Abstract
Cholera toxins and heat labile enterotoxin from E. coli differ from most soluble proteins in eliciting systemic immunity both against themselves and unrelated admixed antigens, rather than tolerance following administration to a mucosal surface. Several reports have also demonstrated preferential induction of Th2-type responses when these molecules are used as adjuvants. Conversely, these proteins and their non-toxic derivatives, including the B sub-units are also able prevent and alleviate autoimmune diseases in naive and systemically immune hosts demonstrating wide-ranging effects on the immune system. The recent observation that amelioration of autoimmune disease is associated with the generation of regulatory T cells which inhibit pathogenic Th1 responses may also help to consolidate these two apparently contradictory outcomes of exposure to the cholera-like enterotoxins. Furthermore, the observation that EtxB is able to alleviate autoimmune disease in the absence of conjugation to autoantigen highlights its potential for use in the clinical setting where the target antigen is often unknown. Direct effects on T cells, B cells and APC have been demonstrated in vitro which have provided insights into how these molecules may elicit these diverse effects. Further investigation is required for elucidation of the mechanisms of action of adjuvanticity and tolerance induction by these molecules to realise their potential for use in vaccines and therapies for autoimmune disease in humans.
Keywords: Immune Response, autoimmune, autoantigen, Cholera-like Enterotoxins
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Modulation of the Immune Response by the Cholera-like Enterotoxins
Volume: 4 Issue: 5
Author(s): Andrea Plant and Neil A. Williams
Affiliation:
Keywords: Immune Response, autoimmune, autoantigen, Cholera-like Enterotoxins
Abstract: Cholera toxins and heat labile enterotoxin from E. coli differ from most soluble proteins in eliciting systemic immunity both against themselves and unrelated admixed antigens, rather than tolerance following administration to a mucosal surface. Several reports have also demonstrated preferential induction of Th2-type responses when these molecules are used as adjuvants. Conversely, these proteins and their non-toxic derivatives, including the B sub-units are also able prevent and alleviate autoimmune diseases in naive and systemically immune hosts demonstrating wide-ranging effects on the immune system. The recent observation that amelioration of autoimmune disease is associated with the generation of regulatory T cells which inhibit pathogenic Th1 responses may also help to consolidate these two apparently contradictory outcomes of exposure to the cholera-like enterotoxins. Furthermore, the observation that EtxB is able to alleviate autoimmune disease in the absence of conjugation to autoantigen highlights its potential for use in the clinical setting where the target antigen is often unknown. Direct effects on T cells, B cells and APC have been demonstrated in vitro which have provided insights into how these molecules may elicit these diverse effects. Further investigation is required for elucidation of the mechanisms of action of adjuvanticity and tolerance induction by these molecules to realise their potential for use in vaccines and therapies for autoimmune disease in humans.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Plant Andrea and Williams A. Neil, Modulation of the Immune Response by the Cholera-like Enterotoxins, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2004; 4 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026043451230
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026043451230 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Animal Models of Central Nervous System Immune-Mediated Diseases: Therapeutic Interventions with Bioactive Peptides and Mimetics
Current Medicinal Chemistry A Comparison of Biological Activity of B Lymphocyte Stimulator (BLyS) Antagonist Peptibodies and the Elucidation of Possible BLyS Binding Sites
Protein & Peptide Letters Recent Developments in the Medicinal Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH) Inhibitors
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Apoptosis and Autoimmune Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents Induction of Cytoprotective Genes Through Nrf2 / Antioxidant Response Element Pathway: A New Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design IL-27: Friend or Foe in the Autoimmune Diseases
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Therapeutic Approach to Multiple Sclerosis by Novel Oral Drugs
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Update on Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIg) Mechanisms of Action and Off- Label use in Autoimmune Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Structure, Function and Biological Relevance of Prolyl Oligopeptidase
Current Protein & Peptide Science Micro- and Nano-particulate Strategies for Antigen Specific Immune Tolerance to Treat Autoimmune Diseases
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Modulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation by Immuno-suppressive Drugs
Current Drug Metabolism “Something is Wrong in the Ras Kingdom” - Evidence for the Involvement of p21Ras/MAP Kinase in Autoimmune Diseases
Current Rheumatology Reviews Oral Contraceptives and Autoimmune Diseases
Current Women`s Health Reviews Potassium Channel Blockade by the Sea Anemone Toxin ShK for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry SAGE Application in Hematological Research
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Personalized Therapies in Pediatric Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Acquired Hemophilia as Initial Presentation in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Current Rheumatology Reviews Methotrexate: A Drug of the Future in Ulcerative Colitis?
Current Drug Targets Toll-Like Receptor Signaling: Emerging Opportunities in Human Diseases and Medicine
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Pathogenesis of Graves Orbitopathy
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued)