Abstract
Hyperuricemia is commonly associated with traditional risk factors such as dysglicemia, dyslipidemia, central obesity and abnormal blood pressure, i.e. the metabolic syndrome. Concordantly, recent studies have revived the controversy over the role of circulating uric acid, hyperuricemia, and gout as an independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this regard, different studies also evaluated the possible role of xanthine inhibitors in inducing blood pressure reduction, increment in flow-mediated dilation, and improved cardiovascular prognosis in various patient settings. The vast majority of these studies have been conducted with either allopurinol or its active metabolite oxypurinol, i.e. two purine-like non-selective inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. More recently, the role of uric acid as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the possible protective role exerted by reduction of hyperuricemia to normal level have been evaluated by the use of febuxostat, a selective, non purine-like xanthine oxidase inhibitor. In this review, we will report current evidence on hyperuricemia in cardiovascular disease. The value of uric acid as a biomarker and as a potential therapeutic target for tailored old and novel “cardiometabolic” treatments will be also discussed.
Keywords: Uric acid, allopurinol, febuxostat, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk, hyperuricemia, prognosis, xanthine inhibitors, cardiovascular disease, oxypurinol
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Chronic Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid Deposit and Cardiovascular Risk
Volume: 19 Issue: 13
Author(s): Davide Grassi, Livia Ferri, Giovambattista Desideri, Paolo Di Giosia, Paola Cheli, Rita Del Pinto, Giuliana Properzi and Claudio Ferri
Affiliation:
Keywords: Uric acid, allopurinol, febuxostat, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk, hyperuricemia, prognosis, xanthine inhibitors, cardiovascular disease, oxypurinol
Abstract: Hyperuricemia is commonly associated with traditional risk factors such as dysglicemia, dyslipidemia, central obesity and abnormal blood pressure, i.e. the metabolic syndrome. Concordantly, recent studies have revived the controversy over the role of circulating uric acid, hyperuricemia, and gout as an independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this regard, different studies also evaluated the possible role of xanthine inhibitors in inducing blood pressure reduction, increment in flow-mediated dilation, and improved cardiovascular prognosis in various patient settings. The vast majority of these studies have been conducted with either allopurinol or its active metabolite oxypurinol, i.e. two purine-like non-selective inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. More recently, the role of uric acid as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the possible protective role exerted by reduction of hyperuricemia to normal level have been evaluated by the use of febuxostat, a selective, non purine-like xanthine oxidase inhibitor. In this review, we will report current evidence on hyperuricemia in cardiovascular disease. The value of uric acid as a biomarker and as a potential therapeutic target for tailored old and novel “cardiometabolic” treatments will be also discussed.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Grassi Davide, Ferri Livia, Desideri Giovambattista, Di Giosia Paolo, Cheli Paola, Del Pinto Rita, Properzi Giuliana and Ferri Claudio, Chronic Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid Deposit and Cardiovascular Risk, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2013; 19 (13) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319130011
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319130011 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Clinical Pathway for Hypertensive Patient of Local Health Unit, Hospitals and General Practitioners, the Milan Experience
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials Hypoxia in Pre-Eclampsia: Cause or Effect?
Current Women`s Health Reviews Dealing with the Substance Abuse Epidemic and Infective Endocarditis:Clinical, Immunologic and Pathogenetic Aspects
Current Vascular Pharmacology The Potential Role of Antioxidants in Metabolic Syndrome
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nutritional Overview on the Management of Type 2 Diabetes and the Prevention of its Complications
Current Diabetes Reviews VIP in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: State of the Art
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Genetic Aspects of Lone Atrial Fibrillation: What Do We Know?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IVA (Morquio A Disease): Clinical Review and Current Treatment: A Special Review
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology PCSK9 Inhibitors: Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Lowering LDLCholesterol
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Nutraceuticals, Nutritional Therapy, Phytonutrients, and Phytotherapy for Improvement of Human Health: A Perspective on Plant Biotechnology Application
Recent Patents on Biotechnology Current Approaches to Drug Discovery for Chagas Disease: Methodological Advances
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Harnessing Polypharmacology with Computer-Aided Drug Design and Systems Biology
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cardiovascular Effects of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis Revisited
Current Medicinal Chemistry Editorial: [Hot Topic: Establishment of the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre]
Current Drug Targets The Neuropathology of Vascular Disease in the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS)
Current Alzheimer Research Novel Approach to Treat Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome: Simultaneous Activation of PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ
Current Diabetes Reviews Potential of Nanocarriers in Genetic Immunization
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation Dietary Fat and Hypertension: A Novel Approach Through the Proteolytic Regulatory Enzymes of the Renin-Angiotensin-System
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Heart Rate Variability Analysis at Coronary Artery Disease and Angina Pectoris
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Dietary Technologies to Optimize Healing from Injury-Induced Inflammation
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry