special clinical situations after pediatric cardiac surgery
Current Vascular Pharmacology Dynamics of T Cells Repertoire During Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and its Post-Treatment Modulation
Current Medicinal Chemistry L-Carnitine - Metabolic Functions and Meaning in Humans Life
Current Drug Metabolism Targeting SUMOylation Cascade for Diabetes Management
Current Drug Targets Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease – AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) as a Therapeutic Target
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Acute Myocarditis in Children: An Overview of Treatment and Recent Patents
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Copper Complexes of Bioactive Ligands with Superoxide Dismutase Activity
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Efficacy and Safety of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Meet Our Editorial Board Member:
Current Vascular Pharmacology Biomarker-Guided Strategy for Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets The Use of Novel Oral Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Stem Cell Therapy in Heart Diseases: A Review of Selected New Perspectives,Practical Considerations and Clinical Applications
Current Cardiology Reviews