Abstract
Stratum corneum (SC) is comprised of lipids, protein and low molecular weight water-soluble components. Changes in these skin micro constituents can be understood by instrumental methods like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The former provides information about changes in thermotropic behavior of SC lipids and proteins, whereas the latter provides data about alterations at molecular and conformational level. Most of the DSC thermograms of intact mammalian SC show two reversible and two irreversible transitions in the temperature range of 25-125%C. The reversible endotherms are ascribed to lipid melting transitions, whereas the irreversible endotherms are ascribed to protein denaturation. Similarly, the FTIR spectral bands of SC occurring between 2920-2850 cm-1 and between 1650-1550 cm -1 have been suggested to arise from lipid and protein molecular vibrations, respectively. Treatment of skin with solvents or permeation enhancers alters the composition of lipids or their molecular arrangement in the skin microenvironment, which leads to changes in permeability of drug molecules. Furthermore, inhibition of lipid synthesis in epidermis with concomitant decrease in enthalpy of lipid endothermic transitions and reduction in height and area of asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching peaks have been found to be directly correlated with enhanced permeation of drugs. In addition, method of skin preparation, type of skin, types of enhancer etc. also influence both the nature and intensity of responses recorded in spectrographs and thermograms. Therefore, the modification in spectrographs and thermograms of skin samples treated with various enhancers, vehicles etc. are expected to provide better insight into their mechanism of action on the skin. This review article shall critically evaluate the thermotropic and infrared spectroscopic data of SC/epidermis after various treatments.
Keywords: Skin, thermotropic behavior, lipid molecular conformations, percutaneous permeation enhancers
Current Drug Delivery
Title: Thermotropic and Spectroscopic Behavior of Skin: Relationship with Percutaneous Permeation Enhancement
Volume: 3 Issue: 1
Author(s): Kumar Babita, Vinod Kumar, Vikas Rana, Subheet Jain and Ashok K. Tiwary
Affiliation:
Keywords: Skin, thermotropic behavior, lipid molecular conformations, percutaneous permeation enhancers
Abstract: Stratum corneum (SC) is comprised of lipids, protein and low molecular weight water-soluble components. Changes in these skin micro constituents can be understood by instrumental methods like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The former provides information about changes in thermotropic behavior of SC lipids and proteins, whereas the latter provides data about alterations at molecular and conformational level. Most of the DSC thermograms of intact mammalian SC show two reversible and two irreversible transitions in the temperature range of 25-125%C. The reversible endotherms are ascribed to lipid melting transitions, whereas the irreversible endotherms are ascribed to protein denaturation. Similarly, the FTIR spectral bands of SC occurring between 2920-2850 cm-1 and between 1650-1550 cm -1 have been suggested to arise from lipid and protein molecular vibrations, respectively. Treatment of skin with solvents or permeation enhancers alters the composition of lipids or their molecular arrangement in the skin microenvironment, which leads to changes in permeability of drug molecules. Furthermore, inhibition of lipid synthesis in epidermis with concomitant decrease in enthalpy of lipid endothermic transitions and reduction in height and area of asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching peaks have been found to be directly correlated with enhanced permeation of drugs. In addition, method of skin preparation, type of skin, types of enhancer etc. also influence both the nature and intensity of responses recorded in spectrographs and thermograms. Therefore, the modification in spectrographs and thermograms of skin samples treated with various enhancers, vehicles etc. are expected to provide better insight into their mechanism of action on the skin. This review article shall critically evaluate the thermotropic and infrared spectroscopic data of SC/epidermis after various treatments.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Babita Kumar, Kumar Vinod, Rana Vikas, Jain Subheet and Tiwary K. Ashok, Thermotropic and Spectroscopic Behavior of Skin: Relationship with Percutaneous Permeation Enhancement, Current Drug Delivery 2006; 3 (1) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720106775197466
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720106775197466 |
Print ISSN 1567-2018 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5704 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances of natural products, bio-actives and novel drug delivery system against emerging viral infections
Due to the increasing prevalence of viral infections and the ability of these human pathogens to develop resistance to current treatment strategies, there is a great need to find and develop new compounds to combat them. These molecules must have low toxicity, specific activity and high bioavailability. The most suitable ...read more
Electrospun Fibers as Drug Delivery Systems
In recent years, electrospun fibers have attracted considerable attention as potential platforms for drug delivery due to their distinctive properties and adaptability. These fibers feature a notable surface area-to-volume ratio and can be intentionally designed with high porosity, facilitating an increased capacity for drug loading and rendering them suitable for ...read more
Emerging Nanotherapeutics for Mitigation of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Conditions affecting the central nervous system (CNS) present a significant hurdle due to limited access to both treatments and diagnostic tools for the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) acts as a barrier, restricting the passage of molecules from the bloodstream into the brain. The most formidable challenge facing scientists is ...read more
Exosome-Based Drug Delivery for Regenerative Medicine
Exosome-based drug delivery is emerging as a transformative technology in regenerative medicine due to exosomes' natural ability to mediate intercellular communication and carry bioactive molecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This thematic issue focuses on exosomes as nanocarriers for therapeutic delivery, harnessing their potential to enhance tissue repair, immune ...read more

- Author Guidelines
- Bentham Author Support Services (BASS)
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Treatment of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis Infections and Neurological Complications of Tuberculosis Treatment
Current Pharmaceutical Design Innovative Cancer Treatments that Augment Radiotherapy or Chemotherapy by the Use of Immunotherapy or Gene Therapy
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Conventional (Continuous) EEG Monitoring in the NICU
Current Pediatric Reviews Dietary Interventions for Atopic Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Surgical Ventricular Restoration to Reverse Left Ventricular Remodeling
Current Cardiology Reviews Curcuminoids and Novel Opportunities for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Which Molecules are Actually Effective?
Current Molecular Pharmacology Ligand-Based Pharmacophore Detection and Screening of Potential Glitazones
Current Enzyme Inhibition Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies in Children. Part II: Advanced MR Tools and the Importance for its Early Recognition in the Acute Clinical Setting
Current Medical Imaging Novel Anticancer Targets and Drug Discovery in Post Genomic Age
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome - 20 Years Later
Current Rheumatology Reviews Flavonoids and its Neuroprotective Effects on Brain Ischemia and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Drug Targets Imaging and Clinical Features of Neurocutaneous Melanosis in the Pediatric Population
Current Medical Imaging Involvement of the Mitochondrial Benzodiazepine Receptor in Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapeutic Implications
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Brain Hyperthermia During Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Causes, Mechanisms, and Functional Implications
Current Neurovascular Research Role of Stromal-Derived Factor-1 in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Paracrinemediated Tissue Repair
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Crude Venom from Nematocysts of the Jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca as a Tool to Study Cell Physiology
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Monotherapy Versus Combination Therapy of Angiogenic and Arteriogenic Factors for the Treatment of Ischemic Disorders
Current Molecular Medicine Noscapine and its Analogs as Chemotherapeutic Agent: Current updates
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Effect of Edaravone on MicroRNA Expression in Exosomes after Hepatic Ischemia-reperfusion Injury
Current Molecular Pharmacology Current Strategies and Future Directions for Eluding Adenoviral Vector Immunity
Current Gene Therapy