Pain Management in Hematological Patients with Major Organ Dysfunctions and Comorbid Illnesses

Pasquale      Niscola; Andrea      Tendas; Marco      Giovannini; Laura      Scaramucci; Luca      Cupelli; Michele      Ferrannini; Gregorio      Antonio Brunetti; Francesco      Bondanini; Roberto      Palumbo; Alessio      Perrotti; Claudio      Romani; Claudio      Cartoni; Fabio      Efficace; Paolo      de Fabritiis

Abstract

Background: Organ dysfunctions and medical complications, such as renal failure, liver impairment, coagulation disorders, cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, may hamper an adequate pain management in haematological patients.

Aim: To summarize current knowledge on pain management in hematological patients presenting major organ dysfunctions and comorbidity. We also attempted to provide recommendations to optimize analgesia and to minimize side effects in the setting of medically compromised and frail haematological patients.

Methods: A systematic search of the literature, using relevant key words, was conducted in PubMed.

Results and conclusions: Pain in hematological patients is a common symptom and is often multi-factorial. Most pharmacotherapeutic measures, including causal therapies, analgesics and adjuvant agents routinely applied in pain management, may also be used in the setting of clinical frailty and medical comorbidities; however, comprehensive clinical and functional patient’s evaluations and a careful consideration of expected benefits and potential adverse events are required.

Keywords: Analgesics, anticoagulant oral therapy, blood diseases, cardiovascular diseases, chronic illnesses, coagulation defects, haematology, heparin, liver dysfunctions, liver cirrhosis, liver failure, medical complications, non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, oral anticoagulant therapy, pain, pain management, paracetamol, renal impairment, thrombocytopenia