Abstract
Brain ischemic injury represents one of the greatest medical challenges for the aging population in developed countries, yet despite strong efforts, possibilities to treat ischemic injury still remain poor. Stroke, the most common type of brain ischemic injury in humans, is caused by brain artery occlusion, and represents a focal form of ischemia, which leads to neuronal loss in the ischemic core, and glial scar formation in the penumbral region around the core. Such glial scar mainly comprises reactive astrocytes, reactive NG2 glia and activated microglia. Reactive astrocytes display distinct features when compared to healthy astroglia, including changes in their morphology, metabolism, gene expression profiles, production of extracellular matrix proteins or proliferation rate. Similarly to astrocytes in the healthy nervous tissue, reactive astrocytes surrounding the glial scar strongly influence the activity of surviving neurons around the ischemic lesion. Bringing insight into pathophysiological functions of reactive astrocytes within the glial scar might thus open new possibilities for stroke treatment. Here, we summarize the properties of reactive astrocytes, with emphasis on the expression and function of ion channels, transporters and neurotransmitter receptors; all of which possess the ability to change the functional state of astrocytes, such as the membrane equilibrium potentials for different ions. This may have major effects on the functioning of surviving neurons, consequently leading to changes in neuronal excitability and progression of secondary pathologies, such as epilepsy. Moreover, we provide possible clues for therapy, based on functional modulation of astrocytic ion transporting mechanisms.
Keywords: Reactive astrocytes, potassium buffering, glutamate homeostasis, ion channels, transporters, brain ischemia.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Altered Homeostatic Functions in Reactive Astrocytes and Their Potential as a Therapeutic Target After Brain Ischemic Injury
Volume: 23 Issue: 33
Author(s): Helena Pivonkova and Miroslava Anderova*
Affiliation:
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague,Czech Republic
Keywords: Reactive astrocytes, potassium buffering, glutamate homeostasis, ion channels, transporters, brain ischemia.
Abstract: Brain ischemic injury represents one of the greatest medical challenges for the aging population in developed countries, yet despite strong efforts, possibilities to treat ischemic injury still remain poor. Stroke, the most common type of brain ischemic injury in humans, is caused by brain artery occlusion, and represents a focal form of ischemia, which leads to neuronal loss in the ischemic core, and glial scar formation in the penumbral region around the core. Such glial scar mainly comprises reactive astrocytes, reactive NG2 glia and activated microglia. Reactive astrocytes display distinct features when compared to healthy astroglia, including changes in their morphology, metabolism, gene expression profiles, production of extracellular matrix proteins or proliferation rate. Similarly to astrocytes in the healthy nervous tissue, reactive astrocytes surrounding the glial scar strongly influence the activity of surviving neurons around the ischemic lesion. Bringing insight into pathophysiological functions of reactive astrocytes within the glial scar might thus open new possibilities for stroke treatment. Here, we summarize the properties of reactive astrocytes, with emphasis on the expression and function of ion channels, transporters and neurotransmitter receptors; all of which possess the ability to change the functional state of astrocytes, such as the membrane equilibrium potentials for different ions. This may have major effects on the functioning of surviving neurons, consequently leading to changes in neuronal excitability and progression of secondary pathologies, such as epilepsy. Moreover, we provide possible clues for therapy, based on functional modulation of astrocytic ion transporting mechanisms.
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Cite this article as:
Pivonkova Helena and Anderova Miroslava*, Altered Homeostatic Functions in Reactive Astrocytes and Their Potential as a Therapeutic Target After Brain Ischemic Injury, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2017; 23 (33) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170710161858
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170710161858 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
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