Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most frequent cause of persistent neurologic disability in modern Western societies. Albeit it is still not clear whether inflammation is merely an epiphenomenon or rather has a disease-promoting function, accumulating evidence implicates inflammation in many forms of acute neurodegenerative disorders including ischemia. The immune cell influx during a neuropathological event is thought to be elicited by glial cells, especially microglia. This article reviews the cellular and molecular pathways involved in stroke-induced inflammatory response in the CNS. We focused on how CNS innate immune cells including microglia and macrophages play integral roles in receiving and propagating inflammatory signals, and how activated microglia secrete a wide range of factors. We present the relevance of the expression of adhesion molecules after ischemia including selectin, immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins, and the role of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Further, we explore the role of transcription factors in inflammation, and the function of immunomodulation and innate and adaptive immunity in brain ischemia, focusing on immunosupression therapies for acute stroke. Although several approaches for anti-inflammatory treatment have proven effective in animal models, clinical trials of immune system modulation therapy after stroke have not yet proved successful. There is still much to be done in order to translate interesting findings into therapies, but undoubtedly studying the cellular and molecular pathways may not only improve our understanding of inflammatory mechanism but also serve as a basis for designing effective therapies.
Keywords: Ischemic stroke, inflammation, glial cells, molecular pathways, immune cells, immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins, cytokines
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Inflammation as Therapeutic Objective in Stroke
Volume: 14 Issue: 33
Author(s): Joaquin Jordan, Tomas Segura, David Brea, Maria F. Galindo and Jose Castillo
Affiliation:
Keywords: Ischemic stroke, inflammation, glial cells, molecular pathways, immune cells, immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins, cytokines
Abstract: Ischemic stroke is the most frequent cause of persistent neurologic disability in modern Western societies. Albeit it is still not clear whether inflammation is merely an epiphenomenon or rather has a disease-promoting function, accumulating evidence implicates inflammation in many forms of acute neurodegenerative disorders including ischemia. The immune cell influx during a neuropathological event is thought to be elicited by glial cells, especially microglia. This article reviews the cellular and molecular pathways involved in stroke-induced inflammatory response in the CNS. We focused on how CNS innate immune cells including microglia and macrophages play integral roles in receiving and propagating inflammatory signals, and how activated microglia secrete a wide range of factors. We present the relevance of the expression of adhesion molecules after ischemia including selectin, immunoglobulin superfamily, integrins, and the role of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Further, we explore the role of transcription factors in inflammation, and the function of immunomodulation and innate and adaptive immunity in brain ischemia, focusing on immunosupression therapies for acute stroke. Although several approaches for anti-inflammatory treatment have proven effective in animal models, clinical trials of immune system modulation therapy after stroke have not yet proved successful. There is still much to be done in order to translate interesting findings into therapies, but undoubtedly studying the cellular and molecular pathways may not only improve our understanding of inflammatory mechanism but also serve as a basis for designing effective therapies.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Jordan Joaquin, Segura Tomas, Brea David, Galindo F. Maria and Castillo Jose, Inflammation as Therapeutic Objective in Stroke, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008; 14 (33) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208786848766
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208786848766 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Exploring the Role of Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders
Current Gene Therapy Mechanisms of Tau Self-Aggregation and Neurotoxicity
Current Alzheimer Research NSAID Use and the Risk of Parkinsons Disease
Current Drug Safety The Mitochondriotropic Effects of L-carnitine and its Esters in the Central Nervous System
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Central Nervous System Agents Neurotoxins: Free Radical Mechanisms and Melatonin Protection
Current Neuropharmacology Editorial [Hot Topic: Progressive and Unconventional Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches to Alzheimers Disease Therapy (Guest Editors: Stuart Maudsley & Wayne Chadwick)]
Current Alzheimer Research Medicinal Plants in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Perspective of Traditional Persian Medicine
Current Drug Metabolism Targeting PPAR Isoforms Following CNS Injury
Current Drug Targets Multiple Forms of Proteasomes and their Role in Tumor Fate
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Research to Therapeutic Attempts and Therapeutic Perspectives
Current Medicinal Chemistry Is Alpha-Synuclein Pathology a Target for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders?
Current Alzheimer Research Mechanisms of HIV-1 Tat Neurotoxicity via CDK5 Translocation and Hyper-Activation: Role in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
Current HIV Research Possibilities of Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis in the Understanding of Human Disease
Current Proteomics Recent Developments in Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Allosteric Modulators for the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders (2014-May 2015)
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Conformations and Biological Activities of Amyloid Beta Peptide 25-35
Current Protein & Peptide Science Developmental Expression and Dysregulation of miR-146a and miR-155 in Down's Syndrome and Mouse Models of Down's Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Calorie Restriction and Dietary Restriction Mimetics: A Strategy for Improving Healthy Aging and Longevity
Current Pharmaceutical Design Novel Insights for Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Disorders with Apoptosis, Autophagy, FoxO, and mTOR
Current Neurovascular Research Current Therapeutic Options for Alzheimers Disease
Current Genomics Is PrP(106-126) Fragment Involved in the Membrane Activity of the Prion Protein?
Current Protein & Peptide Science