Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can occur following exposure to a traumatic experience. An estimated 12 million U.S. adults are presently affected by this disorder. Current treatments include psychological therapies (e.g., exposure-based interventions) and pharmacological treatments (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)). However, a significant proportion of patients receiving standard-of-care therapies for PTSD remain symptomatic, and new approaches for this and other trauma-related mental health conditions are greatly needed. Psychedelic compounds that alter cognition, perception, and mood are currently being examined for their efficacy in treating PTSD despite their current status as Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)- scheduled substances. Initial clinical trials have demonstrated the potential value of psychedelicassisted therapy to treat PTSD and other psychiatric disorders. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the state of the science of PTSD clinical care, including current treatments and their shortcomings. We review clinical studies of psychedelic interventions to treat PTSD, trauma-related disorders, and common comorbidities. The classic psychedelics psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and DMT-containing ayahuasca, as well as the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and the dissociative anesthetic ketamine, are reviewed. For each drug, we present the history of use, psychological and somatic effects, pharmacology, and safety profile. The rationale and proposed mechanisms for use in treating PTSD and traumarelated disorders are discussed. This review concludes with an in-depth consideration of future directions for the psychiatric applications of psychedelics to maximize therapeutic benefit and minimize risk in individuals and communities impacted by trauma-related conditions.
Keywords: 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Ayahuasca, Ketamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), psilocybin, psychedelics, trauma.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.21848]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra012941]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22469]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36921]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1709709]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2008.71.2.134]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001800]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2017.813132]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2014.78.4.335]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.273]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.032]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(93)90001-T]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/inm.12792]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838020979667]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2202060]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0039-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00451-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003329171700349X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148551]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2019.04.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1659-20.2020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.01.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05978-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00883-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881114568040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881111420188]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2020.1772054]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05548-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1580805]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.22479]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211069100]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.131.9.981]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm5110105]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490050309]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059236]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08r04484]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3420]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06091491]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.13372]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000708]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.57]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-022-00635-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22169]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85372-3_38]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4177-6_25]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000167]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31815c1dbf]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20150]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200204000-00001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160019002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199509000-00013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12576-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1675]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-2137-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534765608319085]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-007-0787-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2021.1907721]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000194]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000571]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1042-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2015.1005023]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001817]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22871]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.62.3.pss6203_0272]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.01.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31815dc5d2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.557]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22160] [PMID: 23893768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2019.1711350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.98.4.624]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10784-004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09081-8_1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1814]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4092]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.23797]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22133]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.2/jflory]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674371405900902]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016401]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000223]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp351]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(96)03001-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.75]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00009-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00162-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)67026-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2021.1919062]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0617-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.032]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.110069]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/jbremner]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1364.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.26929]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01466-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.21889]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00052-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102443] [PMID: 34265540]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.23128]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01909-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00540-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.4050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.08.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002379]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015055711424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.1.83]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.04.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300215]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0539-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01161-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.678548]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00309-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020107]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00118]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04682-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0496-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.11.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00966-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1729633]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19979]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000486]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14565]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75706-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370204701004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11916-019-0828-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.04.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/comp.2000.16568]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.11.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.08.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0977-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0757-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.425]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.21920]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00230-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.049]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X21666230428091433]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.21997]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092951]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-1833-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20656]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101769]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030600]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1352465812000793]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2020.1847345]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1550344]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000196-000]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1929026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.13366]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/PCC.19nr02572]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/int0000113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000432]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8370]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.31858]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22511]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.10021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.1982]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v62n1105]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2.5.883]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.07.21260166]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-15871]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pst0000231]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/PCC.16r01943]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12081133]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101285]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1853379]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3412]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2022.2035358]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22634]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1795361]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.02.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.22653]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100093]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1774240]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ser0000139]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.21768]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.710004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00733]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116715]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02159243]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1310-3990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v67n1110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2171]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881112456611]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167816670996]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200055]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10879-017-9379-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1721-2914]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211015221]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05249-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01511.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1986.10472362]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863088]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/DCRP-U22M-AUMD-D84H]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.03.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00711-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1395197]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230220119363]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/9.2.64]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4820-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4779-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3570-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881116663120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01423.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-200008000-00010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881121998322]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.529]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10673220216223]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.11.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta13060]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.873]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130000545]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050803]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117715596]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03399.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881106059939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jcen.20.3.310.823]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854049108401840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2383-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31817ef470]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-12-200012190-00012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117691569]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30135-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05199.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05710-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120920420]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2020.1749262]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1075-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jne.12284]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.032]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070923]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470910802649470]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0576-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.129056]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130000648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4699-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100719]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.348]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115028]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2645-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.78]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036476]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15348]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2016.10.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199384]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881114542454]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117699617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst161]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2016.1143026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00438]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000364879]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1789-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1131-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357011777855]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258849]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.12]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145713001132]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1635-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881110378371]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400637]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881115626348]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881115581962]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2642]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120926673]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1276-18.2018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00130-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01755.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.12.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145713001405]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119598109]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq080]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.35]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.84]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674371405900602]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.959590]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881109354930]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.906639]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108195]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211069124]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4684-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00650]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1840123]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2018.00054]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.40.4.228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41429-020-0311-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1984.10472305]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(79)90003-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90036-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167816673493]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881108093587]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00187]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4014-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030800]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00576-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00943]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1970.03170240060010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221678211008331]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05817-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2005.10399799]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221678211043300]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1965.19.3.417]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_459]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11097-010-9157-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21381]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881110382466]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979351]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00211]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020022002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01238]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2071049a0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881121992676]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-003-1640-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196001000-00005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102997]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.879221]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881108094300]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001356]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4453-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01297-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2020.1854688]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892905774597191]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881106065859]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05417-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3167-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx047]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.82]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167817709585]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2811-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.54]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.721537]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001396]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4162-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.703099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.02.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721002531]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05236-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4988-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05414-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5085-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00224]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05446-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4377-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3714-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01335-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211069113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1968.tb00104.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399767]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68899-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2032994]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.103.049882]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823607f6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2005.10399804]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jne.12374]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08923979409029898]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120936486]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1481827]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2016.1278228]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881116677104]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00536]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13110334]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01652.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2434-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.1344]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0884]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0367-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(84)90436-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15536]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(90)90001-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaa087]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E20-05-0340]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00110-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(96)00081-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(77)90007-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00148-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.016311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.046]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1166127]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00330]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2014.00213]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.01.030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acps.13249]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1511424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40262-017-0540-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811211073759]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206443]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1960.03590090042008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.118.543.229]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000436]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.785846]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125316689030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1998.10399712]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/29.8.838]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121254109]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.01203.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179069518800508]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2010.02.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03548-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(02)00844-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/85138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4093-14.2015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep13993]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01234]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.84]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000221]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.02.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.35082]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04360-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518377113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1440.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118143]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00946-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.12.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13282-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0840-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2022.120302]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815129116]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab202]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5086-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3579-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397025-1.00052-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v4.i4.141]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181bf6ae6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119855974]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15294145.2019.1689528]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.050]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm5110094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000355]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00881]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.84]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780612]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749788]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4733-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00782]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_366]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00256]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863552]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.623979]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61169-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1496]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1567961]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00612]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt196563279]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.12099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172870]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43440-021-00232-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.657714]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.1061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.856]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17040472]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12487]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.62]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20121677]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868103]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S360733]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20081251]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826081003793912]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20190-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1587556]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300342]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.015198]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2066651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0080]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125320916657]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01093-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17f11681]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2017.1285219]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04268-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.255]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1547-16.2016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419883341]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.127258]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-053013-062946]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_313]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.37]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1291-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.037]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24791]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0591-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17998]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916570117]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114892]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2011.11.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1959.02340150095011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.795231]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02761.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190014525754]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07920.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.038]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00424.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05767-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05611-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40264-021-01120-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.813103]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0829-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01104-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.03.014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2014.11.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7573/dic.212305]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.833259]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.19]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.759626]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01246-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103723]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2020.05.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1092852919001007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695335]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1997.10400185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120970879]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_34]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881121998321]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.030]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20050596]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01266-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001395]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13030392]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00897-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507095]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2542-3932.211589]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709992121]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.11.1548]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012591]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.022]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.12.1746]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03520300051036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i6.201]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24705470221115342]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30065-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5798285]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11599770-000000000-00000]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12845]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.160175]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145713000485]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881113478283]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv124]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20751]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2007.01.010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-06009-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565144]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-021-01267-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.024]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15733998113099990003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2005.10399794]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.873157]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21030277]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101123]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(02)00275-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2021_278]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-101273]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2021.0209]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881114555249]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00071-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021263]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_365]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.939302]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14020035]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120940937]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20494637221114962]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000033]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1153]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000004185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.394]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.624]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12094]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40261-022-01122-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239997]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263252]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40501-020-00215-x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.22456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727117]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.14683]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000062]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ser0000212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6638]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1208-5]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2021.1897331]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pri0000076]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21580]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.05.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.144873]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.08.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1907805]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.25387]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01524-1]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01648-7] [PMID: 37443386]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1474088]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104124]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.170021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1593559]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490080106]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000486]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504115]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mpr.211]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0761-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0908-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.01.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-093304]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038546]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743721998044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.188]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720002718]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41746-018-0046-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706910]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.11295]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11280-019-00764-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2021.12.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41571-021-00560-7]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41416-021-01689-z]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43674-022-00034-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20882]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.13048]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01418-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00471-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.1c00014]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2054.2021.00172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647909]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503245221097649]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.841648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives1010003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.607529]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2017.0684]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24705470211035607]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02698811221104052]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00672]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565653]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118806297]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881112464827]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470547020981670]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000467984]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17020239]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1607956]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19070684]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2007.10399860]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5010-9]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.08.025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000517074]