Abstract
The first compounds showing efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders was chlorpromazine, an anti-histaminic compound casually observed to possess antipsychotic effects. The discovery of the real mechanism of action of antipsychotic substances dates back to the 1960s, when researchers found that these compounds act as dopamine receptor antagonists. Unfortunately, this type of drugs cannot block the D2 receptors only in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway (which mediates their therapeutic effects), because of their non-selective D2 receptor blockage in both the mesolimbic and striatal regions, and the consequent appearance of side effects related to striatal interaction in the same dosage range as is needed for the therapeutical effects. Clozapine, discovered in the early 1970s, seemed to represent the solution to contrast these side effects, as it possesses antipsychotic activity without inducing extrapyramidal disorders in humans or catalepsy in rats; for this reason, it was defined as an “atypical” antipsychotic drug. Later, other beneficial properties, such as improvement of negative symptoms and of cognitive dysfunction and efficacy in neurolepticresistant schizophrenia, were included in the definition of “atypical”. In recent years, the appearance of new atypical antipsychotics (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone) has opened new ways to therapy. The aim of this paper is to review literature about newer antipsychotics, focusing on their advantages in terms of efficacy and side effect profiles when compared to classical and older atypical antipsychotics, and to evaluate the efficacy of the different new antipsychotics when compared to one another.
Keywords: schizophrenia, antipsychotics, review, atypical
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: New Antipsychotics and Schizophrenia: A Review on Efficacy and Side Effects
Volume: 11 Issue: 3
Author(s): Alessandro Serretti, Diana De Ronchi, Cristina Lorenzi and Domenico Berardi
Affiliation:
Keywords: schizophrenia, antipsychotics, review, atypical
Abstract: The first compounds showing efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders was chlorpromazine, an anti-histaminic compound casually observed to possess antipsychotic effects. The discovery of the real mechanism of action of antipsychotic substances dates back to the 1960s, when researchers found that these compounds act as dopamine receptor antagonists. Unfortunately, this type of drugs cannot block the D2 receptors only in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway (which mediates their therapeutic effects), because of their non-selective D2 receptor blockage in both the mesolimbic and striatal regions, and the consequent appearance of side effects related to striatal interaction in the same dosage range as is needed for the therapeutical effects. Clozapine, discovered in the early 1970s, seemed to represent the solution to contrast these side effects, as it possesses antipsychotic activity without inducing extrapyramidal disorders in humans or catalepsy in rats; for this reason, it was defined as an “atypical” antipsychotic drug. Later, other beneficial properties, such as improvement of negative symptoms and of cognitive dysfunction and efficacy in neurolepticresistant schizophrenia, were included in the definition of “atypical”. In recent years, the appearance of new atypical antipsychotics (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone) has opened new ways to therapy. The aim of this paper is to review literature about newer antipsychotics, focusing on their advantages in terms of efficacy and side effect profiles when compared to classical and older atypical antipsychotics, and to evaluate the efficacy of the different new antipsychotics when compared to one another.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Serretti Alessandro, Ronchi De Diana, Lorenzi Cristina and Berardi Domenico, New Antipsychotics and Schizophrenia: A Review on Efficacy and Side Effects, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2004; 11 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867043456043
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867043456043 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
Current advances in inherited cardiomyopathy
Describe in detail all novel advances in multimodality imaging related to inherited cardiomyopathy diagnosis and prognosis. Shed light to deeper phenotypic characterization. Acknowledge recent advances in genetics, genomics and precision medicineread more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury: An Overview
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Nutritional Characteristics of the Hypotensive WASHOKU-modified DASH Diet: A Sub-analysis of the DASH-JUMP Study
Current Hypertension Reviews CYP-Mediated Clozapine Interactions: How Predictable Are They?
Current Drug Metabolism Biologics and the Cardiovascular System: A Double-Edged Sword
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Cytochrome P450s: Mechanisms and Biological Implications in Drug Metabolism and its Interaction with Oxidative Stress
Current Drug Metabolism Radiation-Induced Extracranial Carotid Stenosis
Vascular Disease Prevention (Discontinued) Nitric Oxide-NASIDS Donor Prodrugs as Hybrid Safe Anti-inflammatory Agents
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Molecular Pathways of Endothelial Cell Activation for (Targeted) Pharmacological Intervention of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Current Vascular Pharmacology Current Evidence Regarding Low-carb Diets for The Metabolic Control of Type-2 Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Children Post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The Present and the Future
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Monobactams: A Unique Natural Scaffold of Four-Membered Ring Skeleton, Recent Development to Clinically Overcome Infections by Multidrug- Resistant Microbes
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery ENaC Modulators and Renal Disease
Current Molecular Pharmacology Medications Affecting Functional Status in Older Persons
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cell Cycle Inhibition in Malignant Lymphoma: Disease Control by Attacking the Cellular Proliferation Machinery
Current Drug Targets Effect on Serum Uric Acid Levels of Drugs Prescribed for Indications other than Treating Hyperuricaemia
Current Pharmaceutical Design Systemic Therapeutic Gene Delivery for Cancer: Crafting Paris Arrow
Current Gene Therapy Safety and Efficacy of Duloxetine in the Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain in Older Patients
Current Drug Safety Mechanical Support in Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Coronary Syndrome: Ready for Prime Time?
Current Vascular Pharmacology Anesthetic Neuroprotection: Antecedents and An Appraisal of Preclinical and Clinical Data Quality
Current Pharmaceutical Design Functional Improvement of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Through Intrinsic Interleukin-15Rα Signaling
Current Gene Therapy