Nitric Oxide Supplementation in Postischemic Acute Renal Failure: Normotension Versus Hypertension

Zoran      Miloradovic; Nevena      Mihailovic-Stanojevic; Jelica      Grujic Milanovic; Milan      Ivanov; Mirjana      Jerkic; Durdica      Jovovic

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested to play a pivotal role in ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) but there are controversies about its role in hypertensive and non hypertensive ischemic kidney. Multiple strategies including administration of exogenous NO donors have been shown to protect the kidney against toxic or ischemic injury, suggesting endothelial dysfunction as impaired NO generation due to ischemia. However, in postischemic kidney, NO derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been considered to enhance the tissue damage while iNOS inhibition decreased the tubular damage. It is well known decrease in basal production of NO in essential hypertension and that long lasting hypertension damages medium size and small-size blood vessels, therefore predisposes nephroangiosclerosis patients to ARF. Many studies have shown that long term stimulation of NO release in normotension improves renal haemodymnamics and kidney function in ischemic form of ARF. On the other hand, there are studies that have shown that NO synthesis stimulation has no effect or even worsens tubular damage in postischemic hypertensive kidney. Therefore, it seems likely that NO supplementation plays different role in postischemic renal damage development, beneficial in well preserved normotensive kidney and limited in postischemic hypertensive kidney due to disturbed tubuloglomerular response, vasoreactivity and kidney vascular structure.

Keywords: Acute renal failure, hypertension, kidney, nitric oxide, renal haemodymnamics, acute renal failure (ARF), synthesize vasodilators, yield toxic products, ischemia-reperfusion, cytotoxic effect, stoke-prone, hypertensive kidney, hypoxia/reoxzgenation, proximal tubular cells, cyclooxygenase (COX)