Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is characterized by obvious inflammatory cell aggregations, up-regulation of cytokine expression, and increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecules. Like systemic bacterial infections, cerebral injury is also associated with innate immunity, a specific immunologic response that utilizes Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The involvement of TLRs in cerebral ischemia is now being confirmed using animal models. Recent reports reveal that mice that lack TLR2 and TLR4 show improved stroke outcomes and that TLR2 and 4 may contribute to neuronal injury that occurs after cerebral ischemia. In this review, we have summarized these recent reports concerning the association of TLRs with cerebral ischemia.
Keywords: Cerebral ischemia, inflammation, innate immunity, mouse, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), Toll-like receptor (TLR), HMGB1, HSP60, IFN-, IRF3, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), microglia, middle cerebral artery occlusion, MMP, MyD88, neuron, NF-B, pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs), pattern-recognition receptor (PPR), TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, TNF-, Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR), TRIF
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Involvement of Toll-like Receptors in Ischemia-induced Neuronal Damage
Volume: 11 Issue: 2
Author(s): Junya Hamanaka and Hideaki Hara
Affiliation:
Keywords: Cerebral ischemia, inflammation, innate immunity, mouse, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), Toll-like receptor (TLR), HMGB1, HSP60, IFN-, IRF3, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), microglia, middle cerebral artery occlusion, MMP, MyD88, neuron, NF-B, pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs), pattern-recognition receptor (PPR), TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, TNF-, Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR), TRIF
Abstract: Cerebral ischemia is characterized by obvious inflammatory cell aggregations, up-regulation of cytokine expression, and increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecules. Like systemic bacterial infections, cerebral injury is also associated with innate immunity, a specific immunologic response that utilizes Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The involvement of TLRs in cerebral ischemia is now being confirmed using animal models. Recent reports reveal that mice that lack TLR2 and TLR4 show improved stroke outcomes and that TLR2 and 4 may contribute to neuronal injury that occurs after cerebral ischemia. In this review, we have summarized these recent reports concerning the association of TLRs with cerebral ischemia.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Hamanaka Junya and Hara Hideaki, Involvement of Toll-like Receptors in Ischemia-induced Neuronal Damage, Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 11 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152411796011312
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152411796011312 |
Print ISSN 1871-5249 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6166 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Related Deaths: Autoptic, Histopathological and Toxicological Findings
Current Neuropharmacology Integrin Signaling Networks in the Pathobiology of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Sphingolipids in Genetic and Acquired Forms of Chronic Kidney Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Fish Oil has Beneficial Effects on Behavior Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Rats Subjected to a Hepatic Encephalopathy Model
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Editorial (Hot Topic: New Insights into Insulin Resistance, Cardiovascular Diseases and Oxidative Stress: Pathophysiological and Clinical Consequences)
Current Pharmaceutical Design Recent Progress in Cerebrovascular Gene Therapy
Current Neurovascular Research Natural Alkaloids and Diabetes Mellitus: A Review
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Aquaporin and Vascular Diseases
Current Neuropharmacology Pharmacological Targeting of Neuronal Kv7.2/3 Channels: A Focus on Chemotypes and Receptor Sites
Current Medicinal Chemistry Relevance of Nutritional Antioxidants in Metabolic Syndrome, Ageing and Cancer: Potential for Therapeutic Targeting
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets MicroRNAs as Diagnostic, Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers of Cardiac Disease
Recent Patents on Biomarkers Increased Serum HMGB-1, ICAM-1 and Metalloproteinase-9 Levels in Buerger’s Patients
Current Vascular Pharmacology Prostacyclin, Atherothrombosis and Diabetes Mellitus: Physiologic and Clinical Considerations
Current Molecular Medicine Innate Immunity and the Heart
Current Pharmaceutical Design Chemokines and Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression: Towards Therapeutic Targeting?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cerebrovascular and Blood-Brain Barrier Morphology in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Effect of Treatment with Choline Alphoscerate
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Mitochondria-targeted Resveratrol Derivatives Act as Cytotoxic Pro-oxidants
Current Pharmaceutical Design Prognosis and Treatment of Ventricular Arrhythmias Following Myocardial Infarction
Current Cardiology Reviews On the Future Development of Optimally-Sized Lipid-Insoluble Systemic Therapies for CNS Solid Tumors and Other Neuropathologies
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Recent Applications of Peanut Phytoalexins
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture