Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that metabolism dysfunction is involved in pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One aspect of metabolic dysfunction includes dysregulation of adenosine monophosphate kinase protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) metabolic axis, which is extensively present in some of the leading causes of AD such as cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and brain ischaemic events. While the molecular basis underlying this metabolic dysregulation remains a significant challenge, mitochondrial dysfunction due to aging appears to be an essential factor to activate AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, leading to abnormal neuronal energy metabolism and AD pathology.
Methods: Using immunofluorescent imaging by Lecia confocal microscopy, we analyzed the activation of AMPK/mTOR. Concurrently, the level of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and peroxiredoxin 1 and 4 (p1 and p4) along with protein and DANA oxidation were examined to in postmortem brains of AD (n= 8) and normal (n= 7) subjects to evaluate the metabolism dysfunction role in AD pathology.
Results: In spite of AMPK inhibitory control on mTOR, concurrent phosphorylation of AMPK and mTOR (p-AMPK and p-mTOR) was observed in AD brains with high colocalization with hyperphosphorylated tau. Mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes of SOD2 and p1 and p4 were substantially decreased in p-AMPK, p-mTOR and p-tau positive cells along with higher levels of DNA and protein oxidation.
Conclusion: Collectively, we conclude that AMPK and mTOR metabolic axis is highly activated in AD brains. While the inhibitory link between AMPK and mTOR seems to be disrupted, we suggest oxidative stress as the underlying mechanism for concurrent activation of AMPK and mTOR in AD.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, oxidative stress, mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, adenosine monophosphate kinase protein kinase, mammalian target for rapamycin, tau phosphorylation, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin.
Current Alzheimer Research
Title:Oxidative Stress and Decreased Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase 2 and Peroxiredoxins 1 and 4 Based Mechanism of Concurrent Activation of AMPK and mTOR in Alzheimer’s Disease
Volume: 15 Issue: 8
Author(s): Shohreh Majd *John H.T. Power
Affiliation:
- Neuronal injury and repair laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide,Australia
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, oxidative stress, mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, adenosine monophosphate kinase protein kinase, mammalian target for rapamycin, tau phosphorylation, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin.
Abstract: Background: Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that metabolism dysfunction is involved in pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One aspect of metabolic dysfunction includes dysregulation of adenosine monophosphate kinase protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) metabolic axis, which is extensively present in some of the leading causes of AD such as cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and brain ischaemic events. While the molecular basis underlying this metabolic dysregulation remains a significant challenge, mitochondrial dysfunction due to aging appears to be an essential factor to activate AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, leading to abnormal neuronal energy metabolism and AD pathology.
Methods: Using immunofluorescent imaging by Lecia confocal microscopy, we analyzed the activation of AMPK/mTOR. Concurrently, the level of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and peroxiredoxin 1 and 4 (p1 and p4) along with protein and DANA oxidation were examined to in postmortem brains of AD (n= 8) and normal (n= 7) subjects to evaluate the metabolism dysfunction role in AD pathology.
Results: In spite of AMPK inhibitory control on mTOR, concurrent phosphorylation of AMPK and mTOR (p-AMPK and p-mTOR) was observed in AD brains with high colocalization with hyperphosphorylated tau. Mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes of SOD2 and p1 and p4 were substantially decreased in p-AMPK, p-mTOR and p-tau positive cells along with higher levels of DNA and protein oxidation.
Conclusion: Collectively, we conclude that AMPK and mTOR metabolic axis is highly activated in AD brains. While the inhibitory link between AMPK and mTOR seems to be disrupted, we suggest oxidative stress as the underlying mechanism for concurrent activation of AMPK and mTOR in AD.
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Cite this article as:
Majd Shohreh *, Power H.T. John , Oxidative Stress and Decreased Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase 2 and Peroxiredoxins 1 and 4 Based Mechanism of Concurrent Activation of AMPK and mTOR in Alzheimer’s Disease, Current Alzheimer Research 2018; 15 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205015666180223093020
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205015666180223093020 |
Print ISSN 1567-2050 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5828 |
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Aims and Scope: Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing prevalence that demands concerted efforts to advance our understanding and strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. This thematic issue aims to bring together cutting-edge research and innovative approaches from multidisciplinary perspectives to address ...read more
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Neuroinflammation is an invariable hallmark of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders and has long been considered a potential drug target for Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and dementia. Significant evidence of inflammatory processes as a feature of AD is provided by the presence of inflammatory markers in plasma, CSF and postmortem brain ...read more
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of individuals affected yearly. Deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has shown immense potential in various domains, including healthcare. This thematic issue of Current Alzheimer Research explores the application of deep learning techniques in advancing our ...read more
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