Abstract
We describe here physiological formation of a unique nitrated cyclic nucleotide, 8-nitroguanosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) and its potent antioxidant activity. Our earlier studies revealed the NO-dependent guanine nitration in several types of cells. In fact, we identified physiological formation and functions of 8-nitro-cGMP, which is the first demonstration of a new second messenger derived from cGMP in mammals since the discovery of cGMP more than 40 years ago. Using immunocytochemical methods, we confirmed 8-nitro-cGMP formation in cultured macrophages, hepatocyte-like cells, adipocytes, and endothelial cells, depending on NO production. We further verified 8- nitro-cGMP formation via HPLC plus electrochemical detection and tandem mass spectrometry. 8-Nitro-cGMP as an electrophile reacts efficiently with sulfhydryls of proteins to generate a novel post-translational modification, which we call protein S-guanylation. Particular intracellular proteins can readily undergo S-guanylation by 8-nitro-cGMP. 8-NitrocGMP regulates the redox-sensor signaling protein Keap1, via S-guanylation of the highly nucleophilic cysteine sulfhydryls of Keap1. More importantly, we clarified that S-guanylation of Keap1 is involved in potent antioxidant effects mediated by 8-nitro-cGMP, by inducing oxidative stress-response genes such as heme oxygenase-1. Our discovery of 8-nitrocGMP and its unique antioxidant effects thus shed light on new areas of oxidative stress research. Protein S-guanylation induced by 8-nitro-cGMP thus may have important implications in pharmaceutical chemistry and development of therapeutics for many diseases.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, antioxidant, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, adaptive response, electrophile, nitrated cyclic nucleotide, signal transduction, tandem mass spectrometry, redox-sensor signaling protein Keap1, heme oxygenase-1, diabetes, cancer, inflammatory diseases, flavonoids
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Antioxidant Effect of a Nitrated Cyclic Nucleotide Functioning as an Endogenous Electrophile
Volume: 11 Issue: 14
Author(s): Tomohiro Sawa, Hideshi Ihara and Takaaki Akaike
Affiliation:
Keywords: Oxidative stress, antioxidant, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, adaptive response, electrophile, nitrated cyclic nucleotide, signal transduction, tandem mass spectrometry, redox-sensor signaling protein Keap1, heme oxygenase-1, diabetes, cancer, inflammatory diseases, flavonoids
Abstract: We describe here physiological formation of a unique nitrated cyclic nucleotide, 8-nitroguanosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) and its potent antioxidant activity. Our earlier studies revealed the NO-dependent guanine nitration in several types of cells. In fact, we identified physiological formation and functions of 8-nitro-cGMP, which is the first demonstration of a new second messenger derived from cGMP in mammals since the discovery of cGMP more than 40 years ago. Using immunocytochemical methods, we confirmed 8-nitro-cGMP formation in cultured macrophages, hepatocyte-like cells, adipocytes, and endothelial cells, depending on NO production. We further verified 8- nitro-cGMP formation via HPLC plus electrochemical detection and tandem mass spectrometry. 8-Nitro-cGMP as an electrophile reacts efficiently with sulfhydryls of proteins to generate a novel post-translational modification, which we call protein S-guanylation. Particular intracellular proteins can readily undergo S-guanylation by 8-nitro-cGMP. 8-NitrocGMP regulates the redox-sensor signaling protein Keap1, via S-guanylation of the highly nucleophilic cysteine sulfhydryls of Keap1. More importantly, we clarified that S-guanylation of Keap1 is involved in potent antioxidant effects mediated by 8-nitro-cGMP, by inducing oxidative stress-response genes such as heme oxygenase-1. Our discovery of 8-nitrocGMP and its unique antioxidant effects thus shed light on new areas of oxidative stress research. Protein S-guanylation induced by 8-nitro-cGMP thus may have important implications in pharmaceutical chemistry and development of therapeutics for many diseases.
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Cite this article as:
Sawa Tomohiro, Ihara Hideshi and Akaike Takaaki, Antioxidant Effect of a Nitrated Cyclic Nucleotide Functioning as an Endogenous Electrophile, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 11 (14) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611796235080
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611796235080 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
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