Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been considered a purely toxic by-product of incomplete combustion processes. Acute exposure to high concentrations of CO is one of the leading causes of fatal poisoning in industrial countries. However, after two decades of intensive research, there is ample evidence that CO endogenously produced by heme oxygenase enzymes has essential physiological functions and is of vital importance for cellular hemostasis. Furthermore, exogenously applied CO in low concentrations mediates potent cytoprotective effects. An overwhelming number of different in vitro and in vivo models demonstrated the protective action of CO application, e.g., in ischemia/reperfusion, transplantation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and others. Protection by this gaseous molecule could be illustrated for most organs, most species, and for different routes of administration. Now being on the verge of entering clinical trials, the question emerges whether the administration of low-dose CO would be safe for patients when used as a potential therapeutic. Therefore, this review summarizes in particular toxicological data obtained from low-dose CO exposure and discusses its impact on a possible clinical application.
Keywords: Carbon monoxide, toxicity, heme oxygenase, HO-1, organ protection, stress response
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Title:Carbon Monoxide - Toxicity of Low-Dose Application
Volume: 13 Issue: 6
Author(s): Rene Schmidt, Helen Ryan and Alexander Hoetzel
Affiliation:
Keywords: Carbon monoxide, toxicity, heme oxygenase, HO-1, organ protection, stress response
Abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been considered a purely toxic by-product of incomplete combustion processes. Acute exposure to high concentrations of CO is one of the leading causes of fatal poisoning in industrial countries. However, after two decades of intensive research, there is ample evidence that CO endogenously produced by heme oxygenase enzymes has essential physiological functions and is of vital importance for cellular hemostasis. Furthermore, exogenously applied CO in low concentrations mediates potent cytoprotective effects. An overwhelming number of different in vitro and in vivo models demonstrated the protective action of CO application, e.g., in ischemia/reperfusion, transplantation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and others. Protection by this gaseous molecule could be illustrated for most organs, most species, and for different routes of administration. Now being on the verge of entering clinical trials, the question emerges whether the administration of low-dose CO would be safe for patients when used as a potential therapeutic. Therefore, this review summarizes in particular toxicological data obtained from low-dose CO exposure and discusses its impact on a possible clinical application.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Schmidt Rene, Ryan Helen and Hoetzel Alexander, Carbon Monoxide - Toxicity of Low-Dose Application, Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2012; 13 (6) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920112800399103
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920112800399103 |
Print ISSN 1389-2010 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4316 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Artificial Intelligence in Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that analyzes and explores biological data. This field combines biology and information system. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has attracted great attention as it tries to replicate human intelligence. It has become common technology for analyzing and solving complex data and problems and encompasses sub-fields of machine ...read more
Latest Advancements in Biotherapeutics
The scope of this thematic issue is to comprehensively explore the rapidly evolving landscape of biotherapeutics, emphasizing breakthroughs in precision medicine. Encompassing diverse therapeutic modalities, the issue will delve into the latest developments in monoclonal antibodies, CRISPR/Cas gene editing, CAR-T cell therapies, and innovative drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticle-based ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Recent Advances and Patents on Coronary Sinus Perfusion Devices for Treatment of Heart Disease
Recent Patents on Biomedical Engineering (Discontinued) Irreversible Inhibition of Serine Proteases – Design and In Vivo Activity of Diaryl α-Aminophosphonate Derivatives
Current Medicinal Chemistry Molecular Pathologies of and Enzyme Replacement Therapies for Lysosomal Diseases
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets New Perspectives of Infections in Cardiovascular Disease
Current Cardiology Reviews Nursing Assessment, Education, and Care of Extremely Premature Neonates with Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Current Pediatric Reviews The Effects of Vitamin B in Depression
Current Medicinal Chemistry Large Unrepaired Aortopulmonary Window Presenting in Adulthood
Current Cardiology Reviews Diagnostic Imaging of Fetal and Neonatal Abdominal and Soft Tissue Tumors
Current Pediatric Reviews Protective Effects of Curcumin against Iron-induced Toxicity
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Health Benefits of Honey: Implications for Treating Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Nutrition & Food Science Recent advances in the management of autoimmune myocarditis: insights from animal studies.
Current Pharmaceutical Design Malignant Hypertension: A Rare Problem or is it Underdiagnosed?
Current Vascular Pharmacology Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Current Pediatric Reviews Lung Ultrasound in the Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Current Cardiology Reviews Cardiac Amyloid - A Hidden Contributor to Cardiac Dysfunction Following Cardiac Surgery: Case Report and Literature Review
Current Cardiology Reviews A Review of Maternal and Fetal Growth Factors in Diabetic Pregnancy
Current Diabetes Reviews Atypical Presentation Of Anti-Retroviral Therapy Induced Lactic Acidosis as Acute Right Ventricular Failure And Severe Pulmonary Hypertension
New Emirates Medical Journal Antimicrobial Drug Interactions in the Critically Ill Patients
Current Clinical Pharmacology Cardiac Amyloidosis Responding to Bortezomib: Case Report and Review of Literature
Current Cardiology Reviews Giant Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm Secondary To Patent Ductus Arteriosus: A Case Report
Current Cardiology Reviews