Abstract
In spite of several studies showing specific physiological functions of changes in the extracellular level of the major excitatory and inhibitory transmitters, Glu and GABA within the brain ([Glu]EXT, [GABA]EXT) the exact origin (neuronal vs. astroglial, synaptic vs. extrasynaptic) of Glu and GABA present in dialysate samples is still a matter of debate. For better understanding the significance of in vivo microdialysis data, here we discuss methodological details and problems in addition to regulation of [Glu]EXT and [GABA]EXT. Changes in [Glu]EXT and [GABA]EXT under pathological conditions such as ischemia and epilepsy are also reviewed. Based on recent in vivo microdialysis data we argue that ambient [Glu] EXT and [GABA]EXT may have a functional role. It is suggested that specific changes in concentrations of Glu and GABA in dialysate samples together with their alterations independent of neuronal activity indicate the involvement of Glu and GABA in the information processing of the brain as essential signaling molecules of nonsynaptic transmission as well. Since various drugs are able to interfere with extrasynaptic signals in vivo, studying the extracellular cell-to-cell communication of brain cells represents a new aspect to improve drugs modulating Gluergic as well as GABAergic neurotransmission.
Keywords: Time-resolution, origin of GABA and Glu, regulation of ambient GABA and Glu, nonsynaptic signaling, epilepsy, ischemia
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
Title: Extracellular Level of GABA and Glu: In Vivo Microdialysis-HPLC Measurements
Volume: 6 Issue: 10
Author(s): Gabriella Nyitrai, Katalin A. Kekesi and Gabor Juhasz
Affiliation:
Keywords: Time-resolution, origin of GABA and Glu, regulation of ambient GABA and Glu, nonsynaptic signaling, epilepsy, ischemia
Abstract: In spite of several studies showing specific physiological functions of changes in the extracellular level of the major excitatory and inhibitory transmitters, Glu and GABA within the brain ([Glu]EXT, [GABA]EXT) the exact origin (neuronal vs. astroglial, synaptic vs. extrasynaptic) of Glu and GABA present in dialysate samples is still a matter of debate. For better understanding the significance of in vivo microdialysis data, here we discuss methodological details and problems in addition to regulation of [Glu]EXT and [GABA]EXT. Changes in [Glu]EXT and [GABA]EXT under pathological conditions such as ischemia and epilepsy are also reviewed. Based on recent in vivo microdialysis data we argue that ambient [Glu] EXT and [GABA]EXT may have a functional role. It is suggested that specific changes in concentrations of Glu and GABA in dialysate samples together with their alterations independent of neuronal activity indicate the involvement of Glu and GABA in the information processing of the brain as essential signaling molecules of nonsynaptic transmission as well. Since various drugs are able to interfere with extrasynaptic signals in vivo, studying the extracellular cell-to-cell communication of brain cells represents a new aspect to improve drugs modulating Gluergic as well as GABAergic neurotransmission.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Nyitrai Gabriella, Kekesi A. Katalin and Juhasz Gabor, Extracellular Level of GABA and Glu: In Vivo Microdialysis-HPLC Measurements, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2006; 6 (10) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802606777323674
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802606777323674 |
Print ISSN 1568-0266 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4294 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Chemistry Based on Natural Products for Therapeutic Purposes
The development of new pharmaceuticals for a wide range of medical conditions has long relied on the identification of promising natural products (NPs). There are over sixty percent of cancer, infectious illness, and CNS disease medications that include an NP pharmacophore, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Since NP ...read more
Current Trends in Drug Discovery Based on Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Drug Design
Drug development discovery has faced several challenges over the years. In fact, the evolution of classical approaches to modern methods using computational methods, or Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD), has shown promising and essential results in any drug discovery campaign. Among these methods, molecular docking is one of the most notable ...read more
Drug Discovery in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), we have witnessed a significant boom in AI techniques for drug discovery. AI techniques are increasingly integrated and accelerating the drug discovery process. These developments have not only attracted the attention of academia and industry but also raised important questions regarding the selection ...read more
From Biodiversity to Chemical Diversity: Focus of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, plant secondary metabolites arising from the essential aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (or more rarely from tyrosine) via the phenylpropanoid pathway. The flavan nucleus is the basic 15-carbon skeleton of flavonoids (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Role of Innate Immune System Receptors in Epilepsy Research
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: What we have Learned in the Last 25 Years? (A Comparative Literature Review)
Current Cardiology Reviews Development and Optimization of Controlled Porosity Osmotic Tablets of Lamotrigine Solid Dispersion
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation Machine Learning, Molecular Modeling, and QSAR Studies on Natural Products Against Alzheimer’s Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Lessons Learned from Muscle Fatigue: Implications for Treatment of Patients with Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
Recent Patents on Biotechnology Histone Acetylation in Neurodevelopment
Current Pharmaceutical Design Anticonvulsant Action and Long-term Effects of Gabapentin
Current Neuropharmacology Design of Lipophilic Prodrugs to Improve Drug Delivery and Efficacy
Current Drug Targets Preoperative Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Current Medical Imaging Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
Current Drug Targets Influence of Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis, f. flavicarpa, DEG) Juice Sweetened with Sucrose, Saccharin and Cyclamate on Blood Glucose in Normal and Diabetic Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
The Natural Products Journal Neurogenic Drugs and Compounds to Treat CNS Diseases and Disorders
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Recent Developments in the Treatment of Alcoholic Chronic Pancreatitis
Current Drug Abuse Reviews Book Review: “Dendrites- Third Edition”
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Editorial [Hot Topic: Membrane Channels as Therapeutic Targets (Executive Editor: Jean-Claude Herve)]
Current Pharmaceutical Design Pyridines and Imidazopyridines with Medicinal Significance
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Understanding the Potential Role and Delivery Approaches of Nitric Oxide in Chronic Wound Healing Management
Current Pharmaceutical Design An Overview of Galenic Preparation Methods for Medicinal Cannabis
Current Bioactive Compounds Substrates for Improved Live-Cell Fluorescence Labeling of SNAP-tag
Current Pharmaceutical Design Is Mania the Hypertension of the Mood? Discussion of A Hypothesis
Current Neuropharmacology