Abstract
Chronic pain is a multifaceted and complex condition that is divided into somatic, visceral, and neuropathic pain. Although opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause analgesia and are effective in the treatment of chronic pain, their utility is hampered by side effects, abuse potential, and development of tolerance to their pain-relieving effects. So, finding alternative analgesics with good efficacy and low side effects is of great interest and the orexinergic system is a potential candidate. Orexin-A and -B are exclusively expressed in the lateral hypothalamus and are involved in the feeding, sleep/wake cycle, cardiovascular function, hormone secretion, seizure, and pain modulation. Orexin peptides and their receptors have been proposed as opportunities for developing analgesic drugs. In experimental studies, orexin peptides induce analgesia that is comparable to morphine. Furthermore, there is evidence that orexin receptors 1 and 2 participate in responsiveness to both stressful stimuli and pain. Thus, direct and indirect activation of the orexinergic system is a new therapeutic approach to pain control. This article will review the most recent and important studies describing the role of orexins in pain modulation.
Keywords: Neuropeptides, orexin, hypocretin, pain, orexin receptors, neuropathic pain.
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title:The Orexinergic (Hypocretin) System and Nociception: An Update to Supraspinal Mechanisms
Volume: 25 Issue: 32
Author(s): Ali Roohbakhsh, Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi and Hassan Azhdari-Zarmehri*
Affiliation:
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh,Iran
Keywords: Neuropeptides, orexin, hypocretin, pain, orexin receptors, neuropathic pain.
Abstract: Chronic pain is a multifaceted and complex condition that is divided into somatic, visceral, and neuropathic pain. Although opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause analgesia and are effective in the treatment of chronic pain, their utility is hampered by side effects, abuse potential, and development of tolerance to their pain-relieving effects. So, finding alternative analgesics with good efficacy and low side effects is of great interest and the orexinergic system is a potential candidate. Orexin-A and -B are exclusively expressed in the lateral hypothalamus and are involved in the feeding, sleep/wake cycle, cardiovascular function, hormone secretion, seizure, and pain modulation. Orexin peptides and their receptors have been proposed as opportunities for developing analgesic drugs. In experimental studies, orexin peptides induce analgesia that is comparable to morphine. Furthermore, there is evidence that orexin receptors 1 and 2 participate in responsiveness to both stressful stimuli and pain. Thus, direct and indirect activation of the orexinergic system is a new therapeutic approach to pain control. This article will review the most recent and important studies describing the role of orexins in pain modulation.
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Cite this article as:
Roohbakhsh Ali , Alavi Sadat Mohaddeseh and Azhdari-Zarmehri Hassan *, The Orexinergic (Hypocretin) System and Nociception: An Update to Supraspinal Mechanisms, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2018; 25 (32) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170529072554
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170529072554 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
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