At present, more than 30% of the global population has been suffering from allergic/atopic diseases involving a cascade of
immunological responses. Under such conditions, living beings heavily rely on the medicinal sector, and this dependence is
even more during various types of illnesses or unhealthy/unwell circumstances. The clinical situations may vary from mild inflammation
to severe systemic anaphylactic conditions, with high incidence including allergic rhinitis due to inhalant allergens,
asthma, atopic dermatitis, eczema, urticaria and food allergy. Moreover, there has been a substantial rise in several inflammatory
conditions of acute and chronic nature due to numerous inducing factors, among the human population as well as in pet
animals especially canines and felines. Therefore, the current research on biomedical, at large and pharmaceutical, in particular,
is aiming to design novel strategies to develop products with ensured quality and efficacy at a higher level. Aiming to help for
an enhanced/better quality of patient lives securely by avoiding and limiting drug abuse, or severe adverse effects of in practice
traditional therapies, the implementation of such unique strategies has been increasingly exploited than ever before.
Incorporation of in vitro transcribed synthetic mRNA can further exploit vaccine therapy using the ideal antigen targets,
combinational immunoadjuvants, etc. as effective prophylactic therapy. Hence in the present scenario, due focus needs to be
rendered for exploring and validating the broad potential of advanced prophylactics and therapeutic options by extending and
strengthening more research and clinical trials in such areas. Following careful consideration of the points mentioned above,
this special issue was designed to provide a platform to share comprehensive information on recent trends and advances in
various therapeutic regimens and vaccines to effectively combat important diseases and other health problems, both infectious
and non-infectious.
A review by Bilal et al. extended the current knowledge of the clinical field related to the diabetic complications. In this
review, a particular focus has been given to the anti-diabetic potentialities of ethnomedicinal plants which covers recent literature
and patents on the topic of interests. Based on the literature evidenced, medicinal plants have been found to be more effective
than conventional drug compounds with no/fewer side effects and relatively inexpensive. The promising pharmacological
effects and therapeutic/medicinal applications of Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) as a functional food in humans and
animals have been reviewed by Saeed and co-workers. Authors have also given an insight into major components of
pomegranate in curing elements related to infectious and non-infectious disorders. Despite numerous beneficial activities of
Punica granatum L., in-depth research is lacking evidence on a molecular basis. Thus, more research is needed to fill the
existing gaps by covering the molecular mechanism of action in various animals and human models to validate the usefulness
of Punica granatum L. as a potent therapeutic agent. Diseases with inflammatory etiopathology have increased in incidence in
recent times (Yatoo et al.). Herein, authors have highlighted the importance of anti-inflammatory medicine-synthetic drugs and
natural herbs, their constituents, mechanism of action, benefits, side effects and future perspectives. Medicinal plants or their
components are considered beneficial due to the properties, i.e., satisfactory potency, ease of availability, cheapness, less or no
side effects, safer and efficient as compared to the synthetic counterparts. These medicinal herbs contain phytoconstituents that
can prevent undesirable inflammatory processes and also possess anti-inflammatory activity. So far, several mechanisms of
action have been explored and reported for the anti-inflammatory potential of numerous phytoconstituents present in medicinal
herbs/plants.
Chaudhary et al. reported in vitro and in vivo Immunomodulating properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are
self-renewing, multipotent progenitor cells with multilineage potential to differentiate into all cell types of mesodermal origin,
such as adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Thus taking advantage of MSCs, authors have reviewed immunomodulatory
prospective of MSCs as they have different regulation of microenvironment in the host tissue by secreting cytokines and immune-
receptors. MSCs could be a useful tool in the treatment of various disorders and chronic diseases. A work by Bagde and
Singh reports on the cellular immunity as it plays a significant role in amoebic infections, whereas humoral immune responses
have a little influence on the outcome of the disease. They have evaluated prolonged antibody response to E. histolytica (HM1:
IMSS) aiming to identify antigens implicated in the disease pathology. In this study, authors have exploited an animal model to
assess the total protein, Radial Immunodiffusion, and Antiamoebic IgG antibody detection by ELISA using serum samples from rabbit collected weekly from day 7-28th (RS1: day-7; RS2: day-14, RS3: day-21 and RS4: day-28) which were
immunized with an amoebic antigen. Seth and Bazz reviewed the role of curcumin in the regulation of TNF-
