Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as a major class of pattern-recognition receptors. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by TLRs, either alone or in heterodimerization with other TLR or non-TLR receptors, induces signals responsible for the activation of innate immune response. Recent studies have demonstrated a crucial involvement of TLRs in the recognition of fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. By studying fungal infection in knock-out mice deficient in either TLRs or TLRassociated adaptor molecules, it appeared that specific TLRs such as TLR2 and TLR4 play differential roles in the activation of the various arms of the innate immune response. Recent data also suggest that TLRs offer escape mechanisms to certain pathogenic microorganisms, especially through TLR2-driven induction of antiinflamatory cytokines. These recent developments provide crucial information for understanding the mechanisms of fungal recognition by cells of the immune system, and provide hope for designing new therapeutical approaches to fungal infections.
Keywords: Candida albicans, immunosuppression, pneumonia, TLR4 interaction, Cryptococcus neoformans
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Recognition of Fungal Pathogens by Toll-Like Receptors
Volume: 12 Issue: 32
Author(s): Mihai G. Netea, Gerben Ferwerda, Chantal A.A. van der Graaf, Jos W. M. Van der Meer and Bart Jan Kullberg
Affiliation:
Keywords: Candida albicans, immunosuppression, pneumonia, TLR4 interaction, Cryptococcus neoformans
Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as a major class of pattern-recognition receptors. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by TLRs, either alone or in heterodimerization with other TLR or non-TLR receptors, induces signals responsible for the activation of innate immune response. Recent studies have demonstrated a crucial involvement of TLRs in the recognition of fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. By studying fungal infection in knock-out mice deficient in either TLRs or TLRassociated adaptor molecules, it appeared that specific TLRs such as TLR2 and TLR4 play differential roles in the activation of the various arms of the innate immune response. Recent data also suggest that TLRs offer escape mechanisms to certain pathogenic microorganisms, especially through TLR2-driven induction of antiinflamatory cytokines. These recent developments provide crucial information for understanding the mechanisms of fungal recognition by cells of the immune system, and provide hope for designing new therapeutical approaches to fungal infections.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Netea G. Mihai, Ferwerda Gerben, van der Graaf A.A. Chantal, Van der Meer M. Jos W. and Kullberg Bart Jan, Recognition of Fungal Pathogens by Toll-Like Receptors, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006; 12 (32) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743538
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743538 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Modifications of the Immune Responsiveness in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection following Treatment with IFN-α / Ribavirin
Current Pharmaceutical Design Location of MBL-Associated Serine Proteases Binding Motifs on Human Mannan-Binding Lectin (MBL)
Protein & Peptide Letters Modeling Anti-Allergic Natural Compounds by Molecular Topology
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Invariant Natural Killer T Cell-Based Therapy of Autoimmune Diseases
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Ghrelin
Current Diabetes Reviews Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Cytokines: A Mechanism for Neuropathology
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cell Life Versus Cell Longevity: The Mysteries Surrounding the NAD+ Precursor Nicotinamide
Current Medicinal Chemistry Long-term Potentiation at Spinal C-fiber Synapses: A Target for Pathological Pain
Current Pharmaceutical Design Methodological Aspects of Erythrocyte Aggregation
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Osteoarthritis - An Update
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents The Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in T Cell-Mediated Immunity: The All Encompassing Enzyme
Current Pharmaceutical Design Current Status and Future Prospects of C1 Domain Ligands as Drug Candidates
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry The Role of B-Lymphocyte Stimulator in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Correlation with Tumor Differentiation, Disease status and the Presence of Metastases
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) The Role of Microglia in Antibody-Mediated Clearance of Amyloid-Beta from the Brain
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Editorial [Hot Topic: Towards Tailored Treatment - New Organ-Specific Drug Strategies Interfering in Signal Transduction (Guest Editors: Jai Prakash and Martin H. de Borst)]
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Novel Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Current Cancer Drug Targets Synthesis, Evaluation of Analgesic and Gastric Ulcerogenic Activities and the Metabolites in Rat Plasma of Hydantoin Ibuprofen Conjugates
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Surgical or Interventional Revascularization in Diabetic Patients with Coronary Artery Disease?
Current Diabetes Reviews The Influence of Cox-2 and Bioactive Lipids on Hematological Cancers
Current Angiogenesis (Discontinued) Therapeutic Potential of Erythropoietin in Retinal and Optic Nerve Diseases
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets