Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the primary cause of global morbidity and mortality. CVD includes various life-threatening conditions such as myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral arterial diseases. In this context, atherosclerosis continues to play the principal role in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Atherosclerosis emanates from a set of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that include age, male gender, family history, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Recent evidence classifies atherosclerosis as a latent disease affecting all-sized arteries with a predilection for arterial branching points of decreased or absent blood supply. Atherosclerosis is not only a lipid metabolism disorder, but is also a chronic inflammatory one. This review providesa synoptic discussion of the underlying pathological mechanisms of atherosclerosis andthe currently applied therapeutic interventions. We then discuss the classical lipid-lowering therapies as well as the newly discovered therapies. For the classical therapies, we point out the importance of statins and ezetimibe in reducing plasma cholesterol levels by virtue of their effects on synthesis, reuptake and intestinal absorption of cholesterol. We also discuss the role of fibrates in modulating lipid metabolism and improving the ratio of high-density to low-density density lipoproteins. This study focuseson the more recent molecular and genetic interventions exemplified by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies, evinacumab, and microRNA inhibitors. Special attention is also given to clinical trials involving these therapies.
Keywords: Atherosclerosis, statin, fibrates, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, microRNA inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies for atherosclerosis.
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title:Lipid-Lowering Therapies for Atherosclerosis: Statins, Fibrates, Ezetimibe and PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibodies
Volume: 28 Issue: 36
Author(s): Adel Hajj Ali, Nour Younis, Rola Abdallah, Farah Shaer, Ali Dakroub, Mohammed Akli Ayoub, Rabah Iratni, Hadi Mohamad Yassine, Kazem Zibara, Alexander Orekhov, Ahmed Fawzy El-Yazbi and Ali H. Eid *
Affiliation:
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, P.O. Box 2713,Qatar
Keywords: Atherosclerosis, statin, fibrates, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, microRNA inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies for atherosclerosis.
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the primary cause of global morbidity and mortality. CVD includes various life-threatening conditions such as myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral arterial diseases. In this context, atherosclerosis continues to play the principal role in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Atherosclerosis emanates from a set of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that include age, male gender, family history, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Recent evidence classifies atherosclerosis as a latent disease affecting all-sized arteries with a predilection for arterial branching points of decreased or absent blood supply. Atherosclerosis is not only a lipid metabolism disorder, but is also a chronic inflammatory one. This review providesa synoptic discussion of the underlying pathological mechanisms of atherosclerosis andthe currently applied therapeutic interventions. We then discuss the classical lipid-lowering therapies as well as the newly discovered therapies. For the classical therapies, we point out the importance of statins and ezetimibe in reducing plasma cholesterol levels by virtue of their effects on synthesis, reuptake and intestinal absorption of cholesterol. We also discuss the role of fibrates in modulating lipid metabolism and improving the ratio of high-density to low-density density lipoproteins. This study focuseson the more recent molecular and genetic interventions exemplified by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies, evinacumab, and microRNA inhibitors. Special attention is also given to clinical trials involving these therapies.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Ali Hajj Adel , Younis Nour, Abdallah Rola, Shaer Farah, Dakroub Ali , Ayoub Akli Mohammed , Iratni Rabah , Yassine Mohamad Hadi , Zibara Kazem, Orekhov Alexander , El-Yazbi Fawzy Ahmed and Eid H. Ali*, Lipid-Lowering Therapies for Atherosclerosis: Statins, Fibrates, Ezetimibe and PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibodies, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2021; 28 (36) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210222092628
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210222092628 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
A More Accurate Approach to Molecular Genetics Analysis in Vascular Disease
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Cardiac Involvement in ANCA (+) and ANCA (-) Churg-Strauss Syndrome Evaluated by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Use of Anti-Infective Drugs in Rheumatology
Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry An Update on the Management of Severe Cutaneous Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Relevance of Supplemental Vitamin D in Malignancies
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Role of Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Current Medicinal Chemistry Platelets in Rheumatic Diseases: Friend or Foe?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Abatacept and Glomerular Diseases: The Open Road for the Second Signal as a New Target is Settled Down
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery N-Methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists and Memantine Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, Vascular Dementia and Parkinson’s Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Tyrosine Kinases and Inflammatory Signalling
Current Molecular Medicine Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier
Current Drug Delivery Nitric Oxide Homeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Alzheimer Research Heerfordt-Waldenström Syndrome, A Rare Presentation of Sarcoidosis in a Patient with Old Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets Vascular Changes of the Retina and Choroid in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathology and Pathogenesis
Current Neurovascular Research Review of Pediatric Osteoarticular Infections
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials Functional Domains of Aquaporin-1: Keys to Physiology, and Targets for Drug Discovery
Current Pharmaceutical Design Targeting Microenvironment of Melanoma and Head and Neck Cancers in Photodynamic Therapy
Current Medicinal Chemistry Antibody-Mediated Endothelial Cell Damage Via Nitric Oxide
Current Pharmaceutical Design CD93 and Related Family Members: Their Role in Innate Immunity
Current Drug Targets New Therapeutic Aspects of Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy
Current Pharmaceutical Design