Abstract
A new nosologic vascular pattern that is defined by chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been strongly associated with multiple sclerosis. The picture is characterized by significant obstacles of the main extracranial cerebrospinal veins, the jugular and the azygous system, and by the opening of substitute circles. The significance of collateral circle is still neglected. To the contrary, substitute circles are alternative pathways or vicarious venous shunts, which permit the drainage and prevent intracranial hypertension. In accordance with the pattern of obstruction, even the intracranial and the intrarachidian veins can also become substitute circles, they permit redirection of the deviated flow, piping the blood towards available venous segments outside the central nervous system. We review the complex gross and radiological anatomy of collateral circulation found activated by the means of EchoColor-Doppler and selective venography in the event of CCSVI, focusing particularly on the suboccipital cavernous sinus (SCS), the condylar venous system, the pterygoid plexus, the thyroid veins, and the emiazygous-lumbar venous anastomosis with the left renal vein.
Keywords: Cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebral venous system, collateral circulation
Current Neurovascular Research
Title: Venous Collateral Circulation of the Extracranial Cerebrospinal Outflow Routes
Volume: 6 Issue: 3
Author(s): Paolo Zamboni, Giuseppe Consorti, Roberto Galeotti, Sergio Gianesini, Erica Menegatti, Giovanna Tacconi and Francesco Carinci
Affiliation:
Keywords: Cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebral venous system, collateral circulation
Abstract: A new nosologic vascular pattern that is defined by chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been strongly associated with multiple sclerosis. The picture is characterized by significant obstacles of the main extracranial cerebrospinal veins, the jugular and the azygous system, and by the opening of substitute circles. The significance of collateral circle is still neglected. To the contrary, substitute circles are alternative pathways or vicarious venous shunts, which permit the drainage and prevent intracranial hypertension. In accordance with the pattern of obstruction, even the intracranial and the intrarachidian veins can also become substitute circles, they permit redirection of the deviated flow, piping the blood towards available venous segments outside the central nervous system. We review the complex gross and radiological anatomy of collateral circulation found activated by the means of EchoColor-Doppler and selective venography in the event of CCSVI, focusing particularly on the suboccipital cavernous sinus (SCS), the condylar venous system, the pterygoid plexus, the thyroid veins, and the emiazygous-lumbar venous anastomosis with the left renal vein.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Zamboni Paolo, Consorti Giuseppe, Galeotti Roberto, Gianesini Sergio, Menegatti Erica, Tacconi Giovanna and Carinci Francesco, Venous Collateral Circulation of the Extracranial Cerebrospinal Outflow Routes, Current Neurovascular Research 2009; 6 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720209788970054
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720209788970054 |
Print ISSN 1567-2026 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5739 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Complications Encountered with Total Hip Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Patients
Current Rheumatology Reviews Detecting the Association Between Residual Thrombus and Post-thrombotic Classification of Chronic Venous Disease with Range Regression
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials Targeted Vascular Drug Delivery in Cerebral Cancer
Current Pharmaceutical Design Pharmaceutical Interventions to Influence Arteriogenesis: New Concepts to Treat Ischemic Heart Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Important Biomarkers and their Significance in Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy
Current Medicinal Chemistry Cardiac and Pulmonary Manifestations in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Current Rheumatology Reviews Prevention of Cell Damage in Ischaemic-Reperfusion: Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain as a Pharmacological Target
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Pathophysiology and Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: The Case for Diabetic Neurovascular Function as an Essential Component
Current Diabetes Reviews Potential Genetic Therapies for Acute Lung Injury
Current Gene Therapy PET Molecular Imaging of Hypoxia in Ischemic Stroke: An Update
Current Vascular Pharmacology Matrix Metalloproteinases in Venous Tissue Remodeling and Varicose Vein Formation
Current Vascular Pharmacology Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Statins
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Registered and Investigational Drugs for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery Not Just any Fat for Cystic Fibrosis? Docosahexaenoic Acid in Cystic Fibrosis
Current Pediatric Reviews Targeting Dyslipidemia in the Metabolic Syndrome: An Update
Current Vascular Pharmacology Pharmacogenetics of Colon Cancer and Potential Implications for 5- Fluorouracil-Based Chemotherapy
Current Pharmacogenomics Impact of High Protein Intake on Viral Load and Hematological Parameters in HIV-infected Patients
Current HIV Research Treatment of HCV-Related Mixed Cryoglobulinemia
Current Drug Targets Impact of Mast Cell Chymase on Renal Disease Progression
Current Hypertension Reviews Cell Metabolism Under Microenvironmental Low Oxygen Tension Levels in Stemness, Proliferation and Pluripotency
Current Molecular Medicine