Abstract
Exposure of human skin to nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing with the development of nanotechnology and new applications of NPs in medicine. Safety concerns have sparked debate on the capacity of NPs to penetrate through skin and enter into the body. This article attempts to summarize the recent evidence on whether NPs penetrate human skin and the factors that may affect the penetration. Skin structure and penetration mechanisms are reviewed to provide background information. Size, shape, formulation, surface properties and application methods and their effects on skin penetration are specifically discussed. Finally, the relationship between skin penetration and nanotoxicity is reviewed to further emphasise the importance of the research in this area.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, skin penetration, stratum corneum.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Penetration of Nanoparticles into Human Skin
Volume: 19 Issue: 35
Author(s): Xiao Wen Liang, Zhi Ping Xu, Jeffrey Grice, Andrei V. Zvyagin, Michael S. Roberts and Xin Liu
Affiliation:
Keywords: Nanoparticles, skin penetration, stratum corneum.
Abstract: Exposure of human skin to nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing with the development of nanotechnology and new applications of NPs in medicine. Safety concerns have sparked debate on the capacity of NPs to penetrate through skin and enter into the body. This article attempts to summarize the recent evidence on whether NPs penetrate human skin and the factors that may affect the penetration. Skin structure and penetration mechanisms are reviewed to provide background information. Size, shape, formulation, surface properties and application methods and their effects on skin penetration are specifically discussed. Finally, the relationship between skin penetration and nanotoxicity is reviewed to further emphasise the importance of the research in this area.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Liang Wen Xiao, Xu Ping Zhi, Grice Jeffrey, Zvyagin V. Andrei, Roberts S. Michael and Liu Xin, Penetration of Nanoparticles into Human Skin, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2013; 19 (35) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319350011
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319350011 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Molecular Mechanisms of TRAIL Resistance in Cancer Cells: Help in Designing New Drugs
Current Pharmaceutical Design Ovulation Inducing Agents and Cancer Risk: Review of Literature
Current Drug Safety Roles of Perilipins in Diseases and Cancers
Current Genomics Sam Domains in Multiple Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Immunoregulatory and Effector Activities of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Nitrogen Species in Cancer
Current Medicinal Chemistry Pharmacological Control of Autophagy: Therapeutic Perspectives in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer
Current Pharmaceutical Design Blocking HIV-1 Replication by Targeting the Tat-Hijacked Transcriptional Machinery
Current Pharmaceutical Design Chemotherapy and Targeted Agents for Elderly Women with Advanced Breast Cancer
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Mechanisms of HIV Neuropathogenesis: Role of Cellular Communication Systems
Current HIV Research Resveratrol and Lifespan in Model Organisms
Current Medicinal Chemistry Targeting JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway in Inflammatory Diseases
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Immunotherapy in Liver Diseases: A Balance Between Immunity and Tolerance
Current Drug Metabolism Role of ABC Transporters in Veterinary Medicine: Pharmaco- Toxicological Implications
Current Medicinal Chemistry 5'-Nucleotidases, Nucleosides and their Distribution in the Brain: Pathological and Therapeutic Implications
Current Medicinal Chemistry Targeting Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) to Counteract Tumour- Induced ImmuneDysfunction: From Biochemistry to Clinical Development
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets New Target Therapies for Brain Metastases from Breast Cancer
Current Cancer Drug Targets Photodynamic Effects of Vitamin K3 on Cervical Carcinoma Cells Activating Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathways
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Porphyrins in Photodynamic Therapy - A Search for Ideal Photosensitizers
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents The Heat Shock Connection of Metabolic Stress and Dietary Restriction
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Role of Cyclooxygenases in Angiogenesis
Current Medicinal Chemistry