Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria owes much to the synergy between limited outer membrane permeability and energy-dependent multidrug efflux. The importance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis resistance is aptly demonstrated by the impact of mutational changes in outer membrane constituents on drug susceptibility. Changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that correlate with increased drug susceptibility confirm, for example, the significance of this macromolecule in the intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. Alterations in LPS and porins correlating with increased resistance to a variety of antimicrobials are also known and highlight the significance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis acquired antimicrobial resistance. Efflux systems accommodating a range of structurally distinct antimicrobials, including antibiotics, detergents, dyes, biocides and aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in a number of Gram-negative organisms. Mutational studies have confirmed the importance of these systems to intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance in important disease-causing organisms. As such, strategies aimed at thwarting efflux and or the outer membrane barrier are effective at reversing antimicrobial resistance in these organisms.
Keywords: mdr, multidrug efflux, antimicrobial resistance, rnd-mfp-omf
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Title: Outer Membranes and Efflux: The Path to Multidrug Resistance in Gram- Negative Bacteria
Volume: 3 Issue: 2
Author(s): Keith Poole
Affiliation:
Keywords: mdr, multidrug efflux, antimicrobial resistance, rnd-mfp-omf
Abstract: Intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria owes much to the synergy between limited outer membrane permeability and energy-dependent multidrug efflux. The importance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis resistance is aptly demonstrated by the impact of mutational changes in outer membrane constituents on drug susceptibility. Changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that correlate with increased drug susceptibility confirm, for example, the significance of this macromolecule in the intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. Alterations in LPS and porins correlating with increased resistance to a variety of antimicrobials are also known and highlight the significance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis acquired antimicrobial resistance. Efflux systems accommodating a range of structurally distinct antimicrobials, including antibiotics, detergents, dyes, biocides and aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in a number of Gram-negative organisms. Mutational studies have confirmed the importance of these systems to intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance in important disease-causing organisms. As such, strategies aimed at thwarting efflux and or the outer membrane barrier are effective at reversing antimicrobial resistance in these organisms.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Poole Keith, Outer Membranes and Efflux: The Path to Multidrug Resistance in Gram- Negative Bacteria, Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2002; 3 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201023378454
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201023378454 |
Print ISSN 1389-2010 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4316 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Artificial Intelligence in Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that analyzes and explores biological data. This field combines biology and information system. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has attracted great attention as it tries to replicate human intelligence. It has become common technology for analyzing and solving complex data and problems and encompasses sub-fields of machine ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Nitric Oxide is a Signaling Molecule in Spermatozoa
Current Pharmaceutical Design Effect of Different Dentifrices, Bleaching with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide, and Red Wine on Surface Color and Roughness of Bovine Enamel
Current Dentistry Functionalized Homologues and Positional Isomers of Rabbit 15- Lipoxygenase RS75091 Inhibitor
Medicinal Chemistry Effect of Sodium Taurocholate on Omeprazole Buccal Adhesive Tablet: Physicochemical Characterization and Pharmacokinetics in Hamster
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Nuclear Imaging of Post-infarction Inflammation in Ischemic Cardiac Diseases - New Radiotracers for Potential Clinical Applications
Current Radiopharmaceuticals The Mechanisms of Gastric Mucosal Injury: Focus on Microvascular Endothelium as a Key Target
Current Medicinal Chemistry Antibody-Based Targeted Interventions for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Cancers
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Structural Variety of Membrane Permeable Peptides
Current Protein & Peptide Science Evaluating the Relationship Between Serum Level of Interleukin-6 and Rheumatoid Arthritis Severity and Disease Activity
Current Rheumatology Reviews Current Approaches in Healing of Wounds in Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Current Bioactive Compounds Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Dementia: Decoding the Causal link of Diabetes Mellitus in Alzheimer’s Disease
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Hypocholesterolemia
Current Vascular Pharmacology NS5B RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors: The Promising Approach to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Infections
Current Medicinal Chemistry Chemoresistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents Inflammatory Process in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson's Diseases: Central Role of Cytokines
Current Pharmaceutical Design Alzheimer’s Disease-like Early-phase Brain Pathogenesis: Self-curing Amelioration of Neurodegeneration from Pro-inflammatory ‘Wounding’ to Anti-inflammatory ‘Healing’
Current Alzheimer Research Phosphate-Affinity Gel Electrophoresis Using a Phos-Tag Molecule for Phosphoproteome Study
Current Proteomics The Relevance of JAK2 in the Regulation of Cellular Transport
Current Medicinal Chemistry Computational and Pharmacogenomic Insights on Hypertension Treatment: Rational Drug Design and Optimization Strategies
Current Drug Targets Leptin Plasma Levels in the General Population: Influence of Age, Gender, Body Weight and Medical History
Protein & Peptide Letters