Generic placeholder image

Current Diabetes Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

Mini-Review Article

The Severity of COVID-19 in Diabetes Patients

Author(s): Kishor Danao, Vijayshri Rokde*, Nikhil Bali and Ujwala Mahajan

Volume 19, Issue 5, 2023

Published on: 13 December, 2022

Article ID: e061022209633 Pages: 5

DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666221006103113

Price: $65

Abstract

Aims: Diabetic patients are significantly stimulated by COVID-19 infection. The dreadful risk of COVID-19 mortality may be affected. In order to preserve precious lives, it is essential to comprehend how diabetes and COVID-19 are related, as well as how to manage diabetes. We aimed to focus on the mechanism, impact, and drug treatment of diabetes in COVID-19 patients.

Methods: A comprehensive scrutiny of the published literature in diverse pharmaceutical and medical databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, DOAJ etc., were successfully conducted and classified accordingly.

Results: We discussed the severity of COVID-19 in diabetes patients. A patient with diabetes has a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality by influencing the development and prognosis of the disease. The recommended drugs for diabetes treatment in COVID-19 may reduce COVID-19 mortality.

Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome diabetes is a risk factor enhancing the development and diagnosis of COVID-19. In order to treat diabetic patients who have COVID-19 infection, insulin is preferable over oral hypoglycemic medications.

Keywords: Diabetes, COVID-19, ARBs, drug therapy, SARS-CoV-2, innate immunity.

[1]
Lai CC, Wang CY, Wang YH, Hsueh SC, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Disease incidence, daily cumulative index, mortality, and their association with country healthcare resources and economic status. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55(4): 105946.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105946] [PMID: 32199877]
[2]
Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS, et al. The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: What lessons have we learned? Int J Epidemiol 2020; 49(3): 717-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa033] [PMID: 32086938]
[3]
Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY. Coronavirus genomics and bioinformatics analysis. Viruses 2010; 2(8): 1804-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v2081803] [PMID: 21994708]
[4]
Park SE. Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19). Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63(4): 119-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00493] [PMID: 32252141]
[5]
Kahn JS, McIntosh K. History and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24(11) (Suppl.): S223-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000188166.17324.60] [PMID: 16378050]
[6]
Muniyappa R, Gubbi S. COVID-19 pandemic, corona viruses, and diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318(5): 736-41.
[7]
Kumar A, Arora A, Sharma P, et al. Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 535-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.044] [PMID: 32408118]
[8]
Zhang Y, Cui Y, Shen M, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus with disease severity and prognosis in COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 165: 108227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108227] [PMID: 32446795]
[9]
Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, Mazoni L, Coppelli A, Del Prato S. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: Understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8(9): 782-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2] [PMID: 32687793]
[10]
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Shetty AS, Nanditha A. Trends in prevalence of diabetes in Asian countries. World J Diabetes 2012; 3(6): 110-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v3.i6.110] [PMID: 22737281]
[11]
Palaiodimos L, Chamorro-Pareja N, Karamanis D, et al. Diabetes is associated with increased risk for in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis comprising 18,506 patients. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20(2): 305-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42000-020-00246-2] [PMID: 33123973]
[12]
Pal R, Bhadada SK. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: An unholy interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 513-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.049] [PMID: 32388331]
[13]
Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J 2020; 55(5): 2000547.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547-2020] [PMID: 32217650]
[14]
Lima-Martínez MM, Carrera Boada C, Madera-Silva MD, Marín W, Contreras M. COVID-19 and diabetes: A bidirectional relationship. Clin Investig Arterioscler 2021; 33(3): 151-7.
[PMID: 33303218]
[15]
Azar WS, Njeim R, Fares AH, et al. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: How one pandemic worsens the other. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21(4): 451-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-020-09573-6] [PMID: 32743793]
[16]
Brufsky A. Hyperglycemia, hydroxychloroquine, and the COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 92(7): 770-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25887] [PMID: 32293710]
[17]
Siddiqui AA, Siddiqui SA, Ahmad S, Siddiqui S, Ahsan I, Sahu K. Diabetes: Mechanism, pathophysiology, and management-a review. Int J Drug Dev Res 2013; 5(2): 1-23.
[18]
Holman N, Knighton P, Kar P, et al. Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: A population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8(10): 823-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30271-0] [PMID: 32798471]
[19]
Roep BO, Thomaidou S, van Tienhoven R, Zaldumbide A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the β-cell (do not blame the immune system?). Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17(3): 150-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-00443-4] [PMID: 33293704]
[20]
Erener S. Diabetes, infection risk and COVID-19. Mol Metab 2020; 39(101044): 101044.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101044] [PMID: 32585364]
[21]
Ragab D, Salah Eldin H, Taeimah M, Khattab R, Salem R. The COVID-19 cytokine storm; what we know so far. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 1446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01446] [PMID: 32612617]
[22]
Barone MTU, Ngongo B, Harnik SB, et al. COVID-19 associated with diabetes and other noncommunicable diseases led to a global health crisis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 171: 108587.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108587] [PMID: 33307134]
[23]
Finelli C. Metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, and Covid 19: A possible correlation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18(12): 915-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205018666211209095652] [PMID: 34886772]
[24]
Cromer SJ, Colling C, Schatoff D, et al. Newly diagnosed diabetes vs. pre-existing diabetes upon admission for COVID-19: Associated factors, short-term outcomes, and long-term glycemic phenotypes. J Diabetes Complications 2022; 36(4): 108145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108145] [PMID: 35148936]
[25]
Smati S, Tramunt B, Wargny M, Gourdy P, Hadjadj S, Cariou B. COVID-19 and diabetes outcomes: Rationale for and updates from the Coronado study. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22(2): 53-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-022-01452-5] [PMID: 35171448]
[26]
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2022. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographicaldistributin2019-ncov-cases
[27]
Kantroo V, Kanwar MS, Goyal P, et al. Mortality and clinical outcomes among patients with COVID-19 and diabetes. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9(4): 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medsci9040065] [PMID: 34842758]
[28]
Codo AC, Davanzo GG, Monteiro LB, et al. Elevated glucose levels favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and monocyte response through a HIF-1α/glycolysis-dependent axis. Cell Metab 2020; 32(3): 437-446.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.07.007] [PMID: 32697943]
[29]
Yang JK, Feng Y, Yuan MY, et al. Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabet Med 2006; 23(6): 623-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01861.x] [PMID: 16759303]
[30]
Carey IM, Critchley JA, DeWilde S, Harris T, Hosking FJ, Cook DG. Risk of infection in type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the general population: A matched cohort study. Diabetes Care 2018; 41(3): 513-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc17-2131] [PMID: 29330152]
[31]
Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180(7): 934-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994] [PMID: 32167524]
[32]
Pal R, Banerjee M, Yadav U, Bhattacharjee S. Clinical profile and outcomes in COVID-19 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: A systematic review of literature. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(6): 1563-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.015] [PMID: 32853901]
[33]
Norouzi M, Norouzi S, Ruggiero A, et al. Type-2 diabetes as a risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9(6): 1-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061211] [PMID: 34205044]
[34]
Pandey N, Srivastava RM, Kumar G, Katiyar V, Agrawal S. Teleconsultation at a tertiary care government medical university during COVID-19 lockdown in India - A pilot study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68(7): 1381-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1658_20] [PMID: 32587169]
[35]
Ghosh A, Gupta R, Misra A. Telemedicine for diabetes care in India during COVID19 pandemic and national lockdown period: Guidelines for physicians. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 273-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.001] [PMID: 32283497]
[36]
Ibrahim S, Lowe JR, Bramante CT, et al. Metformin and Covid-19: Focused review of mechanisms and current literature suggesting benefit. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12: 587801.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.587801] [PMID: 34367059]
[37]
Rangarajan S, Becker EJ, Husain M, Thannickal VJ, Zmijewski JW. Metabolism of activated myofibroblasts is linked to ampk inactivation and impaired resolution of lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201: A7876.
[38]
Qu H, Zheng Y, Wang Y, et al. The potential effects of clinical antidiabetic agents on SARS-CoV-2. J Diabetes 2021; 13(3): 243-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13135] [PMID: 33210826]
[39]
Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2010; 47(3): 193-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4] [PMID: 19333547]
[40]
Huang I, Lim MA, Pranata R. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia - A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 395-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018] [PMID: 32334395]
[41]
Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36(7): e3319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3319] [PMID: 32233013]
[42]
Finucane FM, Davenport C. Coronavirus and obesity: Could insulin resistance mediate the severity of COVID-19 infection? Front Public Health 2020; 8(184): 184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00184] [PMID: 32574288]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy