Abstract
ATP is an important neurotransmitter being released with noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) from perivascular sympathetic nerves; it acts at postjunctional P2X receptors to evoke vascular smooth muscle contraction, often synergising with the effects of NA acting at α-adrenoceptors. There is growing evidence for ATP as a neurotransmitter in perivascular non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves. In addition, ATP can act as a facilitatory and inhibitory neuromodulator via prejunctional P2 receptors. ATP is rapidly broken down, by ectonucleotidases, to adenosine which can also regulate the release of neurotransmitters via inhibitory prejunctional A1 adenosine receptors. The relative contributions of ATP and NA as functional cotransmitters varies with species, age, type and size of blood vessel, frequency and duration of stimulation, the tone/pressure of the blood vessel, and in disease. Blood vessel tone/pressure itself can be influenced by the vasocontractile and vasorelaxant actions of purines at different subtypes of P1 and P2 receptors, following release from the endothelium, smooth muscle, erythrocytes and platelets, as well as from perivascular nerves. This review focuses on the role of ATP as a cotransmitter in perivascular nerves in physiological and pathophysiological conditions; neuromodulator roles of purines are also discussed.
Keywords: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), neurotransmission, noradrenaline, perivascular nerves, P2 receptors, purines, sensory nerves, sympathetic nerves
Current Vascular Pharmacology
Title: Purines as Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators in Blood Vessels
Volume: 7 Issue: 1
Author(s): Vera Ralevic
Affiliation:
Keywords: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), neurotransmission, noradrenaline, perivascular nerves, P2 receptors, purines, sensory nerves, sympathetic nerves
Abstract: ATP is an important neurotransmitter being released with noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) from perivascular sympathetic nerves; it acts at postjunctional P2X receptors to evoke vascular smooth muscle contraction, often synergising with the effects of NA acting at α-adrenoceptors. There is growing evidence for ATP as a neurotransmitter in perivascular non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerves. In addition, ATP can act as a facilitatory and inhibitory neuromodulator via prejunctional P2 receptors. ATP is rapidly broken down, by ectonucleotidases, to adenosine which can also regulate the release of neurotransmitters via inhibitory prejunctional A1 adenosine receptors. The relative contributions of ATP and NA as functional cotransmitters varies with species, age, type and size of blood vessel, frequency and duration of stimulation, the tone/pressure of the blood vessel, and in disease. Blood vessel tone/pressure itself can be influenced by the vasocontractile and vasorelaxant actions of purines at different subtypes of P1 and P2 receptors, following release from the endothelium, smooth muscle, erythrocytes and platelets, as well as from perivascular nerves. This review focuses on the role of ATP as a cotransmitter in perivascular nerves in physiological and pathophysiological conditions; neuromodulator roles of purines are also discussed.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Ralevic Vera, Purines as Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators in Blood Vessels, Current Vascular Pharmacology 2009; 7 (1) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016109787354123
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016109787354123 |
Print ISSN 1570-1611 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6212 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Therapy
Ischemic cardiovascular disease includes myocardial infarction, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, angina pectoris, etc., constitute the leading cause of patient mortality by preventing tissues from getting sufficient oxygen and nutrients. Ischemic heart disease, as a clinical condition, is characterized by myocardial ischemia, causing an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand, ...read more
TREATMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC AND END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease still remains the leading cause of death in Chronic and End Stage Kidney Disease, accounting for more than half of all deaths in dialysis patients. During the past decade, research has been focused on novel therapeutic agents that might delay or even reverse cardiovascular disease and vascular calcification, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Arterial Accelerated Aging in Dialysis Patients: The Clinical Impact of Vascular Calcification
Current Vascular Pharmacology Editorial (Thematic Issue: Natural Polyphenols and Diabetes: Understanding their Mechanism of Action)
Current Medicinal Chemistry Oleanolic Acid and Related Triterpenoids from Olives on Vascular Function: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives
Current Medicinal Chemistry Endothelial Dysfunction: Methods of Assessment & Implications for Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Pharmacological Approaches to Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Current Pharmaceutical Design Complications and Outcome of H1N1 Influenza in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India A Retrospective Study
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Gene Therapy Approaches for the Prevention of Restenosis
Current Vascular Pharmacology Monocyte Adhesion in Atherosclerosis: A Biomechanical Approach
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Fetuin-A: A Multifunctional Protein
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery HHT: A Rare Disease with A Broad Spectrum of Clinical Aspects
Current Pharmaceutical Design Role of Carbon Monoxide in Vascular Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Evaluation of Differentiation Quality of Several Differentiation Inducers of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Nerve Cells by Assessing Expression of Beta-tubulin 3 Marker: A Systematic Review
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Potential Effect of Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha Treatment on Reducing the Cardiovascular Risk Related to Rheumatoid Arthritis
Current Vascular Pharmacology Novel Risk Factors Related to Stable Angina
Current Pharmaceutical Design Effects of Vitamin C and E Against Oxidative Stress: Is Antioxidant Supplementation Efficient?
Current Nutraceuticals New Development and Application of Ultrasound Targeted Microbubble Destruction in Gene Therapy and Drug Delivery
Current Gene Therapy How Should Serum Uric Acid Concentrations be Interpreted in Patients with Hypertension?
Current Hypertension Reviews New Missions for an Old Agent: Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor in the Treatment of Stroke Patients
Current Medicinal Chemistry Future Challenges for Microsomal Transport Protein Inhibitors
Current Vascular Pharmacology Effect of Antipsychotic Drugs on Cerebrovascular Morbidity and Mortality: A Systematic Review
Current Drug Therapy