Abstract
Nucleosides, such as uridine, inosine, guanosine and adenosine, may participate in the regulation of sleep, cognition, memory and nociception, the suppression of seizures, and have also been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Under pathological conditions, levels of nucleosides change extremely in the brain, indicating their participation in the pathophysiology of disorders like Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and schizophrenia. These findings have resulted in an increasing attention to the roles of nucleosides in the central nervous system. The specific effects of nucleosides depend on the expression of their receptors and transporters in neuronal and glial cells, as well as their extracellular concentrations in the brain. A complex interlinked metabolic network and transporters of nucleosides may balance nucleoside levels in the brain tissue under normal conditions and enable the fine modulation of neuronal and glial processes via nucleoside receptor signaling mechanisms. Brain levels of nucleosides were found to vary when measured in a variety of different brain regions. In addition, nucleoside levels also depend on age and gender. Furthermore, distributions of nucleoside transporters and receptors as well as nucleoside metabolic enzyme activities demonstrate the area, age and gender dependence of the nucleoside system, suggesting different roles of nucleosides in functionally different brain areas. The aim of this review article is to summarize our present knowledge of the area-, age- and gender-dependent distribution of nucleoside levels, nucleoside metabolic enzyme activity, nucleoside receptors and nucleoside transporters in the brain.
Keywords: Nucleosides, area, age, gender dependence, brain, regulation of sleep, cognition, memory and nociception, suppression of seizures, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, Alzheimer's disease, nucleoside metabolic enzyme activity, CNS
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Area, Age and Gender Dependence of the Nucleoside System in the Brain: a Review of Current Literature
Volume: 11 Issue: 8
Author(s): Zsolt Kovacs, Gabor Juhasz, Miklos Palkovits, Arpad Dobolyi and Katalin A. Kekesi
Affiliation:
Keywords: Nucleosides, area, age, gender dependence, brain, regulation of sleep, cognition, memory and nociception, suppression of seizures, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, Alzheimer's disease, nucleoside metabolic enzyme activity, CNS
Abstract: Nucleosides, such as uridine, inosine, guanosine and adenosine, may participate in the regulation of sleep, cognition, memory and nociception, the suppression of seizures, and have also been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Under pathological conditions, levels of nucleosides change extremely in the brain, indicating their participation in the pathophysiology of disorders like Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and schizophrenia. These findings have resulted in an increasing attention to the roles of nucleosides in the central nervous system. The specific effects of nucleosides depend on the expression of their receptors and transporters in neuronal and glial cells, as well as their extracellular concentrations in the brain. A complex interlinked metabolic network and transporters of nucleosides may balance nucleoside levels in the brain tissue under normal conditions and enable the fine modulation of neuronal and glial processes via nucleoside receptor signaling mechanisms. Brain levels of nucleosides were found to vary when measured in a variety of different brain regions. In addition, nucleoside levels also depend on age and gender. Furthermore, distributions of nucleoside transporters and receptors as well as nucleoside metabolic enzyme activities demonstrate the area, age and gender dependence of the nucleoside system, suggesting different roles of nucleosides in functionally different brain areas. The aim of this review article is to summarize our present knowledge of the area-, age- and gender-dependent distribution of nucleoside levels, nucleoside metabolic enzyme activity, nucleoside receptors and nucleoside transporters in the brain.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Kovacs Zsolt, Juhasz Gabor, Palkovits Miklos, Dobolyi Arpad and A. Kekesi Katalin, Area, Age and Gender Dependence of the Nucleoside System in the Brain: a Review of Current Literature, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; 11 (8) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611795347636
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802611795347636 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Design and Development of Glutathione Conjugated Poly (d, l) lactide Nanocarriers for Delivery of Hydrophilic Fluorescent Marker across Blood Brain Barrier
Current Nanoscience Beneficial Extracardiac Effects of Cardiovascular Medications
Current Cardiology Reviews Managing the Suicidal Risk in Pregnant Women with Severe and Persistent Psychiatric Disorder: Focus on Antisuicidal Drugs and Somatic Interventions
Current Psychiatry Reviews The Fallacy of the Longevity Elixir: Negligible Senescence May be Achieved, but Not by Using Something Physical
Current Aging Science The Future of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiac Therapy and Drug Development
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology of Bipolar Disorder: Effects of Pharmacotherapy
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Role of Unani Medicines in Cancer Control and Management
Current Drug Therapy Modulatory Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ on CXCR3 Chemokines
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Prebiotic Carbohydrates for Therapeutics
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Current Update on Eosinophilic Lung Diseases and Anti-IL-5 Treatment
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery STING Activation and its Application in Immuno-Oncology
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry GCPII Variants, Paralogs and Orthologs
Current Medicinal Chemistry Neuroprotection and Sex Steroid Hormones: Evidence of Estradiol- Mediated Protection in Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Role of Diet and Nutrition on the Alteration of the Quality and Quantity of Stem Cells in Human Aging and the Diseases of Aging
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axl and its Targeting in Cancer Cells
Current Medicinal Chemistry Current View on the Mechanism of Action of Perifosine in Cancer
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Brain Endothelin System as Potential Target for Brain-Related Pathologies
Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders Angiogenesis and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Vascular Remodeling after Stroke
Current Neuropharmacology Interferon-Beta Therapy Monitoring in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets ANN and Bayesian Classification Models for Virtual Screening of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening