Effects of Lipid Composition and Preparation Conditions on Physical-Chemical Properties, Technological Parameters and In Vitro Biological Activity of Gemcitabine-Loaded Liposomes

Maria      Grazia Calvagno; Christian      Celia; Donatella      Paolino; Donato      Cosco; Michelangelo      Iannone; Francesco      Castelli; Patrizia      Doldo; Massimo      Fresta

Abstract

The effects of lipid composition and preparation conditions on the physicochemical and technological properties of gemcitabine-loaded liposomes, as well as the in vitro anti-tumoral activity of various liposome formulations were investigated. Three liposome formulations were investigated: DPPC/Chol/Oleic acid (8:3:1 molar ratio, liposomes A), DPPC/Chol/DPPS (6:3:1 molar ratio, liposomes B) and DPPC/Chol/DSPE-MPEG (6:3:1 molar ratio, liposomes C). Multilamellar liposomes were prepared by using the TLE, FAT and DRV methods, while small unilamellar liposomes were obtained by extrusion through polycarbonate filters. Light scattering techniques were used to characterize liposome formulations. Loading capacity and release profiles of gemcitabine from various liposome formulations were also investigated. Caco-2 cells were used to evaluate in vitro the antitumoral activity of gemcitabine-loaded liposomes with respect to the free drug and also the intracellular drug uptake. Preparation methods and liposome lipid composition influenced both physicochemical parameters and drug delivery features. Liposomes with a size ranging from 200 nm to 7 μm were obtained. The gemcitabine entrapment was higher than that expected probably due to an interaction with the liposome lipid components. The following decreasing loading capacity order was observed: liposome B > liposome C > liposome A. Gemcitabine release from various liposome formulations is modulated by two different processes, i.e. desorption from and permeation through liposomal bilayers. MTT assay showed a greater cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine-loaded liposomes with respect to the free drug. The following decreasing anticancer activity order was observed between the various liposome formulations: liposome C > liposome A > liposome B. The increased anticancer activity is correlated to the ability of the colloidal carrier to increase the intracellular drug uptake. Due to the encouraging results and to the high liposome modularity various applications of potential therapeutic relevance can be envisaged for liposomes.

Keywords: Liposomes, Caco-2 cells, gemcitabine, MTT assay, drug release, in vitro anticancer activity, intracellular drug uptake

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