Abstract
The family of the toll-like receptors comprises a minimum of 10 members identified in humans so far. These transmembrane receptors act as important signaling intermediates between the host and the invading pathogens. The following review describes the complexities encountered by researchers studying toll-like receptor (TLR) expression changes during bacterial infections. Mutations in some of the TLRs, most prominently TLR4 and TLR2, have been associated with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. While it is tempting to correct the phenotypic effect of such mutations, in vitro and in vivo research has shown that TLR activity and function comprises a complex regulatory network. Heterodimer formation, synergy, and cross-tolerance have previously been described. More recently, interdependence of TLR2 and TLR4 expression has been identified. In addition, TLR expression follows a specific timeline that may be dependent on the invading pathogen. Lastly, mutations in invading pathogens have been shown to alter the expression profile of TLR2 and TLR4, indicating that therapies against bacterial pathogens will have to target multiple TLRs. Despite the complexities involved in TLR function, the significant progress made in our understanding of the role these proteins play in human diseases also indicates their potential value as therapeutic agents.
Keywords: TLRs Polymorphisms, H. influenzae, TLR2KO mice, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cystic Fibrosis, TLR4 expression
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: TLR2 and TLR4 Expression During Bacterial Infections
Volume: 12 Issue: 32
Author(s): E. Lorenz
Affiliation:
Keywords: TLRs Polymorphisms, H. influenzae, TLR2KO mice, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cystic Fibrosis, TLR4 expression
Abstract: The family of the toll-like receptors comprises a minimum of 10 members identified in humans so far. These transmembrane receptors act as important signaling intermediates between the host and the invading pathogens. The following review describes the complexities encountered by researchers studying toll-like receptor (TLR) expression changes during bacterial infections. Mutations in some of the TLRs, most prominently TLR4 and TLR2, have been associated with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. While it is tempting to correct the phenotypic effect of such mutations, in vitro and in vivo research has shown that TLR activity and function comprises a complex regulatory network. Heterodimer formation, synergy, and cross-tolerance have previously been described. More recently, interdependence of TLR2 and TLR4 expression has been identified. In addition, TLR expression follows a specific timeline that may be dependent on the invading pathogen. Lastly, mutations in invading pathogens have been shown to alter the expression profile of TLR2 and TLR4, indicating that therapies against bacterial pathogens will have to target multiple TLRs. Despite the complexities involved in TLR function, the significant progress made in our understanding of the role these proteins play in human diseases also indicates their potential value as therapeutic agents.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Lorenz E., TLR2 and TLR4 Expression During Bacterial Infections, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2006; 12 (32) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743547
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206778743547 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Integrating Pathophysiology in Migraine: Role of the Gut Microbiome and Melatonin
Current Pharmaceutical Design Research Advances in Neuroblastoma Immunotherapy
Current Pediatric Reviews Sepsis Pathophysiology and Anesthetic Consideration
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Pharmacotherpy and Alzheimer’s Disease: The M-Drugs (Melatonin, Minocycline, Modafinil, and Memantine) Approach
Current Pharmaceutical Design Neuro-AIDS: Current Status and Challenges to Antiretroviral Drug Therapy (ART) for Its Treatment
Current Drug Therapy Oxidative Stress Induced Mitochondrial DNA Deletion as a Hallmark forthe Drug Development in the Context of the Cerebrovascular Diseases
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery New Approaches in the Management of Septic Shock
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents Tuberculosis - Present Medication and Therapeutic Prospects
Current Medicinal Chemistry Methods to Measure Target Site Penetration of Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients
Current Clinical Pharmacology Strategies for Developing Tuberculosis Vaccines: Emerging Approaches
Current Drug Targets Aminobisphosphonates as New Weapons for γ δ T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Cancer
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Effect of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone on Apoptosis and Autophagy in Traumatic Brain Injury
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Current Approaches for New TB Drugs
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews A Novel Monocyte-based Pyrogen Test Based on the Mechanism of Human Fever Reaction
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Metabolic Profiling in Disease Diagnosis, Toxicology and Personalized Healthcare
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Embryonic Stem Cell-Based Screen for Small Molecules: Cluster Analysis Reveals Four Response Patterns in Developing Neural Cells
Current Medicinal Chemistry The Gut Microbiota and the Emergence of Autoimmunity: Relevance to Major Psychiatric Disorders
Current Pharmaceutical Design Sepsis and Solid Organ Transplantation
Current Drug Targets Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Neurotoxicity
Current Neuropharmacology Hyaluronidases: A Therapeutic Enzyme
Protein & Peptide Letters