Abstract
First isolated and characterized in 1900 by Gulewitsch, carnosine ( β-alanyl-L-hystidine) is a dipeptide commonly present in mammalian tissue, and in particular in skeletal muscle cells; it is responsible for a variety of activities related to the detoxification of the body from free radical species and the by-products of membrane lipids peroxidation, but recent studies have shown that this small molecule also has membraneprotecting activity, proton buffering capacity, formation of complexes with transition metals, and regulation of macrophage function. It has been proposed that carnosine could act as a natural scavenger of dangerous reactive aldehydes from the degradative oxidative pathway of endogenous molecules such as sugars, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and proteins. In particular, it has been recently demonstrated that carnosine is a potent and selective scavenger of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, typical by-products of membrane lipids peroxidation and considered second messengers of the oxidative stress, and inhibits aldehyde-induced protein-protein and DNA-protein cross-linking in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers disease, in cardiovascular ischemic damage, in inflammatory diseases. The research for new and more potent scavengers for HNE and other α,β-unsaturated aldehydes has produced a consistent variety of carnosine analogs, and the present review will resume, through the scientific literature and the international patents, the most recent developments in this field.
Keywords: carnosine, antioxidants, scavengers, unsaturated aldehydes, synthesis
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Carnosine and Carnosine-Related Antioxidants: A Review
Volume: 12 Issue: 20
Author(s): Andrea Guiotto, Andrea Calderan, Paolo Ruzza and Gianfranco Borin
Affiliation:
Keywords: carnosine, antioxidants, scavengers, unsaturated aldehydes, synthesis
Abstract: First isolated and characterized in 1900 by Gulewitsch, carnosine ( β-alanyl-L-hystidine) is a dipeptide commonly present in mammalian tissue, and in particular in skeletal muscle cells; it is responsible for a variety of activities related to the detoxification of the body from free radical species and the by-products of membrane lipids peroxidation, but recent studies have shown that this small molecule also has membraneprotecting activity, proton buffering capacity, formation of complexes with transition metals, and regulation of macrophage function. It has been proposed that carnosine could act as a natural scavenger of dangerous reactive aldehydes from the degradative oxidative pathway of endogenous molecules such as sugars, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and proteins. In particular, it has been recently demonstrated that carnosine is a potent and selective scavenger of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, typical by-products of membrane lipids peroxidation and considered second messengers of the oxidative stress, and inhibits aldehyde-induced protein-protein and DNA-protein cross-linking in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers disease, in cardiovascular ischemic damage, in inflammatory diseases. The research for new and more potent scavengers for HNE and other α,β-unsaturated aldehydes has produced a consistent variety of carnosine analogs, and the present review will resume, through the scientific literature and the international patents, the most recent developments in this field.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Guiotto Andrea, Calderan Andrea, Ruzza Paolo and Borin Gianfranco, Carnosine and Carnosine-Related Antioxidants: A Review, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2005; 12 (20) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867054864796
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867054864796 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advances in Medicinal Chemistry: From Cancer to Chronic Diseases.
The broad spectrum of the issue will provide a comprehensive overview of emerging trends, novel therapeutic interventions, and translational insights that impact modern medicine. The primary focus will be diseases of global concern, including cancer, chronic pain, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions, providing a broad overview of the advancements in ...read more
Approaches to the treatment of chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of numerous diseases, significantly impacting global health. Although chronic inflammation is a hot topic, not much has been written about approaches to its treatment. This thematic issue aims to showcase the latest advancements in chronic inflammation treatment and foster discussion on future directions in this ...read more
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Non-Infectious Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Clinical Implications
The Special Issue covers the results of the studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of non-infectious inflammatory diseases, in particular, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders such as type II diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Review and research articles as well as methodology papers that summarize ...read more
Chalcogen-modified nucleic acid analogues
Chalcogen-modified nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides have been of great interest to scientific research for many years. The replacement of oxygen in the nucleobase, sugar or phosphate backbone by chalcogen atoms (sulfur, selenium, tellurium) gives these biomolecules unique properties resulting from their altered physical and chemical properties. The continuing interest in ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Aptamers as Innovative Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents in the Central Nervous System
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Modeling of LIM-Kinase 2 Inhibitory Activity of Pyrrolopyrimidine Analogues: Useful in Treatment of Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma
Medicinal Chemistry Potential Effects of Cannabidiol as a Wake-Promoting Agent
Current Neuropharmacology 5-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase and the Metabolic Syndrome
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Editorial (Hot Topic: Monoamine Oxidase as a Target in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery)
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Thiopurine Biotransformation and Pharmacological Effects: Contribution of Oxidative Stress
Current Drug Metabolism Calpains as a Target for Therapy of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Putative Role of Lithium
Current Drug Metabolism Targeting Hsp90 in Non-Cancerous Maladies
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Curcumin as an Adjuvant to Breast Cancer Treatment
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Dietary Polyphenols for Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease– Future Research and Development
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Nanoparticle Coated Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy
Current Biotechnology The Molecular Pathology of Huntingtons Disease (HD)
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents Cdk5 in the Adult Non-Demented Brain
Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders Tetramethoxyluteolin for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Conformationally Constrained Peptides as Protein Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Current Pharmaceutical Design Organotypic Cultures as Tool to Test Long-Term Effects of Chemicals on the Nervous System
Current Medicinal Chemistry Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Research to Therapeutic Attempts and Therapeutic Perspectives
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Protective Effects of Green Tea Catechins in the Management of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review
Current Drug Discovery Technologies Genetic Susceptibility to Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Players in ADP-ribosylation: Readers and Erasers
Current Protein & Peptide Science