Abstract
Increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory blood cytokines and plasma homocysteine (Hcy) are frequently reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hcy appears to have immunomodulating and pro-inflammatory activities. Further, emerging evidence from animal and non-AD human studies implicates Hcy in potentiating the activities of proinflammatory cytokines; Hcy toxicity may also, in part, be mediated by these cytokines. As little is known about the potential relationship between these inflammatory markers specific to AD, the aim of this study was to assess potential impact of Hcy on the widely reported increases in cytokine concentrations in AD. Blood concentrations of two proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß and TNF-α, along with Hcy were assessed in 40 AD patients and 30 cognitively intact controls. Mean blood concentrations of IL-1ß and TNF-α differed significantly between the AD and control groups (p=0.001 and p<0.001 resp). This difference survived adjustment for age and gender on logistic regression. Hcy was significantly correlated with age only in the patient (rs=0.38, p=0.02) but not the control group. There was no significant correlation between IL-1ß and Hcy, and between TNF-α, and Hcy in either the AD or the control group. Hence, our AD data did not replicate results obtained from animal and non-AD human studies which have linked pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations to Hcy. A different inflammatory focus may exist in AD which may be influenced at least in a significant part by non-vascular pathogenesis. However, these results indirectly support the notion that the observed mild hyperhocysteinemia in AD may be due to non-inflammatory factors.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s, cytokines, homocysteine, IL-1beta, inflammation, TNF-alpha
Current Alzheimer Research
Title:Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α are not Associated with Plasma Homocysteine Concentration in Alzheimer’s Disease
Volume: 10 Issue: 2
Author(s): Leon Veryard, Emma Jones, Gary Weaving, Edward Smith, Liz Cheek, Anuprabha Wickramasinghe and Naji Tabet
Affiliation:
Keywords: Alzheimer’s, cytokines, homocysteine, IL-1beta, inflammation, TNF-alpha
Abstract: Increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory blood cytokines and plasma homocysteine (Hcy) are frequently reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hcy appears to have immunomodulating and pro-inflammatory activities. Further, emerging evidence from animal and non-AD human studies implicates Hcy in potentiating the activities of proinflammatory cytokines; Hcy toxicity may also, in part, be mediated by these cytokines. As little is known about the potential relationship between these inflammatory markers specific to AD, the aim of this study was to assess potential impact of Hcy on the widely reported increases in cytokine concentrations in AD. Blood concentrations of two proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß and TNF-α, along with Hcy were assessed in 40 AD patients and 30 cognitively intact controls. Mean blood concentrations of IL-1ß and TNF-α differed significantly between the AD and control groups (p=0.001 and p<0.001 resp). This difference survived adjustment for age and gender on logistic regression. Hcy was significantly correlated with age only in the patient (rs=0.38, p=0.02) but not the control group. There was no significant correlation between IL-1ß and Hcy, and between TNF-α, and Hcy in either the AD or the control group. Hence, our AD data did not replicate results obtained from animal and non-AD human studies which have linked pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations to Hcy. A different inflammatory focus may exist in AD which may be influenced at least in a significant part by non-vascular pathogenesis. However, these results indirectly support the notion that the observed mild hyperhocysteinemia in AD may be due to non-inflammatory factors.
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Veryard Leon, Jones Emma, Weaving Gary, Smith Edward, Cheek Liz, Wickramasinghe Anuprabha and Tabet Naji, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α are not Associated with Plasma Homocysteine Concentration in Alzheimer’s Disease, Current Alzheimer Research 2013; 10 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205011310020007
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205011310020007 |
Print ISSN 1567-2050 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5828 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
New Advances in the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Alzheimer's Disease
Aims and Scope: Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing prevalence that demands concerted efforts to advance our understanding and strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. This thematic issue aims to bring together cutting-edge research and innovative approaches from multidisciplinary perspectives to address ...read more
Alzheimer's Disease Drug Development
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite decades of research, no cure or disease-modifying treatment is available yet. Therefore, the need for developing effective therapies to treat Alzheimer's disease is an urgent matter. This special issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview of ...read more
Current updates on the Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neuroinflammation is an invariable hallmark of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders and has long been considered a potential drug target for Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and dementia. Significant evidence of inflammatory processes as a feature of AD is provided by the presence of inflammatory markers in plasma, CSF and postmortem brain ...read more
Deep Learning for Advancing Alzheimer's Disease Research
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of individuals affected yearly. Deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has shown immense potential in various domains, including healthcare. This thematic issue of Current Alzheimer Research explores the application of deep learning techniques in advancing our ...read more
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