Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1568-0096
ISSN (Online): 1873-5576

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in Chinese
Mini-Review Article

Salivary Protein Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Author(s): Archana M. Navale*, Atharva Deshpande, Bini Mistry, Premal Chauhan and Charansharan Bhagat

Volume 24, Issue 1, 2024

Published on: 01 June, 2023

Page: [114 - 126] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230511113916

Price: $65

Abstract

OSCC (Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma) is a major health challenge in many parts of the world. It occurs most commonly in males and is associated with tobacco, pan, or areca nut consumption. One of the major challenges associated with the management of OSCC is late diagnosis. As a result, the treatment required is more aggressive, expensive, and has poor prognostic value. On the other hand, early diagnosis of OSCC can be life-saving with less aggressive treatment and a better prognosis.

A diagnostic method for early diagnosis of OSCC is greatly needed. A lot of research efforts have been made to identify biomarkers that can act as tools to classify the tumor status of the patient. Various biological fluids and tissues have been explored for such studies. Saliva appears to be the most attractive biological sample with many potential advantages over other matrices such as blood or tissue. Saliva as a diagnostic fluid has the advantage of ample availability, being non-invasive and being in the vicinity of the tumor, and having a less complex composition. Our paper provides an updated review of the state of the art of research in the area of salivary biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma. The paper gives an account of methods for saliva collection, followed by a brief description of various protein biomarkers discovered to date, along with their status quo.

Keywords: OSCC, saliva, protein-biomarkers, oxidative-stress, metabolomics, liquid biopsy.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global cancer statistics 2020: Globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin., 2021, 71(3), 209-249.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660] [PMID: 33538338]
[2]
Peres, M.A.; Macpherson, L.M.D.; Weyant, R.J.; Daly, B.; Venturelli, R.; Mathur, M.R.; Listl, S.; Celeste, R.K.; Guarnizo-Herreño, C.C.; Kearns, C.; Benzian, H.; Allison, P.; Watt, R.G. Oral diseases: A global public health challenge. Lancet, 2019, 394(10194), 249-260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31146-8] [PMID: 31327369]
[3]
Pires, F.R.; Ramos, A.B.; Oliveira, J.B.C.; Tavares, A.S.; Luz, P.S.R.; Santos, T.C.R.B. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: Clinicopathological features from 346 cases from a single oral pathology service during an 8-year period. J. Appl. Oral Sci., 2013, 21(5), 460-467.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-775720130317] [PMID: 24212993]
[4]
Shah, J.P.; Gil, Z. Current concepts in management of oral cancer -Surgery. Oral Oncol., 2009, 45(4-5), 394-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.017] [PMID: 18674952]
[5]
Gröbe, A.; Blessmann, M.; Hanken, H.; Friedrich, R.E.; Schön, G.; Wikner, J.; Effenberger, K.E.; Kluwe, L.; Heiland, M.; Pantel, K.; Riethdorf, S. Prognostic relevance of circulating tumor cells in blood and disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Clin. Cancer Res., 2014, 20(2), 425-433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1101] [PMID: 24218516]
[6]
Mauceri, R.; Bazzano, M.; Coppini, M.; Tozzo, P.; Panzarella, V.; Campisi, G. Diagnostic delay of oral squamous cell carcinoma and the fear of diagnosis: A scoping review. Front. Psychol., 2022, 13, 1009080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1009080] [PMID: 36405204]
[7]
Watters, C.; Brar, S.; Pepper, T. Oral Mucosa Cancer. In: StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, 2022.
[8]
Zhang, A.; Sun, H.; Wang, P.; Wang, X. Salivary proteomics in biomedical research. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2013, 415, 261-265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.001] [PMID: 23146870]
[9]
Huang, M.Y.; Tsai, H.L.; Huang, J.J.; Wang, J.Y. Clinical implications and future perspectives of circulating tumor cells and biomarkers in clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer. Transl. Oncol., 2016, 9(4), 340-347.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2016.06.006] [PMID: 27567958]
[10]
Fuller, C.; Camilon, R.; Nguyen, S.; Jennings, J.; Day, T.; Gillespie, M.B. Adjunctive diagnostic techniques for oral lesions of unknown malignant potential: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Head Neck, 2015, 37(5), 755-762.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hed.23667] [PMID: 24596227]
[11]
Lee, J.M.; Garon, E.; Wong, D.T. Salivary diagnostics. Orthod. Craniofac. Res., 2009, 12(3), 206-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01454.x] [PMID: 19627522]
[12]
Kong, L.; Birkeland, A.C. Liquid biopsies in head and neck cancer: Current state and future challenges. Cancers, 2021, 13(8), 1874.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13081874] [PMID: 33919778]
[13]
Sciubba, J.J. US Collaborative OralCDx Study Group. Improving detection of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions: Computer-assisted analysis of the oral brush biopsy. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 1999, 130(10), 1445-1457.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1999.0055] [PMID: 10570588]
[14]
De Veld, D.C.G.; Witjes, M.J.H.; Sterenborg, H.J.C.M.; Roodenburg, J.L.N. The status of in vivo autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for oral oncology. Oral Oncol., 2005, 41(2), 117-131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.07.007] [PMID: 15695112]
[15]
Carreras-Torras, C.; Gay-Escoda, C. Techniques for early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review. Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal, 2015, 20(3), e305-e315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4317/medoral.20347] [PMID: 25662554]
[16]
Matthews, A.M.; Kaur, H.; Dodd, M.; D’Souza, J.; Liloglou, T.; Shaw, R.J.; Risk, J.M. Saliva collection methods for DNA biomarker analysis in oral cancer patients. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 2013, 51(5), 394-398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2012.09.017] [PMID: 23068125]
[17]
Rajendran, R.; Vasudevan, D.M.; Vijayakumar, T. Serum levels of iron and proteins in Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF). Ann. Dent., 1990, 49(2), 23-25, 45.
[PMID: 2278476]
[18]
Journal, B.S.; Hasan, H.R. Assessment of salivary and serum proteins in patients with oral tumors. Baghdad Sci. J., 2013, 10(3), 934-944.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.3.934-944]
[19]
Jasim, H.; Carlsson, A.; Hedenberg-Magnusson, B.; Ghafouri, B.; Ernberg, M. Saliva as a medium to detect and measure biomarkers related to pain. Sci. Rep., 2018, 8(1), 3220.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21131-4] [PMID: 29459715]
[20]
Bhattarai, K.R.; Kim, H.R.; Chae, H.J. Compliance with saliva collection protocol in healthy volunteers: Strategies for managing risk and errors. Int. J. Med. Sci., 2018, 15(8), 823-831.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.25146] [PMID: 30008593]
[21]
Booth, C.K.; Dwyer, D.B.; Pacque, P.F.; Ball, M.J. Measurement of immunoglobulin A in saliva by particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay: Sample collection, limits of quantitation, precision, stability and reference range. Ann. Clin. Biochem., 2009, 46(5), 401-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/acb.2009.008248] [PMID: 19641004]
[22]
Koduru, M.R.; Ramesh, A.; Adapa, S.; Shetty, J. Salivary albumin as a biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinoma and chronic periodontitis. Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res., 2017, 7, 337-340.
[23]
Chevalier, F.; Hirtz, C.; Chay, S.; Cuisinier, F.; Sommerer, N.; Rossignol, M.; de Périère, D.D. Proteomic studies of saliva: A proposal for a standardized handling of clinical samples. Clin. Proteomics, 2007, 3(1-4), 13-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12014-007-9000-x]
[24]
Nosratzehi, T.; Alijani, E. VosoughiRahbari, E.; Atabaki, M. Investigate total protein level and salivary albumin in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Inflamm Dis., 2017, 21(5), 10-14.
[25]
Nosratzehi, F.; Nosratzehi, T.; Alijani, E.; Rad, S.S. Salivary β2-microglobulin levels in patients with erosive oral lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Res. Notes, 2020, 13(1), 294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05135-w] [PMID: 31898526]
[26]
Journal, B.S.; Abdelwahb, N.N. Evaluation of protein level’s changes in saliva and sera of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Baghdad Sci. J., 2014, 11(2), 447-454.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.2.447-454]
[27]
Shpitzer, T.; Bahar, G.; Feinmesser, R.; Nagler, R.M. A comprehensive salivary analysis for oral cancer diagnosis. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 2007, 133(9), 613-617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00432-007-0207-z] [PMID: 17479291]
[28]
Hallikeri, K.; Shivashankara, A.R.; Sanjay, P.R. Evaluation of salivary sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar in oral cancer: A preliminary report. Indian J. Dent. Res., 2008, 19(4), 288-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.44529] [PMID: 19075429]
[29]
Metgud, R.; Patel, S. Serum and salivary levels of albumin as diagnostic tools for oral pre-malignancy and oral malignancy. Biotech. Histochem., 2014, 89(1), 8-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520295.2013.793394] [PMID: 23738795]
[30]
Hsueh, P.C.; Chang, K.P.; Liu, H.P.; Chiang, W.F.; Chan, X.Y.; Hung, C.M.; Chu, L.J.; Wu, C.C. Development of a salivary autoantibody biomarker panel for diagnosis of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Front. Oncol., 2022, 12, 968570.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.968570] [PMID: 36387116]
[31]
Jamison, K.; Rhodus, N.; Dejong, E.; Carlis, J.; Griffin, T. Salivary Amylase as a Potential Biomarker for Oral Cancer; IntAssoc Dent Res, 2015.
[32]
Ramya, A.S.; Uppala, D.; Majumdar, S.; Surekha, C.; Deepak, K.G.K. Are salivary amylase and pH - Prognostic indicators of cancers? J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res., 2015, 5(2), 81-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.04.002] [PMID: 26258019]
[33]
Vedam, V.K.V.; Boaz, K.; Natarajan, S.; Ganapathy, S. Salivary amylase as a marker of salivary gland function in patients undergoing radiotherapy for oral cancer. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 2017, 31(3), e22048.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22048] [PMID: 27637993]
[34]
Chen, Y.C.; Li, T.Y.; Tsai, M.F. Analysis of the saliva from patients with oral cancer by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2002, 16(5), 364-369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.588] [PMID: 11857719]
[35]
Nagy, K.N.; Sonkodi, I.; Szöke, I.; Nagy, E.; Newman, H.N. The microflora associated with human oral carcinomas. Oral Oncol., 1998, 34(4), 304-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1368-8375(98)80012-2] [PMID: 9813727]
[36]
Mager, D.L.; Haffajee, A.D.; Devlin, P.M.; Norris, C.M.; Posner, M.R.; Goodson, J.M. The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: A descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects. J. Transl. Med., 2005, 3(1), 27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-3-27] [PMID: 15987522]
[37]
Hooper, S.J.; Crean, S.J.; Fardy, M.J.; Lewis, M.A.O.; Spratt, D.A.; Wade, W.G.; Wilson, M.J. A molecular analysis of the bacteria present within oral squamous cell carcinoma. J. Med. Microbiol., 2007, 56(12), 1651-1659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46918-0] [PMID: 18033835]
[38]
Pushalkar, S.; Mane, S.P.; Ji, X.; Li, Y.; Evans, C.; Crasta, O.R.; Morse, D.; Meagher, R.; Singh, A.; Saxena, D. Microbial diversity in saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 2011, 61(3), 269-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00773.x] [PMID: 21205002]
[39]
Uittamo, J.; Siikala, E.; Kaihovaara, P.; Salaspuro, M.; Rautemaa, R. Chronic candidosis and oral cancer in APECED-patients: Production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde from glucose and ethanol by Candida albicans. Int. J. Cancer, 2009, 124(3), 754-756.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23976] [PMID: 18975379]
[40]
Rosa, D.D.; Pasqualotto, A.C.; Denning, D.W. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and oesophageal cancer. Med. Mycol., 2008, 46(1), 85-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13693780701616023] [PMID: 17852718]
[41]
Rehani, S.; Rao, N.N.; Rao, A.; Carnelio, S.; Ramakrishnaiah, S.H.; Prakash, P.Y. Spectrophotometric analysis of the expression of secreted aspartyl proteinases from Candida in leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J. Oral Sci., 2011, 53(4), 421-425.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.53.421] [PMID: 22167025]
[42]
Marttila, E.; Uittamo, J.; Rusanen, P.; Lindqvist, C.; Salaspuro, M.; Rautemaa, R. Acetaldehyde production and microbial colonization in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral lichenoid disease. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol., 2013, 116(1), 61-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2013.02.009] [PMID: 23619349]
[43]
Meurman, J.H. Oral microbiota and cancer. J. Oral Microbiol., 2010, 2(1), 5195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jom.v2i0.5195] [PMID: 21523227]
[44]
Field, E.A.; Field, J.K.; Martin, M.V. Does Candida have a role in oral epithelial neoplasia? Med. Mycol., 1989, 27(5), 277-294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681218980000391] [PMID: 2689621]
[45]
Sanjaya, P.R.; Gokul, S.; Gururaj Patil, B.; Raju, R. Candida in oral pre-cancer and oral cancer. Med. Hypotheses, 2011, 77(6), 1125-1128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.018] [PMID: 21978967]
[46]
Bercier, J.G.; Al-Hashimi, I.; Haghighat, N.; Rees, T.D.; Oppenheim, F.G. Salivary histatins in patients with recurrent oral candidiasis. J. Oral Pathol. Med., 1999, 28(1), 26-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1999.tb01990.x] [PMID: 9890454]
[47]
Fitzgerald-Hughes, D.H.; Coleman, D.C.; Connell, B.C.O. Differentially expressed proteins in derivatives of Candida albicans displaying a stable histatin 3-resistant phenotype. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2007, 51(8), 2793-2800.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00094-07] [PMID: 17485506]
[48]
Biswas, S.; Manna, K.; Das, U.; Khan, A.; Pradhan, A.; Sengupta, A.; Bose, S.; Ghosh, S.; Dey, S. Smokeless tobacco consumption impedes metabolic, cellular, apoptotic and systemic stress pattern: A study on Government employees in Kolkata, India. Sci. Rep., 2015, 5(1), 18284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep18284] [PMID: 26669667]
[49]
Metgud, R.; Bajaj, S. Altered serum and salivary C-reactive protein levels in patients with oral premalignant lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biotech. Histochem., 2016, 91(2), 96-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10520295.2015.1077393] [PMID: 26529498]
[50]
Katakura, A.; Kamiyama, I.; Takano, N.; Shibahara, T.; Muramatsu, T.; Ishihara, K.; Takagi, R.; Shouno, T. Comparison of salivary cytokine levels in oral cancer patients and healthy subjects. Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll., 2007, 48(4), 199-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2209/tdcpublication.48.199] [PMID: 18360107]
[51]
Duffy, S.A.; Taylor, J.M.G.; Terrell, J.E.; Islam, M.; Li, Y.; Fowler, K.E.; Wolf, G.T.; Teknos, T.N. Interleukin-6 predicts recurrence and survival among head and neck cancer patients. Cancer, 2008, 113(4), 750-757.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23615] [PMID: 18536030]
[52]
Goldoni, R.; Scolaro, A.; Boccalari, E.; Dolci, C.; Scarano, A.; Inchingolo, F.; Ravazzani, P.; Muti, P.; Tartaglia, G. Malignancies and biosensors: A focus on oral cancer detection through salivary biomarkers. Biosensors, 2021, 11(10), 396.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11100396] [PMID: 34677352]
[53]
Nosratzehi, T.; Alijani, E.; Hassanpoor, N. Evaluation of salivary interleukin-12, interleukin-23 levels in patients with oral lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma. Eur. J. Gen. Dent., 2021, 10(2), 91-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735765]
[54]
Mollica Poeta, V.; Massara, M.; Capucetti, A.; Bonecchi, R. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: New targets for cancer immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 2019, 10, 379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00379] [PMID: 30894861]
[55]
Ueda, S.; Goto, M.; Hashimoto, K.; Hasegawa, S.; Imazawa, M.; Takahashi, M.; Oh-Iwa, I.; Shimozato, K.; Nagao, T.; Nomoto, S. Salivary CCL20 level as a biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics, 2021, 18(2), 103-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/cgp.20245] [PMID: 33608307]
[56]
Ankita, K.; Shwetha, V.; Vanitha, S.; Reddy Sujatha, S.; Nagaraju, R.; Tupakula Pavan, K. Assessment of salivary endothelin-1 in patients with leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis, oral cancer and healthy individuals - a comparative study. J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 2019, 120(4), 326-331.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2019.02.024] [PMID: 30858129]
[57]
Cheng, Y.S.L.; Rees, T.; Jordan, L.; Oxford, L.; O’Brien, J.; Chen, H.S.; Wong, D. Salivary endothelin-1 potential for detecting oral cancer in patients with oral lichen planus or oral cancer in remission. Oral Oncol., 2011, 47(12), 1122-1126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.07.032] [PMID: 21868280]
[58]
Pickering, V.; Jordan, R.C.K.; Schmidt, B.L. Elevated salivary endothelin levels in oral cancer patients-A pilot study. Oral Oncol., 2007, 43(1), 37-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.12.027] [PMID: 16757207]
[59]
Hoffmann, R.R.; Yurgel, L.S.; Campos, M.M. Evaluation of salivary endothelin-1 levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia. Regul. Pept., 2011, 166(1-3), 55-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2010.08.006] [PMID: 20727373]
[60]
Lukas, J.; Pagano, M.; Staskova, Z.; Draetta, G.; Bartek, J. Cyclin D1 protein oscillates and is essential for cell cycle progression in human tumour cell lines. Oncogene, 1994, 9(3), 707-718.
[PMID: 8108113]
[61]
Swaminathan, U.; Rao, U.K.; Joshua, E.; Ranganathan, K. Expression of p53 and Cyclin D1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal mucosa: An Immunohistochemical study. J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol., 2012, 16(2), 172-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.98451] [PMID: 22923886]
[62]
Shpitzer, T.; Hamzany, Y.; Bahar, G.; Feinmesser, R.; Savulescu, D.; Borovoi, I.; Gavish, M.; Nagler, R.M. Salivary analysis of oral cancer biomarkers. Br. J. Cancer, 2009, 101(7), 1194-1198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605290] [PMID: 19789535]
[63]
Kaulgud, R.S.; Anand, M.K. Salivary Cyclin D1 and Ki 67 for staging of oral cancer. Int. J. Biomed. Res., 2018, 9(9), 330-334.
[64]
Bullwinkel, J.; Baron-Lühr, B.; Lüdemann, A.; Wohlenberg, C.; Gerdes, J.; Scholzen, T. Ki-67 protein is associated with ribosomal RNA transcription in quiescent and proliferating cells. J. Cell. Physiol., 2006, 206(3), 624-635.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.20494] [PMID: 16206250]
[65]
Rahmanzadeh, R.; Hüttmann, G.; Gerdes, J.; Scholzen, T. Chromophore-assisted light inactivation of pKi-67 leads to inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis. Cell Prolif., 2007, 40(3), 422-430.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00433.x] [PMID: 17531085]
[66]
González-Moles, M.A.; Bravo, M.; Ruiz-Ávila, I.; Acebal, F.; Gil-Montoya, J.A.; Brener, S.; Esteban, F. Ki-67 expression in non-tumour epithelium adjacent to oral cancer as risk marker for multiple oral tumours. Oral Dis., 2010, 16(1), 68-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01611.x] [PMID: 19682318]
[67]
Cho, J.H.; Kim, H.S.; Park, C.S.; Kim, J.K.; Jung, K.Y.; Shin, B.K.; Kim, H.K. Maspin expression in early oral tongue cancer and its relation to expression of mutant-type p53 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Oral Oncol., 2007, 43(3), 272-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.03.018] [PMID: 17174141]
[68]
Iezzi, G.; Piattelli, A.; Rubini, C.; Goteri, G.; Artese, L.; Perrotti, V.; Carinci, F. Maspin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J. Craniofac. Surg., 2007, 18(5), 1039-1043.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e31814b2a36] [PMID: 17912078]
[69]
Marioni, G.; Gaio, E.; Giacomelli, L.; Bertolin, A.; D’Alessandro, E.; Stramare, R.; Facco, E.; Staffieri, A.; Blandamura, S. MASPIN subcellular localization and expression in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol., 2008, 265(S1), 97-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-008-0583-2] [PMID: 18236066]
[70]
Avizienyte, E.; Brunton, V.G.; Fincham, V.J.; Frame, M.C. The SRC-induced mesenchymal state in late-stage colon cancer cells. Cells Tissues Organs, 2005, 179(1-2), 73-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000084511] [PMID: 15942195]
[71]
Chen, J.Y.F.; Hung, C.C.; Huang, K.L.; Chen, Y.T.; Liu, S.Y.; Chiang, W.F.; Chen, H.R.; Yen, C.Y.; Wu, Y.J.; Ko, J.Y.; Jou, Y.S. Src family kinases mediate betel quid-induced oral cancer cell motility and could be a biomarker for early invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia, 2008, 10(12), 1393-1401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1593/neo.08854] [PMID: 19048118]
[72]
Upile, T.; Jerjes, W.; Kafas, P.; Harini, S.; Singh, S.U.; Guyer, M.; Bentley, M.; Sudhoff, H.; Hopper, C. Salivary VEGF: A non-invasive angiogenic and lymphangiogenic proxy in head and neck cancer prognostication. Int. Arch. Med., 2009, 2(1), 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1755-7682-2-12] [PMID: 19393057]
[73]
Cai, M.; Zheng, Z.; Bai, Z.; Ouyang, K.; Wu, Q.; Xu, S.; Huang, L.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, L.; Gao, J.; Pathak, J.L.; Wu, L. Overexpression of angiogenic factors and matrix metalloproteinases in the saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients: Potential non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. BMC Cancer, 2022, 22(1), 530.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-09630-0] [PMID: 35545767]
[74]
Polz-Dacewicz, M.; Strycharz-Dudziak, M. Dworzański, J.; Stec, A.; Kocot, J. Salivary and serum IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β, VEGF levels in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and correlation with HPV and EBV infections. Infect. Agent. Cancer, 2016, 11(1), 45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13027-016-0093-6] [PMID: 27547238]
[75]
Shahidi, M.; Jafari, S.; Barati, M.; Mahdipour, M.; Gholami, M.S. Predictive value of salivary microRNA-320a, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, CRP and IL-6 in Oral lichen planus progression. Inflammopharmacology, 2017, 25(5), 577-583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-017-0352-1] [PMID: 28502067]
[76]
Vucicević, Boras, V.; Cikes, N.; Lukać, J.; Virag, M.; Cekić-Arambasin, A. Salivary and serum interleukin 6 and basic fibroblast growth factor levels in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Minerva Stomatol., 2005, 54(10), 569-573.
[PMID: 16224376]
[77]
Gorugantula, L.M.; Rees, T.; Plemons, J.; Chen, H.S.; Cheng, Y.S.L. Salivary basic fibroblast growth factor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral lichen planus. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol., 2012, 114(2), 215-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2012.03.013] [PMID: 22769407]
[78]
Nagler, R.; Lischinsky, S.; Diamond, E.; Drigues, N.; Klein, I.; Reznick, A.Z. Effect of cigarette smoke on salivary proteins and enzyme activities. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 2000, 379(2), 229-236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2000.1877] [PMID: 10898939]
[79]
Nagler, R.M.; Lischinsky, S.; Diamond, E.; Klein, I.; Reznick, A.Z. New insights into salivary lactate dehydrogenase of human subjects. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 2001, 137(5), 363-369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mlc.2001.114710] [PMID: 11329534]
[80]
Reznick, A.Z.; Klein, I.; Eiserich, J.P.; Cross, C.E.; Nagler, R.M. Inhibition of oral peroxidase activity by cigarette smoke: in vivo and in vitro studies. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2003, 34(3), 377-384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(02)01297-2] [PMID: 12543253]
[81]
Shetty, S.R.; Chadha, R.; Babu, S.; Kumari, S.; Bhat, S.; Achalli, S. Salivary lactate dehydrogenase levels in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A biochemical and clinicopathological study. J. Cancer Res. Ther., 2012, 8(6), S123-S125.
[PMID: 22322730]
[82]
Jessie, K.; Jayapalan, J.J.; Ong, K.C.; Abdul Rahim, Z.H.; Zain, R.M.; Wong, K.T.; Hashim, O.H. Aberrant proteins in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Electrophoresis, 2013, 34(17), 2495-2502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201300107] [PMID: 23784731]
[83]
Kawahara, R.; Bollinger, J.G.; Rivera, C.; Ribeiro, A.C.P.; Brandão, T.B.; Leme, A.F.P.; MacCoss, M.J. A targeted proteomic strategy for the measurement of oral cancer candidate biomarkers in human saliva. Proteomics, 2016, 16(1), 159-173.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201500224] [PMID: 26552850]
[84]
Tung, C.L.; Lin, S.T.; Chou, H.C.; Chen, Y.W.; Lin, H.C.; Tung, C.L.; Huang, K.J.; Chen, Y.J.; Lee, Y.R.; Chan, H.L. Proteomics-based identification of plasma biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2013, 75, 7-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2012.11.017] [PMID: 23312379]
[85]
Boehm, M.K.; Perkins, S.J. Structural models for carcinoembryonic antigen and its complex with the single-chain Fv antibody molecule MFE23. FEBS Lett., 2000, 475(1), 11-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01612-4] [PMID: 10854848]
[86]
He, B.; Zhang, H.Q.; Xiong, S.P.; Lu, S.; Wan, Y.Y.; Song, R.F. Changing patterns of serum CEA and CA199 for evaluating the response to first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 2015, 16(8), 3111-3116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.8.3111] [PMID: 25921105]
[87]
Nagler, R.; Bahar, G.; Shpitzer, T.; Feinmesser, R. Concomitant analysis of salivary tumor markers-a new diagnostic tool for oral cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12(13), 3979-3984.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2412] [PMID: 16818695]
[88]
Negri, L.; Pacchioni, D.; Calabrese, F.; Giacomasso, S.; Mastromatteo, V.; Fazio, M. Serum and salivary CEA and GICA levels in oral cavity tumours. Int. J. Biol. Markers, 1988, 3(2), 107-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460088800300206] [PMID: 3243976]
[89]
Honarmand, M.; Farhad-Mollashahi, L.; Nakhaee, A.; Nehi, M. Salivary levels of ErbB2 and CEA in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 2016, 7((sup3)), 77-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.S3.77] [PMID: 27165212]
[90]
Malhotra, R.; Urs, A.B.; Chakravarti, A.; Kumar, S.; Gupta, V.K.; Mahajan, B. Correlation of Cyfra 21-1 levels in saliva and serum with CK19 mRNA expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol., 2016, 37(7), 9263-9271.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-4809-4] [PMID: 26779624]
[91]
Zhong, L.; Zhang, C.; Zheng, J.; Li, J.; Chen, W.; Zhang, Z. Increased Cyfra 21-1 concentration in saliva from primary oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Arch. Oral Biol., 2007, 52(11), 1079-1087.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.05.005] [PMID: 17612501]
[92]
Rajkumar, K.; Ramya, R.; Nandhini, G.; Rajashree, P.; Ramesh, K.A.; Nirmala, A.S. Salivary and serum level of CYFRA 21‐1 in oral precancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Dis., 2015, 21(1), 90-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/odi.12216] [PMID: 24304502]
[93]
Wu, C.C.; Chu, H.W.; Hsu, C.W.; Chang, K.P.; Liu, H.P. Saliva proteome profiling reveals potential salivary biomarkers for detection of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Proteomics, 2015, 15(19), 3394-3404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201500157] [PMID: 26205615]
[94]
Powers, J.C.; Odake, S.; Oleksyszyn, J.; Hori, H.; Ueda, T.; Boduszek, B.; Kam, C. Proteases-structures, mechanism and inhibitors. Agents Actions Suppl., 1993, 42, 3-18.
[PMID: 8356929]
[95]
Hooper, N.M. Proteases: A primer. Essays Biochem., 2002, 38, 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0380001] [PMID: 12463157]
[96]
Feng, Y.; Li, Q.; Chen, J.; Yi, P.; Xu, X.; Fan, Y.; Cui, B.; Yu, Y.; Li, X.; Du, Y.; Chen, Q.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, J.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, P. Salivary protease spectrum biomarkers of oral cancer. Int. J. Oral Sci., 2019, 11(1), 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41368-018-0032-z] [PMID: 30602733]
[97]
Shabbir, A.; Waheed, H.; Ahmed, S.; Shaikh, S.S.; Farooqui, W.A. Association of salivary Cathepsin B in different histological grades among patients presenting with oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health, 2022, 22(1), 63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02052-1] [PMID: 35260133]
[98]
Saleem, Z.; Shaikh, A.H.; Zaman, U.; Ahmed, S.; Majeed, M.M.; Kazmi, A.; Farooqui, W.A. Estimation of salivary matrix metalloproteinases- 12 (MMP- 12) levels among patients presenting with oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health, 2021, 21(1), 205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01571-7] [PMID: 33892690]
[99]
Peisker, A.; Raschke, G.F.; Fahmy, M.D.; Guentsch, A.; Roshanghias, K.; Hennings, J.; Schultze-Mosgau, S. Salivary MMP-9 in the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Med. Oral Patol. OralCir. Bucal,, 2017, 22(3), 0.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4317/medoral.21626] [PMID: 28160595]
[100]
Ghallab, N.A.; Shaker, O.G. Serum and salivary levels of chemerin and MMP-9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral premalignant lesions. Clin. Oral Investig., 2017, 21(3), 937-947.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1846-8] [PMID: 27161218]
[101]
Smriti, K.; Ray, M.; Chatterjee, T.; Shenoy, R.P.; Gadicherla, S.; Pentapati, K.C.; Rustaqi, N. Salivary MMP-9 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 2020, 21(1), 233-238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.1.233] [PMID: 31983189]
[102]
Chang, Y.T.; Chu, L.J.; Liu, Y.C.; Chen, C.J.; Wu, S.F.; Chen, C.H.; Chang, I.Y.F.; Wang, J.S.; Wu, T.Y.; Dash, S.; Chiang, W.F.; Chiu, S.F.; Gou, S.B.; Chien, C.Y.; Chang, K.P.; Yu, J.S. Verification of saliva matrix metalloproteinase-1 as a strong diagnostic marker of oral cavity cancer. Cancers, 2020, 12(8), 2273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082273] [PMID: 32823758]
[103]
Kang, Y.; Chen, J.; Li, X.; Luo, M.; Chen, H.; Cui, B.; Wang, L.; Lv, D.; Feng, Y.; Zhang, P. Salivary KLK5 and uPA are potential biomarkers for malignant transformation of OLK and OLP. Cancer Biomark., 2021, 31(4), 317-328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/CBM-203105] [PMID: 33896830]
[104]
Hema Shree, K.; Ramani, P.; Sherlin, H.; Sukumaran, G.; Jeyaraj, G.; Don, K.R.; Santhanam, A.; Ramasubramanian, A.; Sundar, R. Saliva as a diagnostic tool in oral squamous cell carcinoma-a systematic review with meta analysis. Pathol. Oncol. Res., 2019, 25(2), 447-453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12253-019-00588-2] [PMID: 30712193]
[105]
Zhong, L.P.; Chen, G.F.; Xu, Z.F.; Zhang, X.; Ping, F.Y.; Zhao, S.F. Detection of telomerase activity in saliva from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 2005, 34(5), 566-570.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2004.10.007] [PMID: 16053879]
[106]
Samadi, F.; Suhail, S.; Sonam, M.; Ahmad, M.; Chandra, S.; Saleem, M. Telomerase in saliva: An assistant marker for oral squamous cell carcinoma. J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol., 2019, 23(2), 187-191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_83_19] [PMID: 31516221]
[107]
Hu, S.; Arellano, M.; Boontheung, P.; Wang, J.; Zhou, H.; Jiang, J.; Elashoff, D.; Wei, R.; Loo, J.A.; Wong, D.T. Salivary proteomics for oral cancer biomarker discovery. Clin. Cancer Res., 2008, 14(19), 6246-6252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-5037] [PMID: 18829504]
[108]
Jou, Y.J.; Lin, C.D.; Lai, C.H.; Chen, C.H.; Kao, J.Y.; Chen, S.Y.; Tsai, M.H.; Huang, S.H.; Lin, C.W. Proteomic identification of salivary transferrin as a biomarker for early detection of oral cancer. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2010, 681(1-2), 41-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.030] [PMID: 21035601]
[109]
Contucci, A.M.; Inzitari, R.; Agostino, S.; Vitali, A.; Fiorita, A.; Cabras, T.; Scarano, E.; Messana, I. Statherin levels in saliva of patients with precancerous and cancerous lesions of the oral cavity: A preliminary report. Oral Dis., 2005, 11(2), 95-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01057.x] [PMID: 15752082]
[110]
Lehrer, R.I.; Ganz, T.; Selsted, M.E. Defensins: Endogenous antibiotic peptides of animal cells. Cell, 1991, 64(2), 229-230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(91)90632-9] [PMID: 1988144]
[111]
Mizukawa, N.; Sugiyama, K.; Fukunaga, J.; Ueno, T.; Mishima, K.; Takagi, S.; Sugahara, T. Defensin-1, a peptide detected in the saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Anticancer Res., 1998, 18(6B), 4645-4649.
[PMID: 9891534]
[112]
Sarumathi, T.; Guruaribam, V.D. Relevance of serum and salivary sialic acid in oral cancer diagnostics. J. Cancer Res. Ther., 2020, 16(3), 401-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_512_19] [PMID: 32719243]
[113]
Yesupatham, S.T.; Azeem, M.S.; Mohiyuddin, S.M.A.; Sumanth, V.; Ravishankar, S. Usefulness of salivary sialic acid as a tumor marker in tobacco chewers with oral cancer. J. Cancer Res. Ther., 2020, 16(3), 605-611.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_337_19] [PMID: 32719275]
[114]
Vajaria, B.N.; Patel, K.R.; Begum, R.; Shah, F.D.; Patel, J.B.; Shukla, S.N.; Patel, P.S. Evaluation of serum and salivary total sialic acid and α-l-fucosidase in patients with oral precancerous conditions and oral cancer. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol., 2013, 115(6), 764-771.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2013.01.004] [PMID: 23570662]
[115]
Ramesh, M.; Jacob, T.V.; Murali, S.; Ramesh, K.; Sanjay, P.R.; Abraham, P. A non-invasive study to estimate and compare salivary sialic acid level as tumor marker in patients with pre-cancer and oral cancer. J. Cancer Res. Ther., 2016, 12(2), 634-639.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.148697] [PMID: 27461623]
[116]
Mehta, K.; Patel, K.; Pandya, S.; Patel, P. Altered mRNA expression of fucosyltransferases and fucosidase predicts prognosis in human oral carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Cell. Med., 2021, 10(2), 123-131.
[PMID: 34703796]
[117]
Pierce Campbell, C.M.; Giuliano, A.R.; Torres, B.N.; O’Keefe, M.T.; Ingles, D.J.; Anderson, R.L.; Teras, L.R.; Gapstur, S.M. Salivary Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) and head and neck cancer: The Cancer prevention study II nutrition cohort. Oral Oncol., 2016, 55, 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.02.004] [PMID: 27016010]
[118]
Aziz, S.; Ahmed, S.S.; Ali, A.; Khan, F.A.; Zulfiqar, G.; Iqbal, J.; Khan, A.A.; Shoaib, M. Salivary immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 are significantly elevated in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Invest., 2015, 33(7), 318-328.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07357907.2015.1041642] [PMID: 26046681]
[119]
De Souza, M.B.; Curioni, O.A.; Kanda, J.L.; De Carvalho, M.B. Serum and salivary macrophage migration inhibitory factor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol. Lett., 2014, 8(5), 2267-2275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2014.2513] [PMID: 25289107]
[120]
Bernardes, V.F.; Gleber-Netto, F.O.; Sousa, S.F.; Silva, T.A.; Aguiar, M.C.F. Clinical significance of EGFR, Her-2 and EGF in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A case control study. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 2010, 29(1), 40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-29-40] [PMID: 20429940]
[121]
Demokan, S.; Chang, X.; Chuang, A.; Mydlarz, W.K.; Kaur, J.; Huang, P.; Khan, Z.; Khan, T.; Ostrow, K.L.; Brait, M.; Hoque, M.O.; Liegeois, N.J.; Sidransky, D.; Koch, W.; Califano, J.A. KIF1A and EDNRB are differentially methylated in primary HNSCC and salivary rinses. Int. J. Cancer, 2010, 127(10), 2351-2359.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25248] [PMID: 20162572]
[122]
Arduino, P.G.; Menegatti, E.; Cappello, N.; Martina, E.; Gardino, N.; Tanteri, C.; Cavallo, F.; Scully, C.; Broccoletti, R. Possible role for interleukins as biomarkers for mortality and recurrence in oral cancer. Int. J. Biol. Markers, 2015, 30(2), 262-266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jbm.5000142] [PMID: 25838055]
[123]
Franzmann, E.J.; Reategui, E.P.; Pereira, L.H.M.; Pedroso, F.; Joseph, D.; Allen, G.O.; Hamilton, K.; Reis, I.; Duncan, R.; Goodwin, W.J.; Hu, J.J.; Lokeshwar, V.B. Salivary protein and solCD44 levels as a potential screening tool for early detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck, 2012, 34(5), 687-695.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hed.21810] [PMID: 22294418]
[124]
Zanotti, L.; Paderno, A.; Piazza, C.; Pagan, E.; Bignotti, E.; Romani, C.; Bandiera, E.; Calza, S.; Del Bon, F.; Nicolai, P.; Ravaggi, A. Epidermal growth factor receptor detection in serum and saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in oral cancer. Laryngoscope, 2017, 127(11), E408-E414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.26797] [PMID: 28782189]
[125]
Brailo, V. Vučićević-Boras, V.; Cekić-Arambašin, A.; Alajbeg, I.Ž.; Milenović, A.; Lukač, J. The significance of salivary interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol., 2006, 42(4), 370-373.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.09.001] [PMID: 16324876]
[126]
Yu, J.S.; Chen, Y.T.; Chiang, W.F.; Hsiao, Y.C.; Chu, L.J.; See, L.C.; Wu, C.S.; Tu, H.T.; Chen, H.W.; Chen, C.C.; Liao, W.C.; Chang, Y.T.; Wu, C.C.; Lin, C.Y.; Liu, S.Y.; Chiou, S.T.; Chia, S.L.; Chang, K.P.; Chien, C.Y.; Chang, S.W.; Chang, C.J.; Young, J.D.; Pao, C.C.; Chang, Y.S.; Hartwell, L.H. Saliva protein biomarkers to detect oral squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk population in Taiwan. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2016, 113(41), 11549-11554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612368113] [PMID: 27663741]
[127]
Ganesan, A.; Kumar, N.G. Assessment of lipid peroxides in multiple biofluids of leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients-a clinico- biochemical study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 2014, 8(8), ZC55-ZC58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/10200.4768] [PMID: 25302269]
[128]
Sivaramakrishnan, M.; Sivapathasundharam, B.; Jananni, M. Evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in saliva and serum of oral submucous fibrosis patients. J. Oral Pathol. Med., 2015, 44(6), 449-452.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jop.12246] [PMID: 25224513]
[129]
Raffat, M.A.; Hadi, N.I.; Hosein, M.; Zubairi, A.M.; Ikram, S.; Akram, Z. Differential expression of salivary S100A7 in oral submucous fibrosis. Saudi Dent. J., 2019, 31(1), 39-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2018.09.007] [PMID: 30705567]
[130]
Lana, S.; Ammar, M.; Issam, K. Evaluation of mitochondria DNA-content in saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma and leukoplakia as non-invasive biomarker. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 2014, 2015(7), 4.
[131]
Sato, J.; Ohuchi, M.; Wada, M.; Ohga, N.; Asaka, T.; Yoshikawa, K.; Miyakoshi, M.; Hata, H.; Satoh, A.; Kitagawa, Y. Differences in sequential posttreatment salivary IL-6 levels between patients with and patients without locoregional recurrences of oral squamous cell carcinoma: Part III of a cohort study. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol., 2015, 120(6), 751-760.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2015.08.016] [PMID: 26548727]
[132]
Vesty, A.; Gear, K.; Biswas, K.; Radcliff, F.J.; Taylor, M.W.; Douglas, R.G. Microbial and inflammatory-based salivary biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Exp. Dent. Res., 2018, 4(6), 255-262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cre2.139] [PMID: 30603107]
[133]
Márton, I.J.; Horváth, J.; Lábiscsák, P.; Márkus, B. Dezső, B.; Szabó, A.; Tar, I.; Piffkó, J.; Jakus, P.; Barabás, J.; Barabás, P.; Olasz, L.; Kövér, Z.; Tőzsér, J.; Sándor, J.; Csősz, É.; Scholtz, B.; Kiss, C. Salivary IL-6 mRNA is a robust biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Med., 2019, 8(11), 1958.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111958] [PMID: 31766212]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
17
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy