Abstract
The loss of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline occurs constantly in Parkinsons disease. This is supposed to worsen disease progression, either by increasing the vulnerability of dopamine-containing neurons or by reducing the recovery once they are damaged. Novel data also show that the loss of noradrenergic innervation facilitates the onset of dyskinesia occurring in Parkinsonian patients during dopamine replacement therapy. In the first part of the manuscript we review the evidence showing the loss of the noradrenergic system as an early event in the natural history of Parkinsonism. This evidence is discussed in light of novel reports showing the deleterious effects produced by the noradrenergic deficit on the survival of nigral dopamine neurons. In particular, we analyze the biochemical and morphological changes produced in the nigrostriatal system by the loss of endogenous noradrenaline. In a dedicated paragraph we specifically evaluate the cross affinity between dopamine and noradrenaline systems. In fact, this is critical during dopamine/noradrenaline replacement therapy in Parkinsons disease. In the last part, we overview novel therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring the activation of noradrenaline receptors to reduce the dyskinesia occurring in the treatment of Parkinsons disease.
Keywords: Neurodegeneration, dyskinesia, locus coeruleus, L-DOPA, DA agonists, D1 receptors, alpha receptors
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Noradrenaline in Parkinsons Disease: From Disease Progression to Current Therapeutics
Volume: 14 Issue: 22
Author(s): Francesco Fornai, Adolfo Bandettini di Poggio, Antonio Pellegrini, Stefano Ruggieri and Antonio Paparelli
Affiliation:
Keywords: Neurodegeneration, dyskinesia, locus coeruleus, L-DOPA, DA agonists, D1 receptors, alpha receptors
Abstract: The loss of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline occurs constantly in Parkinsons disease. This is supposed to worsen disease progression, either by increasing the vulnerability of dopamine-containing neurons or by reducing the recovery once they are damaged. Novel data also show that the loss of noradrenergic innervation facilitates the onset of dyskinesia occurring in Parkinsonian patients during dopamine replacement therapy. In the first part of the manuscript we review the evidence showing the loss of the noradrenergic system as an early event in the natural history of Parkinsonism. This evidence is discussed in light of novel reports showing the deleterious effects produced by the noradrenergic deficit on the survival of nigral dopamine neurons. In particular, we analyze the biochemical and morphological changes produced in the nigrostriatal system by the loss of endogenous noradrenaline. In a dedicated paragraph we specifically evaluate the cross affinity between dopamine and noradrenaline systems. In fact, this is critical during dopamine/noradrenaline replacement therapy in Parkinsons disease. In the last part, we overview novel therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring the activation of noradrenaline receptors to reduce the dyskinesia occurring in the treatment of Parkinsons disease.
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Fornai Francesco, di Poggio Bandettini Adolfo, Pellegrini Antonio, Ruggieri Stefano and Paparelli Antonio, Noradrenaline in Parkinsons Disease: From Disease Progression to Current Therapeutics, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2007; 14 (22) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986707781745550
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986707781745550 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
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