<![CDATA[Current Dentistry (Volume 3 - Issue 1)]]> https://www.eurekaselect.com/journal/170 RSS Feed for Journals | BenthamScience EurekaSelect (+https://www.eurekaselect.com) 2021-11-03 <![CDATA[Current Dentistry (Volume 3 - Issue 1)]]> https://www.eurekaselect.com/journal/170 <![CDATA[Meet the Editorial Board Member]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1186662021-11-03 <![CDATA[Preface: Digital Technologies in Current Dentistry]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1186672021-11-03 <![CDATA[Vital Tooth Whitening Techniques. A Literature Review]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1090572021-11-03Background: Vital tooth whitening has become an integral part of esthetic dentistry and remains one of the safest and most economical options today to improve dental esthetics without removing tooth structure. The tooth whitening materials have evolved into three categories: dentist- prescribed/dispensed in office, the dentist prescribed patient home use, and over-the-counter purchased and applied by patients.

Objective: This review outlines the latest advances in dentist prescribed vital teeth whitening techniques, effects on tooth structure, soft tissues, and dental restoratives. Areas requiring additional research are also discussed.

Methods: : An electronic and manual literature search was conducted for keywords such as tooth bleaching and dental bleaching techniques using PubMed/MEDLINE, followed by a manual selection of the studies that included whitening procedures in vital teeth.

Results: The two main whitening agents are carbamide peroxide (CP) and hydrogen peroxide (HP or H2O2) whose concentration, duration of contact and total treatment time can alter results. In addition, factors including the type of stain and the age of the patient can affect results. Although whitening agents can affect tooth structure, restorative materials, and gingival tissues, the changes are temporary or can be treated using minimally invasive techniques.

Conclusion: Areas requiring further research include the actual mechanism of whitening, its effect on tooth structure and restorative materials, and the development of an easy method to quantitate the degree of whitening in the dental office.

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<![CDATA[Effect of Different Dentifrices, Bleaching with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide, and Red Wine on Surface Color and Roughness of Bovine Enamel]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1091472021-11-03Objective: To evaluate color and roughness of bovine enamel exposed to dentifrices, dental bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP), and erosion/staining by red wine.

Methods: Bovine enamel blocks were exposed to: artificial saliva (control), Oral-B Pro-Health (stannous fluoride with sodium fluoride, SF), Sensodyne Repair & Protect (bioactive glass, BG), Colgate Pro-Relief (arginine and calcium carbonate, AR), or Chitodent (chitosan, CHI). After toothpaste exposure, half (n=12) of the samples were bleached (35% HP), and the other half were not (n=12). The color (CIE L*a* b*, ΔE), surface roughness (Ra), and scanning electron microscopy were evaluated. Color and roughness were assessed at baseline, post-dentifrice and/or -dental bleaching, and after red wine. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) (ΔE) for repeated measures (Ra), followed by Tukey´s test. The L*, a*, and b* values were analyzed by generalized linear models (a=0.05).

Results: The HP promoted an increase in Ra values; however, the SF, BG, and AR did not enable this alteration. After red wine, all groups apart from SF (unbleached) showed increases in Ra values; SF and AR promoted decreases in L* values; AR demonstrated higher ΔE values, differing from the control; and CHI decreased the L* variation in the unbleached group.

Conclusion: Dentifrices did not interfere with the bleaching efficacy of 35% HP. However, dentifrices acted as a preventive agent against surface alteration from dental bleaching (BG, SF, and AR) or red wine (SF). Dentifrices can decrease (CHI) or increase (AR and SF) staining by red wine.

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<![CDATA[Maximum Temperature Through a Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia Ceramic After Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Irradiation]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1088962021-11-03Background: The most common approach to remove yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fixed-dental prostheses (FDPs) is by means of diamond burs attached to a high-speed handpiece. This process is time-consuming and destructive. The use of lasers over mechanical instrumentation for removal of FDPs can lead to efficient and predictable restoration retrievability. However, the heat produced might damage the tooth pulp (>42˚C).

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum temperature (T) reached during the use of different settings of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet Er,Cr:YSGG laser through a YSZ ceramic.

Methods: YSZ slices (1 mm thick) were assigned to 7 groups. For the control group, a diamond bur was used to cut a 1 mm groove into the YSZ slices. For the 6 experimental groups, the laser was operated at a constant combination of 33% water and 66% air during 30 s with two different power settings (W) at three frequencies (PPS), as follows (W/PPS): 2.5/20, 2.5/30, 2.5/45, 4.5/20, 4.5/30, 4.5/45. The T through the YSZ slice was recorded in degrees Celsius by using a digital thermometer with a K thermocouple.

Results: The median T of the control group was 26.5˚C. The use of 4.5 W resulted in the median T (˚C) of 44.2 at 20 PPS, 53.3 at 30 PPS, and 58.9 at 45 PPS, while 2.5 W showed 34.6, 31.6, and 25.0 at 20, 30, and 45 PPS, respectively. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA showed that within each power setting, the T was similar. The high power and lowest frequency (4.5/20) showed no significant difference from the 2.5 W settings and the control group.

Conclusion: The lower power setting (2.5 W) is a potential method for the use of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser to debond YSZ structures. The higher power (4.5 W) with high frequencies (30 and 45 PPS) is unsuitable.

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<![CDATA[Determining the Applicability of Moyer’s Analysis in the Contemporary Western Australian Adolescent Population]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1170632021-11-03Background: Moyer’s probability tables have been widely used to determine the mesiodistal dimensions of unerupted canines and premolars for mixed dentition space analysis. Secular, racial, and sexual dimorphism have been reported in the literature and the applicability of Moyer’s analysis has been doubted in many other populations.

Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the applicability of Moyer’s probability tables and develop a more accurate prediction method in a contemporary Western Australian adolescent population.

Methods: A retrospective study, including 500 participants (323 females, 177 males) between 13-18 years old attending the orthodontic private practice, was conducted. Mesiodistal dimensions of selected participants were obtained from pre-orthodontic treatment digital dental records using Invisalign® technology (Invisalign®, Align Technology, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Data were analysed using SPSS. New regression equations were derived based on the sum of permanent mandibular incisors, and probability tables were proposed for more accurate prediction.

Results: Significant differences were found between the measured sum of permanent canine-premolar segments and those predicted with the Moyer’s probability table, at all percentile levels, except the 50th percentile, where no significant difference was observed.

Conclusion: Moyer’s probability table can be applied at the 50th percentile for estimation of sum of mesiodistal dimensions of canine-premolars segments. Newly developed regression equations and tables could be considered to provide more accurate mixed dentition space analysis.

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<![CDATA[Readability of Online Patient Education Materials for Dental Radiology]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1169332021-11-03Background: Dental patients may seek and read online patient education materials pertaining to dental radiology.

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the readability of online patient education materials pertaining to dental radiology.

Methods: All patient education articles available in 2021 from professional societies and authoritative bodies related to dental radiology were reviewed. Each article was assessed using the Gunning Fog index, Coleman Liau index, Flesch-Kincaid Grade level, Automated Readability index (ARI), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) and Flesch Reading Ease score. Contextual information was recorded in terms of the perspective from which the webpage was written (first, second, or third-person perspective), modalities mentioned (bitewing, periapical, occlusal, panoramic, cephalometric, or cone beam [CB] CT/CT), any radioprotection measures explained (for general, pregnancy, or children), and indications of imaging mentioned.

Results: Nine relevant webpages were identified. None of the major dental radiology associations (except the United States one) provided such online information. All but one required about a tenth- grade reading level to understand the content easily.

Conclusion: None of the webpages fulfilled the recommendations from the National Institute of Health and the American Medical Association of being written below a seventh-grade level. More online patient education materials for dental radiology were recommended, and they should be written in a more easily understood way.

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<![CDATA[The Top 102 Most Cited Publications Relevant to Dental Education]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1169312021-11-03Background: Growth and development in dental education globally depend on effective experience sharing and advocation of evidence-based practice, preferably tested via vigorous peer evaluation.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the most cited dental education publications. The objectives were to identify the most productive entities, and the most frequently investigated themes and specialties.

Methods: A keyword literature search was performed on 1st June 2020 to identify publications relevant to dental education. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Campbell Collaboration databases were searched. Publications that dealt with dental education were included. Irrelevant publications were manually excluded by the authors, and disagreement was resolved by the senior author. Bibliographic data of the top 102 entries (some with equal citation ranks) were obtained from Scopus and analyzed using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer for characterization of recurring contributors and themes.

Results: The top publications included 83 original articles, 15 reviews, 3 books, and 1 online document, written by 30 different authors, with 38 publications from dental journals not dedicated to education, and with an average of 5.5 citations per year. The most productive author was William Hendrickson. The most productive institutions were from Europe and the United States. There were 11 papers focused on operative dentistry, 9 on endodontology, 4 on special care dentistry, 2 on community dentistry, 2 on periodontology, and 2 on implantology. Within the top 102 list, 21 publications focused on the stress experienced by dental students at school. A multiple ANCOVA indicates that citation counts in these highly cited publications are associated with a number of authors and document types, such as “reviews/books/online document” compared with original articles (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Influential dental education studies were published on a variety of platforms. Over the past 20 years, the field witnessed the emergence of highly cited reports/articles. Similar to influential papers in various fields, the number of authors per top-cited dental education publications appeared to be associated with high citations indicating top quality and high appreciation/acceptance of the articles involved.

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<![CDATA[Anterior Labial Alveolar Bone Thickness after Orthodontic Retraction of Anterior Teeth]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1161952021-11-03Introduction: Correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion generally requires extraction of the premolars, followed by retraction of the anterior teeth to reduce overjet. Morphometric evaluation of alveolar bone can be used to study the limitation of tooth movement to avoid adverse effects. The purpose of this study is to measure the changes in the bone thickness of the maxillary incisors in skeletal Class II malocclusion patients after retraction and determine the relationship between changes in bone thickness and the amount of retractions using lateral cephalometric radiographs.

Materials and Methods: This study was designed to determine the cross-sectional changes in bone thickness in linear directions after retraction, and the relationship between changes in bone thickness and the amount of retraction. Bone thickness in the linear directions was measured using digital cephalometric radiographs.

Results: The measurement results from tracing 43 lateral cephalometric before and after anterior retraction treatment showed a difference in alveolar bone thickness at the 9mm level from the CEJ in a linear direction on the anterior retraction of skeletal Class II malocclusion maxillary incisors (p <0.05); however, there was no difference observed in alveolar bone thickness at levels 3 and 6 mm from CEJ in the linear direction and in the angular direction (p> 0.05). Changes in alveolar bone thickness did not correlate with the amount of incisor retraction (p> 0.05).

Conclusion: The results showed the change in labial alveolar bone thickness was not significantly correlate with the amount of retraction.

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<![CDATA[Teeth with Apical Periodontitis Obturated in the Presence or Absence of Cultivable Micro-Organisms: A Two-Year Prospective Study of Treatment Outcomes]]>https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/1178752021-11-03Objective: This prospective study aims to evaluate the one-year and two-year outcomes of root canals with apical periodontitis obturated in the presence or absence of cultivable micro-organisms, and define the influence on endodontic treatment outcome from different independent variables.

Methods: 87 patients with 45 exposed and 43 unexposed canals who previously participated in a microbiological study of primary endodontic infections were invited back for review in 12 and 24 months after endodontic treatment. The review involves clinical examination, questionnaire interview and radiographic assessment in order to determine the treatment outcomes. The influence of independent variables, such as gender, age, tooth location, etc., on the treatment outcome, has also been analysed.

Results: A total of 85 teeth of 84 patients were reviewed one and two years after obturation. Chisquare test for trend showed that the one-year radiographic healing of apical lesions was significantly different between culture-positive and negative canals (P<0.05). However, there is no significant difference in the two-year radiographic healing between the two groups of canals (P>0.05). None of the independent variables was found to be significant in affecting the endodontic treatment outcome on logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion: The presence of positive culture prior to obturation seemed to affect the healing of periapical tissues in a one-year review, but the effect appeared to be temporal and not affected the long-term outcome.

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