Abstract
The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) exists in two isoforms, GnRH-I and GnRH-II, in most vertebrates, including humans. Both of these isoforms and their respective receptors have been found in many healthy and pathologic extra nervous system tissues, such as cells found in cancers of the reproductive systems and, in particular, in breast cancer. GnRH analogues are used as therapeutic agents in the case of sex-hormone-dependent tumours. Besides acting as suppressors of steroidogenesis, GnRH analogues seem to interfere with mitogenic signal transduction pathways, thus behaving as negative regulators of tumour growth and progression.
GnRH analogues counteract the proliferating effects of both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin like growth factor (IGF-I); additionally, it affects the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and modulates the activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/plasminogen activator inhibitory (PAI) system, which is involved in the process of metastasis. In addition, GnRH analogues decrease the expression of many growth factors involved in the development of human uterine myomas (as well as endometriotic tissue), such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is deeply implied in the angiogenesis of many benign and malignant tumours, including breast cancer.
Angiogenesis is one of the primary processes leading to the progression and metastasis of breast cancer cells, and a key therapeutic goal in the fight against tumours is the blocking of new vessel sprouts. Given these premises, this review provides an update on the background of anti-neoplastic properties of GnRH analogues..
Keywords: Angiogenesis, domestic animals, fibrosis, GnRH analogues, GnRH receptor, growth factors, kisspeptin, mammary tumours, metastasis, VEGF
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: The Pharmacological Pathways of GnRH Mediating the Inhibition of Mammary Tumours: Implications in Humans and Domestic Animals
Volume: 19 Issue: 7
Author(s): A. Rizzo, M. Spedicato, M. Mutinati, G. Minoia, R. Patruno, G. Ranieri and R. L. Sciorsci
Affiliation:
Keywords: Angiogenesis, domestic animals, fibrosis, GnRH analogues, GnRH receptor, growth factors, kisspeptin, mammary tumours, metastasis, VEGF
Abstract: The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) exists in two isoforms, GnRH-I and GnRH-II, in most vertebrates, including humans. Both of these isoforms and their respective receptors have been found in many healthy and pathologic extra nervous system tissues, such as cells found in cancers of the reproductive systems and, in particular, in breast cancer. GnRH analogues are used as therapeutic agents in the case of sex-hormone-dependent tumours. Besides acting as suppressors of steroidogenesis, GnRH analogues seem to interfere with mitogenic signal transduction pathways, thus behaving as negative regulators of tumour growth and progression.
GnRH analogues counteract the proliferating effects of both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin like growth factor (IGF-I); additionally, it affects the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and modulates the activity of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/plasminogen activator inhibitory (PAI) system, which is involved in the process of metastasis. In addition, GnRH analogues decrease the expression of many growth factors involved in the development of human uterine myomas (as well as endometriotic tissue), such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is deeply implied in the angiogenesis of many benign and malignant tumours, including breast cancer.
Angiogenesis is one of the primary processes leading to the progression and metastasis of breast cancer cells, and a key therapeutic goal in the fight against tumours is the blocking of new vessel sprouts. Given these premises, this review provides an update on the background of anti-neoplastic properties of GnRH analogues..
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Rizzo A., Spedicato M., Mutinati M., Minoia G., Patruno R., Ranieri G. and L. Sciorsci R., The Pharmacological Pathways of GnRH Mediating the Inhibition of Mammary Tumours: Implications in Humans and Domestic Animals, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2012; 19 (7) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986712799320745
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986712799320745 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
A Novel Method for Screening of Anti-Cancer Drugs: Availability of Screening in Acidic Medium
Recent Patents on Biomedical Engineering (Discontinued) Clinical Considerations of Focal Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment
Current Drug Delivery Effects of Diet-Derived Molecules on the Tumor Microenvironment
Current Angiogenesis (Discontinued) Use of Analogs of Peptide Hormones Conjugated to Cytotoxic Radicals for Chemotherapy Targeted to Receptors on Tumors
Current Drug Delivery A Novel Multiple Tyrosine-kinase Targeted Agent to Explore the Future Perspectives of Anti-Angiogenic Therapy for the Treatment of Multiple Solid Tumors: Cabozantinib
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Development of HIV Reservoir Targeted Long Acting Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Therapies
Current Medicinal Chemistry Synergetic Bitherapy in Mice with Xenografts of Human Prostate Cancer Using a Methional Mimic (METLICO) and an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 3 Inhibitor (MATE): Systemic Intraperitoneal (IP) and Targeted Intra-Tumoral (IT) Administration
Current Medicinal Chemistry The mTOR Signaling Pathway is an Emerging Therapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma
Current Pharmaceutical Design Expression and Function of PPARs in Cancer Stem Cells
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Biosynthetic and Metabolic Alterations in Cancer Growth
Current Angiogenesis (Discontinued) Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Activity of Synthetic Diterpene Derivatives Obtained from (-)-Kaur-9(11), 16-Dien-19-Oic Acid Against Human Cancer Cell Lines
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery New Developments in the Management of Pleural Effusions
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Regulate Human Dihydrofolate Reductase Activity and Expression
Current Enzyme Inhibition Implication of Oncogenic Signaling Pathways as a Treatment Strategy for Neurodegenerative Disorders – Contemporary Approaches
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Hydrogen Sulphide: Biopharmacological Roles in the Cardiovascular System and Pharmaceutical Perspectives
Current Medicinal Chemistry Effect of Pinocembrin Isolated from Boesenbergia pandurata on Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Rat Liver
Drug Metabolism Letters Editorial [Hot Topic: Mechanisms of Drug Sensitivity and Resistance in Cancer (Guest Editor: Lorraine ODriscoll)]
Current Cancer Drug Targets Differences in Antiproliferative Activity Between Salinomycin-AZT Conjugates Obtained via ‘Click’ and Esterification Reactions
Medicinal Chemistry Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Psychiatry
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Chip-Based High Throughput Screening of Herbal Medicines
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening