Generic placeholder image

Protein & Peptide Letters

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 0929-8665
ISSN (Online): 1875-5305

Review Article

Plant Terpenes on Treating Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease: A Review

Author(s): Janaína Ribeiro Oliveira, Guilherme Henrique Mendes Ribeiro, Luiz Fernando Rezende and Rodrigo Araújo Fraga-Silva*

Volume 28, Issue 7, 2021

Published on: 28 January, 2021

Page: [750 - 760] Pages: 11

DOI: 10.2174/0929866528999210128210145

Price: $65

Abstract

The use of medicinal plants as a therapy alternative is old as human existence itself. Nowadays, the search for effective molecules for chronic diseases treatments has increased. The cardiometabolic disorders still the main cause of death worldwide and plants may offer potential pharmacological innovative approaches to treat and prevent diseases. In the range of plant molecules are inserted the terpenes, which constituent essential elements with several pharmacological characteristics and applications, including cardiovascular and metabolic properties. Thus, the aim of the present review is to update the terpenes use on chronic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and vascular conditions. The review includes a brief terpenes description based on the scientific literature in addition to data collected from secondary sources such as books and conference proceedings. We concluded that terpenes could act as adjuvant or main alternative treatment (when started earlier) to improve cardiometabolic diseases, contributing to reduce side effects of conventional drugs, in addition to preserving ethnopharmacological knowledge.

Keywords: Metabolic diseases, bioactive compounds, terpenes, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, medicinal plants.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases.Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2010, 53, pp. 1-30.
[2]
Ju, S-Y.; Lee, J-Y.; Kim, D-H. Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the elderly: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(45), e8491.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008491] [PMID: 29137039]
[3]
Beltrán-Sánchez, H.; Harhay, M.O.; Harhay, M.M.; McElligott, S. Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult U.S. population, 1999-2010. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2013, 62(8), 697-703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.064] [PMID: 23810877]
[4]
Vandevijvere, S.; Chow, C.C.; Hall, K.D.; Umali, E.; Swinburn, B.A. Increased food energy supply as a major driver of the obesity epidemic: a global analysis. Bull. World Health Organ., 2015, 93(7), 446-456.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.150565] [PMID: 26170502]
[5]
Santos, C.R.B.; Portella, E.S.; Avila, S.S.; Soares, E.D.A. Fatores Dietéticos Na Prevenção e Tratamento de Comorbidades Associadas à Síndrome Metabólica. Rev. Nutr., 2006, 19(3), 389-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732006000300010]
[6]
Steemburgo, T.; Dall’Alba, V.; Gross, J.L.; Azevedo, M.J. Fatores dietéticos e síndrome metabólica. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol, 2007, 51(9), 1425-1433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000900004] [PMID: 18209884]
[7]
Grundy, S.M.; Cleeman, J.I.; Merz, C.N.B.; Brewer, H.B., Jr.; Clark, L.T.; Hunninghake, D.B.; Pasternak, R.C.; Smith, S.C., Jr; Stone, N.J. Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2004, 44(3), 720-732.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.001] [PMID: 15358046]
[8]
Houmard, J.A.; Tanner, C.J.; Slentz, C.A.; Duscha, B.D.; McCartney, J.S.; Kraus, W.E. Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity. J. Appl. Physiol., 2004, 96(1), 101-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2003] [PMID: 12972442]
[9]
Knowler, W.C.; Barrett-Connor, E.; Fowler, S.E.; Hamman, R.F.; Lachin, J.M.; Walker, E.A.; Nathan, D.M. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med., 2002, 346(6), 393-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512] [PMID: 11832527]
[10]
Bacon, S.L.; Sherwood, A.; Hinderliter, A.; Blumenthal, J.A. Effects of exercise, diet and weight loss on high blood pressure. Sports Med., 2004, 34(5), 307-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434050-00003] [PMID: 15107009]
[11]
SIMÕES, C. M. O.; SCHENKEL, E. P.; MELLO, J. C. P.; MENTZ, L. A.; PETROVICK, P. R. Farmacognosia: Da Planta Ao Medicamento, 6a; Editora da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sul: Porto Alegre, RS, 2007.
[12]
Sousa, J.N.; Mafra, V.; Guimarães, V.H.D.; Paraiso, A.F.; Lelis, D. de F.; Santos, S.H.S. Davilla elliptica (Dilleniaceae) a. St.-Hil. ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects: a review. Phytochem. Lett., 2020, 39, 135-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2020.08.009]
[13]
Sacchettini, J.C. Biochemistry: creating isoprenoid diversity. Science, 1997, 277(5333), 1788-1789.
[14]
Peñuelas, J.; Munné-Bosch, S. Isoprenoids: an evolutionary pool for photoprotection. Trends Plant Sci., 2005, 10(4), 166-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2005.02.005] [PMID: 15817417]
[15]
Goto, T.; Takahashi, N.; Hirai, S.; Kawada, T. Various terpenoids derived from herbal and dietary plants function as PPAR modulators and regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. PPAR Res., 2010, 2010, 483958.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/483958]
[16]
Munné-Bosch, S.; Alegre, L. The function of tocopherols and tocotrienols in plants. CRC. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci, 2002, 21(1), 31-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0735-260291044179]
[17]
Mo, H.; Elson, C.E. Apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in human and murine tumor cells are initiated by isoprenoids. J. Nutr., 1999, 129(4), 804-813.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.4.804] [PMID: 10203554]
[18]
Matos, M.J.A; Fernandesa, A. Relatórios de Excursões Do Programa Estudo Químico de Óleos Essenciais de Plantas Nativas e Cultivadas No Nordeste 1975-1978. 1978.
[19]
Rosenthal, E. The Marijuana Grower’s Hanbook; Quick American Publishing, 2010, pp. 510.
[20]
Felipe, O.L; Bicas, J. Terpenos, Aromas e a Química Dos Compostos Naturais. Química Nov. na Esc., 2017, 39(2), 120-130.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/0104-8899.20160068]
[21]
Loomis, W.D; Croteau, R. Biochemistry of terpenoids. In: Lipids: Structure and Function; Elsevier, 2014; pp. 363-418.
[22]
Eschenmoser, A.; Arigoni, D. Revisited after 50 Years : The stereochemical interpretation of the biogenetic isoprene rule for the triterpenes. Helv. Chim. Acta, 2005, 88(12), 3011-3050.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200590245]
[23]
Krivoruchko, A.; Nielsen, J. Production of natural products through metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2015, 35, 7-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.004] [PMID: 25544013]
[24]
Fraga, B.M. Natural sesquiterpenoids. Nat. Prod. Rep., 2012, 29(11), 1334-1366.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2np20074k] [PMID: 22918397]
[25]
Dewick, P.M. The biosynthesis of C5-C25 terpenoid compounds. Nat. Prod. Rep., 2002, 19(2), 181-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b002685i] [PMID: 12013278]
[26]
Souza, F.V.M.; da Rocha, M.B.; de Souza, D.P.; Marçal, R.M. (-)-Carvone: antispasmodic effect and mode of action. Fitoterapia, 2013, 85, 20-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.10.012] [PMID: 23103297]
[27]
Lima, L.M.; Fraga, C.A.M.; Barreiro, E.J. O Renascimento de Um Fármaco: Talidomida. Quim. Nova, 2001, 24(5), 683-688.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422001000500016]
[28]
Jan, D.; Balcerzak, L.; Niewiadomska, M.; Kula, J.; Sikora, M.; Gibka, J.; Lochyńskiac, S. Stereochemistry of terpene derivatives. part 8: synthesis of novel terpenoids from (1 S, 4 R) - and (1 R, 4 S) -fenchone and their comparative odour characteristics. Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 2014, 25, 1038-1045.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.06.012]
[29]
Gnatta, J.R.; Dornellas, E.V.; da Silva, M.J.P. O Uso Da Aromaterapia No Alívo Da Ansiedade. Acta Paul. Enferm., 2011, 24(2), 257-263.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-21002011000200016]
[30]
ANDREI, P. & DELL COMUNE, A. Aromaterapia e Suas Aplicações Aromatherapy and Its Applications. Cad. Cent. Univ. S. Camilo, 2005, 11, 57-68.
[31]
Briskin, D.P. Medicinal plants and phytomedicines. Linking plant biochemistry and physiology to human health. Plant Physiol., 2000, 124(2), 507-514.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.124.2.507] [PMID: 11027701]
[32]
Brazil. VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão. In Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia / Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão / Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia; Arq Bras Cardiol: Rio de Janeiro, 2010, 1-51.
[33]
Brazil. Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica Para o Sistema Único de Saúde; Ministério da saúde; Cadernos de Atenção Série A. Normas e Manuais Técnicos: Brasília , 2006.
[34]
Irigoyen, M.C.; Consolim-colombo, F.M.; Krieger, E.M. Controle Cardiovascular : Regulação Reflexa e Papel Do Sistema Nervoso Simpático. Rev. Bras. Hipertens., 2001, 8(1), 55-62.
[35]
Zago, A.S.; Zanesco, A. Nitric oxide, cardiovascular disease and physical exercise. Arq. Bras. Cardiol., 2006, 87(6), e264-e270.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2006001900029] [PMID: 17262101]
[36]
Alarcón, G.V. Fisiopatogenia de La Hipertensión., 2006, 76(52), 157-160.
[37]
Campagnole-santos, M.J.; Haibara, A.S. Reflexos Cardiovasculares e Hipertensão Arterial., 2001, 8(1), 30-40.
[38]
Carey, R. M.; Wang, Z. Q.; Siragy, H. M. Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor in the regulation of blood pressure and renal function. Hypertension, 2000, 35, 155-163.
[39]
Phillips, M.I.; Schmidt-Ott, K.M. The Discovery of Renin 100 Years Ago. News Physiol. Sci., 1999, 14(6), 271-274.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.6.271] [PMID: 11390864]
[40]
Panza, J.A.; Quyyumi, A.A.; Brush, J.E., Jr.; Epstein, S.E. Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med., 1990, 323(1), 22-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199007053230105] [PMID: 2355955]
[41]
Calver, A.; Collier, J.; Vallance, P. Inhibition and stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the human forearm arterial bed of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. J. Clin. Invest., 1992, 90(6), 2548-2554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116149] [PMID: 1469103]
[42]
Vanhoutte, P.M. Endothelial control of vasomotor function: from health to coronary disease. Circ. J., 2003, 67(7), 572-575.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.67.572] [PMID: 12845177]
[43]
Padwal, R.; Straus, S.E.; McAlister, F.A. Evidence based management of hypertension. Cardiovascular risk factors and their effects on the decision to treat hypertension: evidence based review. BMJ, 2001, 322(7292), 977-980.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7292.977] [PMID: 11312234]
[44]
Wright, J.M.; Lee, C.H.; Chambers, G.K. Systematic review of antihypertensive therapies: does the evidence assist in choosing a first-line drug? CMAJ, 1999, 161(1), 25-32.
[PMID: 10420860]
[45]
Montanari, C.A.; Bolzani, V.D.S. Planejamento Racional de Fármacos Baseado Em Produtos Naturais. Quim. Nova, 2001, 24(1), 105-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422001000100018]
[46]
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Who Police Perspectives on Medicines; Geneva, 2002, pp. 1-6.
[47]
Mondolis, E.; Morán-Pinzón, J.A.; Rojas-Marquéz, F.A.; López-Pérez, J.L.; Abad, A.; Amaro-Luis, J.M.; De León, E.G. Vasorelaxant effects in aortic rings of eight diterpenoids isolated from three Venezuelan Plants†. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn, 2013, 23(5), 769-775.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013000500008]
[48]
Pinto, A.C.; Helena, D.; Silva, S. Produtos naturais: atualidade, desafios e perspectivas. Quim. Nova, 2002, 25, 45-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422002000800009]
[49]
Pletsch, M.M. M. Compostos Naturais Biologicamente Ativos. Biotecnolog. Cienc. Desenvolv., 1998, 5-12.
[50]
Viegas, C., Jr Bolzani, V. da S.; Barreiro, E. J. Os Produtos Naturais e a Química Medicinal Moderna. Quim. Nova, 2006, 29(2), 326-337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422006000200025]
[51]
Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Martins, V.K.M.; Rabelo, L.A.; Moura, M.D.; Silva, M.S.; Cunha, E.V.L.; Souza, M.F.V.; Almeida, R.N.; Medeiros, I.A. Natural products inhibitors of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE): a review between 1980 - 2000. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn., 2006, 16(3), 421-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2006000300021]
[52]
FERREIRA, L. Efeito Do Ácido Rosmarínico Sobre a Pressão Arterial.Ratos Normotensos e Hipertensos; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São USP, 2011.
[53]
Hippolyte, I.; Marin, B.; Baccou, J.C.; Jonard, R. Growth and rosmarinic acid production in cell suspension cultures of Salvia officinalis L. Plant Cell Rep., 1992, 11(3), 109.
[54]
LORENZI, H.; MATOS, F. J. A. Plantas Medicinais No Brasil - Nativas e Exóticas . Nova Odessa, SP: Instituto Plantarum, 2nd ed.; Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora: Nova Odessa, 2008.
[55]
Caligiorne, S.M.; Lelis, D. de F.; Jensen, C.E.D.M.; Soeiro, C.M.; Melo, J.C. de; Santos, R.A.; Campagnole-Santos, M.J.; Campagnole-Santos, M.J.; Santos, S.H.S. Bixin and annatto seeds extract reduces blood pressure of rats treated with hypercholesterolemic diet. Rev. Port. Ciências do Desporto, 2017, 78-87.
[56]
Kipari, T.; Hadoke, P.W.F.; Iqbal, J.; Man, T.Y.; Miller, E.; Coutinho, A.E.; Zhang, Z.; Sullivan, K.M.; Mitic, T.; Livingstone, D.E.W.; Schrecker, C.; Samuel, K.; White, C.I.; Bouhlel, M.A.; Chinetti-Gbaguidi, G.; Staels, B.; Andrew, R.; Walker, B.R.; Savill, J.S.; Chapman, K.E.; Seckl, J.R. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells reduces atherosclerosis. FASEB J., 2013, 27(4), 1519-1531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-219105] [PMID: 23303209]
[57]
Wu, H.; Zhao, G.; Jiang, K.; Li, C.; Qiu, C.; Deng, G. Engeletin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced endometritis in mice by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2016, 64(31), 6171-6178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02304] [PMID: 27411287]
[58]
Dummer, C.D.; Thomé, F.S.; Veronese, F.V. Doença renal crônica, inflamação e aterosclerose: novos conceitos de um velho problema. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992), 2007, 53(5), 446-450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-42302007000500022] [PMID: 17952355]
[59]
Tiwari, M.; Kakkar, P. Plant derived antioxidants - Geraniol and camphene protect rat alveolar macrophages against t-BHP induced oxidative stress. Toxicol. In Vitro, 2009, 23(2), 295-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2008.12.014] [PMID: 19135518]
[60]
Scheneider, C. M. O Extrato de Folhas e Sementes Do Ginkgo, Ginkgo Biloba L . (Ginkgoaceae) No Tratamento e Profilaxia Das Isquemias. Nat. line, 2007, 5, 90-95.
[61]
Macarenco, R.S. e S.; Takahagi, R.U.; Bardella, L.C.; Sequeira, J.L.; Yoshida, W.B. Estudo Da Ação Do Extrato de Ginkgo Biloba e Amido Hidroxietílico Hipertônico Na Atenuação de Alterações Decorrentes de Isquemia e Reperfusão de Órgãos Esplâncnicos Em Ratos. Acta Cir. Bras., 2001, 16(3), 139-145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502001000300005]
[62]
Kluth, D.; Banning, A.; Paur, I.; Blomhoff, R.; Brigelius-flohé, R. Modulation of Pregnane X receptor-and electrophile responsive element-mediated gene expression by dietary polyphenolic compounds. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2007, 42, 315-325.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.09.028]
[63]
Brito, L.F.; De Queirós, L.D.; Peluzio, M. do C. G.; Peluzio, M. do C. G.; Ribeiro, S.M.R.; Matta, S.L.P. da; Queiroz, J.H. De Efeito Dos Resíduos de Café Seco e Fermentado Por Monascus Ruber No Metabolismo de Camundongos Apo E. Arq. Bras. Cardiol., 2012, 99(2), 747-754.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000068] [PMID: 22790402]
[64]
Oliveira, A.P. Efeitos Cardiovasculares Do Diterpeno Labdano-302- Estudos.Ratos Normotensos e Hipertensos (L-NAME); Universidade Federal da Paraíba UFPB, 2008.
[65]
RIBEIRO Ê. A. N. Estudos Das Ações Cardiovasculares de Dois Compostos (Ent-15α-Acetoxicaur-16-En-19-Óico – CAacetoxi e 4-Nitro-n-Fenilmaleimida-4-NO2-NFM).Ratos; Universidade Federal Da Paraíba UFPB, 2005.
[66]
Simplicio, J.A.; Simão, M.R.; Ambrosio, S.R.; Tirapelli, C.R. The Labdane Ent-3-Acetoxy-Labda-8(17), 13-Dien-15-Oic decreases blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Arq. Bras. Cardiol., 2016, 106(6), 481-490.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/abc.20160058] [PMID: 27096521]
[67]
Francischi, R.P.P. de; Pereira, L.O.; Freitas, C.S.; Klopfer, M.; Santos, R.C.; Vieira, P.; Lancha Júnior, A.H. Obesidade: Atualização Sobre Sua Etiologia, Morbidade e Tratamento. Rev. Nutr., 2000, 13(1), 17-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732000000100003]
[68]
Albuquerque, D.; Stice, E.; Rodríguez-López, R.; Manco, L.; Nóbrega, C. Current review of genetics of human obesity: from molecular mechanisms to an evolutionary perspective. Mol. Genet. Genomics, 2015, 290(4), 1191-1221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-015-1015-9] [PMID: 25749980]
[69]
Kim, H.S.; Han, S-Y.; Sung, H.Y.; Park, S.H.; Kang, M-K.; Han, S.J.; Kang, Y.H. Blockade of visfatin induction by oleanolic acid via disturbing IL-6-TRAF6-NF-κB signaling of adipocytes. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 2014, 239(3), 284-292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370213514511] [PMID: 24459190]
[70]
Rana, J.S.; Nieuwdorp, M.; Jukema, J.W.; Kastelein, J.J.P. Cardiovascular metabolic syndrome - an interplay of, obesity, inflammation, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 2007, 9(3), 218-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00594.x] [PMID: 17391148]
[71]
Oliveira, A.L.; Azevedo, D.C.; Bredella, M.A.; Stanley, T.L.; Torriani, M. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue FDG uptake by PET/CT in metabolically healthy obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2015, 23(2), 286-289.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.20957] [PMID: 25522219]
[72]
Hasani-Ranjbar, S.; Nayebi, N.; Larijani, B.; Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity. World J. Gastroenterol., 2009, 15(25), 3073-3085.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.3073] [PMID: 19575486]
[73]
Hasani-Ranjbar, S.; Jouyandeh, Z.; Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of anti-obesity medicinal plants - an update. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord., 2013, 12(1), 28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2251-6581-12-28] [PMID: 23777875]
[74]
Worsztynowicz, P.; Napierała, M.; Białas, W.; Grajek, W.; Olkowicz, M. Pancreatic α-amylase and lipase inhibitory activity of polyphenolic compounds present in the extract of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.). Process Biochem., 2014, 49(9), 1457-1463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2014.06.002]
[75]
Hamao, M.; Matsuda, H.; Nakamura, S.; Nakashima, S.; Semura, S.; Maekubo, S.; Wakasugi, S.; Yoshikawa, M. Anti-obesity effects of the methanolic extract and chakasaponins from the flower buds of Camellia sinensis in mice. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2011, 19(20), 6033-6041.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.042] [PMID: 21925888]
[76]
Kim, J.Y.; Lee, M.S.; Jung, S.; Joo, H.; Kim, C.T.; Kim, I.H.; Seo, S.; Oh, S.; Kim, Y. Anti-obesity efficacy of nanoemulsion oleoresin capsicum in obese rats fed a high-fat diet. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2014, 9, 301-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S52414] [PMID: 24403834]
[77]
Cho, H.M.; Kang, Y-H.; Yoo, H.; Yoon, S.Y.; Kang, S.W.; Chang, E.J.; Song, Y. Panax red ginseng extract regulates energy expenditures by modulating PKA dependent lipid mobilization in adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2014, 447(4), 644-648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.056] [PMID: 24759232]
[78]
Kim, H-S.; Sung, H.Y.; Kim, M.S.; Kim, J.L.; Kang, M-K.; Gong, J.H.; Park, H.S.; Kang, Y.H. Oleanolic acid suppresses resistin induction in adipocytes by modulating Tyk-STAT signaling. Nutr. Res., 2013, 33(2), 144-153.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2012.12.006] [PMID: 23399665]
[79]
Cheng, A.; Uetani, N.; Simoncic, P.D.; Chaubey, V.P.; Lee-Loy, A.; McGlade, C.J.; Kennedy, B.P.; Tremblay, M.L. Attenuation of leptin action and regulation of obesity by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Dev. Cell, 2002, 2(4), 497-503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00149-1] [PMID: 11970899]
[80]
Rao, V.S.; de Melo, C.L.; Queiroz, M.G.R.; Lemos, T.L.G.; Menezes, D.B.; Melo, T.S.; Santos, F.A. Ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene from Sambucus australis, prevents abdominal adiposity in mice fed a high-fat diet. J. Med. Food, 2011, 14(11), 1375-1382.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0267] [PMID: 21612453]
[81]
Cruz, N.G.; Sousa, L.P.; Sousa, M.O.; Pietrani, N.T.; Fernandes, A.P.; Gomes, K.B. The linkage between inflammation and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2013, 99(2), 85-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.09.003] [PMID: 23245808]
[82]
Li, R.; Lu, W.; Jiang, Q.W.; Li, Y.Y.; Zhao, G.M.; Shi, L.; Yang, Q.D.; Ruan, Y.; Jiang, J.; Zhang, S.N.; Xu, W.H.; Zhong, W.J. Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults in Shanghai. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(5), 1028-1030.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1212] [PMID: 22432111]
[83]
American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2010. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(1), S11-61.
[84]
Kopelman, P.G. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature, 2000, 404(6778), 635-643.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35007508] [PMID: 10766250]
[85]
Ding, J.; Cheung, C.Y.; Ikram, M.K.; Zheng, Y-F.; Cheng, C-Y.; Lamoureux, E.L.; Tai, E.S.; Subramaniam, T.; Wong, T.Y. Early retinal arteriolar changes and peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(5), 1098-1104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1341] [PMID: 22374638]
[86]
Raman, R.; Gupta, A.; Krishna, S.; Kulothungan, V.; Sharma, T. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic microvascular complications in newly diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus. Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study (SN-DREAMS, report 27). J. Diabetes Complications, 2012, 26(2), 123-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.02.001] [PMID: 22446033]
[87]
Pereira, M.D. Beyond life style interventions in type 2 diabetes. Rev. Lat. Am. Enfermagem, 2016, 24, e2765.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0000.2765] [PMID: 27901216]
[88]
Nilson, E.A.F.; Andrade, R.D.C.S.; de Brito, D.A.; de Oliveira, M.L. Custos atribuíveis a obesidade, hipertensão e diabetes no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil, 2018. Rev. Panam. Salud Publica, 2020, 44, e32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.32] [PMID: 32284708]
[89]
Cecílio, A.B.; Resende, L.B.; Costa, A.C.; Cotta, M.M.; Giacomini, L.F.; Gomes, L.C.; Silva, L.A.; Vaz, C.P.O.; Oliveira, F.Q. Espécies vegetais indicadas no tratamento do diabetes. Rev. Eletrônica Farmácia, 2009, 5(3), 23-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ref.v5i3.5367]
[90]
Malviya, N.; Jain, S.; Malviya, S. Antidiabetic potential of medicinal plants. Acta Pol. Pharm., 2010, 67(2), 113-118.
[PMID: 20369787]
[91]
El-Moselhy, M.A.; Taye, A.; Sharkawi, S.S.; El-Sisi, S.F.I.; Ahmed, A.F. The antihyperglycemic effect of curcumin in high fat diet fed rats. Role of TNF-α and free fatty acids. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2011, 49(5), 1129-1140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.02.004] [PMID: 21310207]
[92]
Peeyush Kumar, T.; Antony, S.; Soman, S.; Kuruvilla, K.P.; George, N.; Paulose, C.S. Role of curcumin in the prevention of cholinergic mediated cortical dysfunctions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2011, 331(1), 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.07.004] [PMID: 20637830]
[93]
Soetikno, V.; Sari, F.R.; Veeraveedu, P.T.; Thandavarayan, R.A.; Harima, M.; Sukumaran, V.; Lakshmanan, A.P.; Suzuki, K.; Kawachi, H.; Watanabe, K. Curcumin ameliorates macrophage infiltration by inhibiting NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokines in streptozotocin induced-diabetic nephropathy. Nutr. Metab. (Lond.), 2011, 8(1), 35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-8-35] [PMID: 21663638]
[94]
Shanmugam, K.R.; Mallikarjuna, K.; Nishanth, K.; Kuo, C.H.; Reddy, K.S. Protective effect of dietary ginger on antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rat tissues. Food Chem., 2011, 124(4), 1436-1442.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.104]
[95]
Liu, Y.; Qi, H.; Wang, Y.; Wu, M.; Cao, Y.; Huang, W.; Li, L.; Ji, Z.; Sun, H. Allicin protects against myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine, 2012, 19(8-9), 693-698.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.04.007] [PMID: 22633288]
[96]
Mamun, Md. M.-A.-M. A study on hypoglycemic effects of Momordica charantia (wild variety) in Alloxan induced type 2 diabetic long-evans rats. Clin. Biochem., 2011, 44(13), S116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.283]

Rights & Permissions Print Export Cite as
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy