Generic placeholder image

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1568-0096
ISSN (Online): 1873-5576

Systematic Review Article

The Efficacy of Vitamin K, A Member Of Naphthoquinones in the Treatment of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author(s): Dariimaa Ganbat, Bat-Erdene Jugder, Lkhamaa Ganbat, Miki Tomoeda, Erdenetsogt Dungubat, Yoshihisa Takahashi, Ichiro Mori, Takayuki Shiomi and Yasuhiko Tomita*

Volume 21, Issue 6, 2021

Published on: 20 January, 2021

Page: [495 - 513] Pages: 19

DOI: 10.2174/1568009621999210120182834

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Redox dysregulation originating from metabolic alterations in cancer cells contributes to their proliferation, invasion, and resistance to therapy. Conversely, these features represent a specific vulnerability of malignant cells that can be selectively targeted by redox chemotherapeutics. Amongst them, Vitamin K (VitK) carries the potential against cancer stem cells, in addition to the rest of tumor mass.

Objectives: To assess the possible benefits and safety of VitK for cancer treatment using a systematic review and meta-analysis with a mixed-methods approach.

Methods: We performed a systematic search on several electronic databases for studies comparing VitK treatment with and without combination to the control groups. For quantitative studies, fully or partially reported clinical outcomes such as recurrence rates, survival, overall response and adverse reactions were assessed. For qualitative studies, a narrative synthesis was accomplished.

Results: Our analysis suggested that the clinical outcome of efficacy, the pooled hazard ratio for progression-free survival, and the pooled relative risk for overall survival, and overall response were significantly higher in the VitK therapy group compared to the placebo group (p<0.05). We did not observe any significant difference in the occurrence of adverse events between groups. Among qualitative studies, VitK treatment targeting myelodysplastic syndrome and advanced solid tumors resulted in 24.1% and 10% of clinical response, respectively.

Conclusion: VitK not only exerts antitumor effects against a wide range of tumor types, but it also has excellent synergism with other therapeutic agents.

Keywords: Vitamin K, systematic review, naphthoquinones, antitumor effect, safety, synergism, chemotherapy, pleotropic effect.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Aromataris, E.; Pearson, A. The systematic review: an overview. Am. J. Nurs., 2014, 114(3), 53-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000444496.24228.2c] [PMID: 24572533]
[2]
Munn, Z.; Stern, C.; Aromataris, E.; Lockwood, C.; Jordan, Z. What Kind of systematic review should i conduct? A proposed typology and guidance for systematic reviewers in the medical and health sciences. BMC Med. Res. Method., 2018, 18(1), 1-9.
[3]
Egger, M.; Schneider, M.; Davey Smith, G. Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ, 1998, 316(7125), 140-144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140] [PMID: 9462324]
[4]
Pearson, A.; White, H.; Bath-Hextall, F.; Salmond, S.; Apostolo, J.; Kirkpatrick, P. A mixed-methods approach to systematic reviews. Int. J. Evid.-Based Healthc., 2015, 13(3), 121-131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000052] [PMID: 26196082]
[5]
Pazdernik, T.L.; Kerecsen, L. Chemotherapeutic Drugs, 3rd ed.; Rapid Review series; Elsevier Health Sciences, 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-06812-3.00029-8]
[6]
Wondrak, G.T. Redox-directed cancer therapeutics: molecular mechanisms and opportunities. Antioxid. Redox Signal., 2009, 11(12), 3013-3069.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2009.2541] [PMID: 19496700]
[7]
Ivanova, D.; Zhelev, Z.; Getsov, P.; Nikolova, B.; Aoki, I.; Higashi, T.; Bakalova, R.; Vitamin, K. Vitamin K: Redox-modulation, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction and anticancer effect. Redox Biol., 2018, 16, 352-358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.013] [PMID: 29597144]
[8]
Fisher, G.R.; Gutierrez, P.L. Free radical formation and DNA strand breakage during metabolism of diaziquone by NAD(P)H quinone-acceptor oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase) and NADPH cytochrome c reductase. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1991, 11(6), 597-607.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(91)90141-O] [PMID: 1663902]
[9]
Saify, Z.S.; Mushtaq, N.; Noor, F.; Takween, S.; Arif, M. Role of quinone moiety as antitumour agents: A review. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 1999, 12(2), 21-31.
[PMID: 16414830]
[10]
Nicotera, P.; Hinds, T.R.; Nelson, S.D.; Vincenzi, F.F. Differential effects of arylating and oxidizing analogs of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine on red blood cell membrane proteins. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1990, 283(1), 200-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(90)90631-8] [PMID: 2146923]
[11]
Sreelatha, T.; Kandhasamy, S.; Dinesh, R.; Shruthy, S.; Shweta, S.; Mukesh, D.; Karunagaran, D.; Balaji, R.; Mathivanan, N.; Perumal, P.T. Synthesis and SAR study of novel anticancer and antimicrobial naphthoquinone amide derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2014, 24(15), 3647-3651.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.080] [PMID: 24913712]
[12]
Liew, S.K.; Malagobadan, S.; Arshad, N.M.; Nagoor, N.H. A review of the structure-activity relationship of natural and synthetic antimetastatic compounds. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(1), 138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010138] [PMID: 31947704]
[13]
Lu, J-J.; Bao, J-L.; Wu, G-S.; Xu, W-S.; Huang, M-Q.; Chen, X-P.; Wang, Y-T. Quinones derived from plant secondary metabolites as anti-cancer agents. Anticancer. Agents Med. Chem., 2013, 13(3), 456-463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520611313030008] [PMID: 22931417]
[14]
von Ardenne, M.; Reitnauer, P.G. Selektive in-vivo-thermosensibilisierung und therapie des ehrlich-mäsue-ascites-karzinoms durch vitamin-K3-natrium-bisulfit. Dtsch. Gesundheitsw., 1967, 22(40), 1879-1885.
[PMID: 5600833]
[15]
Nagourney, R.; Weisenthal, L.; Dill, P.; Just, R.; Fass, L.; Baker, J. Menadiol in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapies; the feasibility for resistance modification in human cancers: A pilot study. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 1987, 6, 35.
[16]
Hong, Q.N.; Fàbregues, S.; Bartlett, G.; Boardman, F.; Cargo, M.; Dagenais, P.; Gagnon, M.P.; Griffiths, F.; Nicolau, B.; O’Cathain, A.; Rousseau, M.C.; Vedel, I.; Pluye, P. The mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and Res. Educ. Inf., 2018, 34(4), 285-291.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221]
[17]
Jung, D-H.; Hwang, S.; Song, G-W.; Ryoo, B-Y.; Kim, N.; Tak, E.; Hong, H-N. An interim safety analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients administrating oral vitamin K with or without sorafenib. Korean J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg., 2015, 19(1), 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14701/kjhbps.2015.19.1.1] [PMID: 26155269]
[18]
Hosho, K.; Okano, J.I.; Koda, M.; Murawaki, Y. Vitamin K2 Has No Preventive Effect on Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Effective Treatment. Yonago Acta Med., 2008, 51(4), 95-99.
[19]
Haruna, Y.; Inoue, A.; Kawamoto, S. Efficacy and safety of vitamin K with sorafenib combination treatment against hepatocellular carcinoma: Open-label, randomized phase II study. J. Clin. Oncol., 2017, 35(15), 15665-15665.
[20]
Haruna, Y.; Hasegawa, N.; Imanaka, K.; Kawamoto, S.; Inoue, A. Clinical impact of vitamin K dosing on sorafenib treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Cancer, 2017, 8(11), 1988-1994.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jca.18900] [PMID: 28819398]
[21]
Sarin, S.K.; Kumar, M.; Garg, S.; Hissar, S.; Pandey, C.; Sharma, B.C. High dose vitamin K3 infusion in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2006, 21(9), 1478-1482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04383.x] [PMID: 16911696]
[22]
Akiyama, N.; Miyazawa, K.; Kanda, Y.; Tohyama, K.; Omine, M.; Mitani, K.; Ohyashiki, K. Multicenter phase II trial of vitamin K(2) monotherapy and vitamin K(2) plus 1α-hydroxyvitamin D(3) combination therapy for low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk. Res., 2010, 34(9), 1151-1157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2010.04.006] [PMID: 20569983]
[23]
Abe, Y.; Muta, K.; Hirase, N.; Choi, I.; Matsushima, T.; Hara, K.; Taguchi, F.; Suematsu, E.; Shibata, K.; Uike, N.; Nishimura, J.; Nawata, H. Vitamin K2 therapy for myelodysplastic syndrome. Japanese J. Clin. Hematol; , 2002, 43, pp. 117-121.
[24]
Miyazawa, K.; Nishimaki, J.; Ohyashiki, K.; Enomoto, S.; Kuriya, S.; Fukuda, R.; Hotta, T.; Teramura, M.; Mizoguchi, H.; Uchiyama, T.; Omine, M. Vitamin K2 therapy for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and post-MDS acute myeloid leukemia: information through a questionnaire survey of multi-center pilot studies in Japan. Leukemia, 2000, 14(6), 1156-1157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2401790] [PMID: 10865985]
[25]
Yoshinaga, K.; Teramura, M.; Hida, M.; Masuda, M.; Motoji, T. Vitamin K Therapy for Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Experience in TWMU. The 65th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Hematology, 2003, 878(378)
[26]
Takami, A.; Asakura, H.; Nakao, S. Menatetrenone, a vitamin K2 analog, ameliorates cytopenia in patients with refractory anemia of myelodysplastic syndrome. Ann. Hematol., 2002, 81(1), 16-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00277-001-0391-x] [PMID: 11807630]
[27]
Lim, D.; Morgan, R.J., Jr; Akman, S.; Margolin, K.; Carr, B.I.; Leong, L.; Odujinrin, O.; Doroshow, J.H.; Phase, I. Phase I trial of menadiol diphosphate (vitamin K3) in advanced malignancy. Invest. New Drugs, 2005, 23(3), 235-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10637-005-6731-2] [PMID: 15868379]
[28]
Tareen, B.; Summers, J.L.; Jamison, J.M.; Neal, D.R.; McGuire, K.; Gerson, L.; Diokno, A. A 12 week, open label, phase I/IIa study using apatone for the treatment of prostate cancer patients who have failed standard therapy. Int. J. Med. Sci., 2008, 5(2), 62-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.5.62] [PMID: 18392145]
[29]
Hotta, N.; Ayada, M.; Sato, K.; Ishikawa, T.; Okumura, A.; Matsumoto, E.; Ohashi, T.; Kakumu, S. Effect of vitamin K2 on the recurrence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology, 2007, 54(79), 2073-2077.
[PMID: 18251162]
[30]
Tetef, M.; Margolin, K.; Ahn, C.; Akman, S.; Chow, W.; Coluzzi, P.; Leong, L.; Morgan, R.J., Jr; Raschko, J.; Shibata, S.; Somlo, G.; Doroshow, J.H. Mitomycin C and menadione for the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal cancers: a phase II trial. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 1995, 121(2), 103-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202221] [PMID: 7883772]
[31]
Tetef, M.; Margolin, K.; Ahn, C.; Akman, S.; Chow, W.; Leong, L.; Morgan, R.J., Jr; Raschko, J.; Somlo, G.; Doroshow, J.H. Mitomycin C and menadione for the treatment of lung cancer: a phase II trial. Invest. New Drugs, 1995, 13(2), 157-162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00872865] [PMID: 8617579]
[32]
Margolin, K.A.; Akman, S.A.; Leong, L.A.; Morgan, R.J.; Somlo, G.; Raschko, J.W.; Ahn, C.; Doroshow, J.H.; Phase, I. Phase I study of mitomycin C and menadione in advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 1995, 36(4), 293-298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689046] [PMID: 7628048]
[33]
Habu, D.; Shiomi, S.; Tamori, A.; Takeda, T.; Tanaka, T.; Kubo, S.; Nishiguchi, S. Role of vitamin K2 in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in women with viral cirrhosis of the liver. JAMA, 2004, 292(3), 358-361.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.3.358] [PMID: 15265851]
[34]
Lasalvia-Prisco, E.; Cucchi, S.; Vázquez, J.; Lasalvia-Galante, E.; Golomar, W.; Gordon, W. Serum markers variation consistent with autoschizis induced by ascorbic acid-menadione in patients with prostate cancer. Med. Oncol., 2003, 20(1), 45-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/MO:20:1:45] [PMID: 12665684]
[35]
Abe, Y.; Muta, K.; Hirase, N.; Choi, I.; Matsushima, T.; Hara, K.; Taguchi, F.; Suematsu, E.; Shibata, K.; Uike, N.; Nishimura, J.; Nawata, H. Vitamin K2 therapy for myelodysplastic syndrome. Rinsho Ketsueki, 2002, 43(2), 117-121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11406/rinketsu.43.117] [PMID: 11925874]
[36]
Ishizuka, M.; Kubota, K.; Shimoda, M.; Kita, J.; Kato, M.; Park, K.H.; Shiraki, T. Effect of menatetrenone, a vitamin k2 analog, on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Anticancer Res., 2012, 32(12), 5415-5420.
[PMID: 23225445]
[37]
Kakizaki, S.; Sohara, N.; Sato, K.; Suzuki, H.; Yanagisawa, M.; Nakajima, H.; Takagi, H.; Naganuma, A.; Otsuka, T.; Takahashi, H.; Hamada, T.; Mori, M. Preventive effects of vitamin K on recurrent disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma arising from hepatitis C viral infection. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2007, 22(4), 518-522.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04844.x] [PMID: 17376044]
[38]
Kubota, K.; Sawada, T.; Kita, J.; Shimoda, M.; Kato, M. 6594 POSTER effect of menatetrenone, a vitamin K2 analog, on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection – final results of randomized controlled study. Eur. J. Cancer, 2011, 47, S470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(11)71905-0]
[39]
Mizuta, T.; Ozaki, I.; Eguchi, Y.; Yasutake, T.; Kawazoe, S.; Fujimoto, K.; Yamamoto, K. The effect of menatetrenone, a vitamin K2 analog, on disease recurrence and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a pilot study. Cancer, 2006, 106(4), 867-872.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21667] [PMID: 16400650]
[40]
Yoshida, H.; Shiratori, Y.; Kudo, M.; Shiina, S.; Mizuta, T.; Kojiro, M.; Yamamoto, K.; Koike, Y.; Saito, K.; Koyanagi, N.; Kawabe, T.; Kawazoe, S.; Kobashi, H.; Kasugai, H.; Osaki, Y.; Araki, Y.; Izumi, N.; Oka, H.; Tsuji, K.; Toyota, J.; Seki, T.; Osawa, T.; Masaki, N.; Ichinose, M.; Seike, M.; Ishikawa, A.; Ueno, Y.; Tagawa, K.; Kuromatsu, R.; Sakisaka, S.; Ikeda, H.; Kuroda, H.; Kokuryu, H.; Yamashita, T.; Sakaida, I.; Katamoto, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Nomoto, M.; Omata, M. Effect of vitamin K2 on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 2011, 54(2), 532-540.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.24430] [PMID: 21574174]
[41]
Yoshiji, H.; Noguchi, R.; Toyohara, M.; Ikenaka, Y.; Kitade, M.; Kaji, K.; Yamazaki, M.; Yamao, J.; Mitoro, A.; Sawai, M.; Yoshida, M.; Fujimoto, M.; Tsujimoto, T.; Kawaratani, H.; Uemura, M.; Fukui, H. Combination of vitamin K2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ameliorates cumulative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol., 2009, 51(2), 315-321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2009.04.011] [PMID: 19501932]
[42]
Carr, B.I.; Wang, Z.; Wang, M.; Wei, G. Differential effects of vitamin K1 on AFP and DCP levels in patients with unresectable HCC and in HCC cell lines. Dig. Dis. Sci., 2011, 56(6), 1876-1883.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-010-1521-x] [PMID: 21188521]
[43]
Ryan, R. How to GRADE the quality of the evidence. Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group. Version 1.0, 2016.http://cccrg.cochrane.org/author-resourceshttps://www.scirp.org/(S(vtj3fa45qm1ean45vvffcz55))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=2553049
[44]
Page, M.J.; Moher, D. Evaluations of the uptake and impact of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement and extensions: a scoping review. Syst. Rev., 2017, 6(1), 263.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0663-8] [PMID: 29258593]
[45]
Tierney, J.F.; Stewart, L.A.; Ghersi, D.; Burdett, S.; Sydes, M.R. Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to-event data into meta-analysis. Trials, 2007, 8, 16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-8-16] [PMID: 17555582]
[46]
Parmar, M.K.B.; Torri, V.; Stewart, L. Extracting summary statistics to perform meta-analyses of the published literature for survival endpoints. Stat. Med., 1998, 17(24), 2815-2834.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19981230)17:24<2815::AID-SIM110>3.0.CO;2-8] [PMID: 9921604]
[47]
Chatellier, G.; Zapletal, E.; Lemaitre, D.; Menard, J.; Degoulet, P. The number needed to treat: a clinically useful nomogram in its proper context. BMJ, 1996, 312(7028), 426-429.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7028.426] [PMID: 8601116]
[49]
Torre, L.A.; Bray, F.; Siegel, R.L.; Ferlay, J.; Lortet-Tieulent, J.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J. Clin., 2015, 65(2), 87-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21262] [PMID: 25651787]
[50]
Verrax, J.; Taper, H.; Buc Calderon, P. Targeting cancer cells by an oxidant-based therapy. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol., 2008, 1(1), 80-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467210801010080] [PMID: 20021426]
[51]
Jamison, J.M.; Gilloteaux, J.; Taper, H.S.; Calderon, P.B.; Summers, J.L. Autoschizis: a novel cell death. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2002, 63(10), 1773-1783.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(02)00904-8] [PMID: 12034362]
[52]
Calderon, P.B.; Cadrobbi, J.; Marques, C.; Hong-Ngoc, N.; Jamison, J.M.; Gilloteaux, J.; Summers, J.L.; Taper, H.S. Potential therapeutic application of the association of vitamins C and K3 in cancer treatment. Curr. Med. Chem., 2002, 9(24), 2271-2285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867023368674] [PMID: 12470246]
[53]
Verrax, J.; Cadrobbi, J.; Delvaux, M.; Jamison, J.M.; Gilloteaux, J.; Summers, J.L.; Taper, H.S.; Buc Calderon, P. The association of vitamins C and K3 kills cancer cells mainly by autoschizis, a novel form of cell death. Basis for their potential use as coadjuvants in anticancer therapy. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2003, 38(5), 451-457.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0223-5234(03)00082-5] [PMID: 12767595]
[54]
Sata, N.; Klonowski-Stumpe, H.; Han, B.; Häussinger, D.; Niederau, C. Menadione induces both necrosis and apoptosis in rat pancreatic acinar AR4-2J cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1997, 23(6), 844-850.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00064-6] [PMID: 9378363]
[55]
O’Brien, P.J. Molecular mechanisms of quinone cytotoxicity. Chem. Biol. Interact., 1991, 80(1), 1-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2797(91)90029-7] [PMID: 1913977]
[56]
Lamson, D.W.; Plaza, S.M. The anticancer effects of vitamin K. Altern. Med. Rev., 2003, 8(3), 303-318.
[PMID: 12946240]
[57]
Tabrizian, P.; Jibara, G.; Shrager, B.; Schwartz, M.; Roayaie, S. Recurrence of hepatocellular cancer after resection: patterns, treatments, and prognosis. Ann. Surg., 2015, 261(5), 947-955.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000710] [PMID: 25010665]
[58]
Neuzil, J.; Stantic, M.; Zobalova, R.; Chladova, J.; Wang, X.; Prochazka, L.; Dong, L.; Andera, L.; Ralph, S.J. Tumour-initiating cells vs. cancer ‘stem’ cells and CD133: what’s in the name? Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, 355(4), 855-859.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.159] [PMID: 17307142]
[59]
Zhou, B.B.S.; Zhang, H.; Damelin, M.; Geles, K.G.; Grindley, J.C.; Dirks, P.B. Tumour-initiating cells: challenges and opportunities for anticancer drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2009, 8(10), 806-823.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd2137] [PMID: 19794444]
[60]
Wicha, M.S.; Liu, S.; Dontu, G. Cancer stem cells: an old idea--a paradigm shift. Cancer Res., 2006, 66(4), 1883-1890.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3153] [PMID: 16488983]
[61]
Bansal, N.; Banerjee, D. Tumor initiating cells. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 2009, 10(2), 192-196.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920109787315015] [PMID: 19199951]
[62]
Yan, B.; Dong, L.; Neuzil, J. Mitochondria: An intriguing target for killing tumour-initiating cells. Mitochondrion, 2016, 26, 86-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2015.12.007] [PMID: 26702582]
[63]
Parker, G.C.; Acsadi, G.; Brenner, C.A. Mitochondria: Determinants of Stem Cell Fate?; Stem Cells and Development: United States, 2009, pp. 803-806.
[64]
Nesti, C.; Pasquali, L.; Vaglini, F.; Siciliano, G.; Murri, L. The role of mitochondria in stem cell biology. Biosci. Rep., 2007, 27(1-3), 165-171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10540-007-9044-1] [PMID: 17484045]
[65]
Neuzil, J.; Dong, L.F.; Rohlena, J.; Truksa, J.; Ralph, S.J. Classification of mitocans, anti-cancer drugs acting on mitochondria. Mitochondrion, 2013, 13(3), 199-208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2012.07.112] [PMID: 22846431]
[66]
Sasaki, R.; Suzuki, Y.; Yonezawa, Y.; Ota, Y.; Okamoto, Y.; Demizu, Y.; Huang, P.; Yoshida, H.; Sugimura, K.; Mizushina, Y. DNA polymerase γ inhibition by vitamin K3 induces mitochondria-mediated cytotoxicity in human cancer cells. Cancer Sci., 2008, 99(5), 1040-1048.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00771.x] [PMID: 18312466]
[67]
Tanaka, T.; Taniguchi, T.; Sannomiya, K.; Takenaka, H.; Tomonari, T.; Okamoto, K.; Kitamura, S.; Okahisa, T.; Tamaki, K.; Mikasa, H.; Suzuki, S.; Takayama, T. Novel des-γ-carboxy prothrombin in serum for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2013, 28(8), 1348-1355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.12166] [PMID: 23432345]
[68]
Bertino, G.; Ardiri, A.M.; Boemi, P.M.; Ierna, D.; Interlandi, D.; Caruso, L.; Minona, E.; Trovato, M.A.; Vicari, S.; Li Destri, G.; Puleo, S. A study about mechanisms of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin’s production in hepatocellular carcinoma. Panminerva Med., 2008, 50(3), 221-226.
[PMID: 18927526]
[69]
Zhang, Y.S.; Chu, J.H.; Cui, S.X.; Song, Z.Y.; Qu, X.J. Des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) as a potential autologous growth factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 2014, 34(3), 903-915.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000366308] [PMID: 25200250]
[70]
Ertle, J.M.; Heider, D.; Wichert, M.; Keller, B.; Kueper, R.; Hilgard, P.; Gerken, G.; Schlaak, J.F. A combination of α-fetoprotein and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin is superior in detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Digestion, 2013, 87(2), 121-131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000346080] [PMID: 23406785]
[71]
Yamamoto, K.; Imamura, H.; Matsuyama, Y.; Hasegawa, K.; Beck, Y.; Sugawara, Y.; Makuuchi, M.; Kokudo, N. Significance of alpha-fetoprotein and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing hepatectomy. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 2009, 16(10), 2795-2804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0618-y] [PMID: 19669841]
[72]
Zakhary, N.I.; Khodeer, S.M.; Shafik, H.E.; Abdel Malak, C.A. Impact of PIVKA-II in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Adv. Res., 2013, 4(6), 539-546.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2012.10.004] [PMID: 25685463]
[73]
Gentile, I.; Buonomo, A.R.; Scotto, R.; Zappulo, E.; Carriero, C.; Piccirillo, M.; Izzo, F.; Rizzo, M.; Cerasuolo, D.; Borgia, G.; Cavalcanti, E. Diagnostic Accuracy of PIVKA-II, Alpha-Fetoprotein and a Combination of Both in Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients Affected by Chronic HCV Infection.In Vivo (Brooklyn); , 2017, 31, pp. (4)695-700.
[74]
Kim, H.S.; Park, J.W.; Jang, J.S.; Kim, H.J.; Shin, W.G.; Kim, K.H.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, H.Y.; Jang, M.K. Prognostic values of α-fetoprotein and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 2009, 43(5), 482-488.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e318182015a] [PMID: 19197197]
[75]
Marrero, J.A.; Feng, Z.; Wang, Y.; Nguyen, M.H.; Befeler, A.S.; Roberts, L.R.; Reddy, K.R.; Harnois, D.; Llovet, J.M.; Normolle, D.; Dalhgren, J.; Chia, D.; Lok, A.S.; Wagner, P.D.; Srivastava, S.; Schwartz, M. α-fetoprotein, des-γ carboxyprothrombin, and lectin-bound α-fetoprotein in early hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 2009, 137(1), 110-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.005] [PMID: 19362088]
[76]
Baek, Y.H.; Lee, J.H.; Jang, J.S.; Lee, S.W.; Han, J.Y.; Jeong, J.S.; Choi, J.C.; Kim, H.Y.; Han, S.Y. Diagnostic role and correlation with staging systems of PIVKA-II compared with AFP. Hepatogastroenterology, 2009, 56(91-92), 763-767.
[PMID: 19621698]
[77]
Carr, B.I.; Kanke, F.; Wise, M.; Satomura, S. Clinical evaluation of lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive α-fetoprotein and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin in histologically proven hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Dig. Dis. Sci., 2007, 52(3), 776-782.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9541-2] [PMID: 17253135]
[78]
Hitomi, M.; Yokoyama, F.; Kita, Y.; Nonomura, T.; Masaki, T.; Yoshiji, H.; Inoue, H.; Kinekawa, F.; Kurokohchi, K.; Uchida, N.; Watanabe, S.; Kuriyama, S. Antitumor effects of vitamins K1, K2 and K3 on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Oncol., 2005, 26(3), 713-720.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.26.3.713] [PMID: 15703828]
[79]
Hitomi, M.; Nonomura, T.; Yokoyama, F.; Yoshiji, H.; Ogawa, M.; Nakai, S.; Deguchi, A.; Masaki, T.; Inoue, H.; Kimura, Y.; Kurokohchi, K.; Uchida, N.; Kuriyama, S. In vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of vitamin K5 on hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Oncol., 2005, 26(5), 1337-1344.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.26.5.1337] [PMID: 15809726]
[80]
Kuriyama, S.; Hitomi, M.; Yoshiji, H.; Nonomura, T.; Tsujimoto, T.; Mitoro, A.; Akahane, T.; Ogawa, M.; Nakai, S.; Deguchi, A.; Masaki, T.; Uchida, N. Vitamins K2, K3 and K5 exert in vivo antitumor effects on hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the expression of G1 phase-related cell cycle molecules. Int. J. Oncol., 2005, 27(2), 505-511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.27.2.505] [PMID: 16010434]
[81]
Matsumoto, K.; Okano, J.; Nagahara, T.; Murawaki, Y. Apoptosis of liver cancer cells by vitamin K2 and enhancement by MEK inhibition. Int. J. Oncol., 2006, 29(6), 1501-1508.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.29.6.1501] [PMID: 17088989]
[82]
Xia, J.; Ozaki, I.; Matsuhashi, S.; Kuwashiro, T.; Takahashi, H.; Anzai, K.; Mizuta, T. Mechanisms of PKC-mediated enhancement of HIF-1α activity and its inhibition by vitamin K2 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20(5)E1022
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051022] [PMID: 30813635]
[83]
Takami, A.; Nakao, S.; Ontachi, Y.; Yamauchi, H.; Matsuda, T. Successful therapy of myelodysplastic syndrome with menatetrenone, a vitamin K2 analog. Int. J. Hematol., 1999, 69(1), 24-26.
[PMID: 10641439]
[84]
Sada, E.; Abe, Y.; Ohba, R.; Tachikawa, Y.; Nagasawa, E.; Shiratsuchi, M.; Takayanagi, R. Vitamin K2 modulates differentiation and apoptosis of both myeloid and erythroid lineages. Eur. J. Haematol., 2010, 85(6), 538-548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01530.x] [PMID: 20887388]
[85]
Yaguchi, M.; Miyazawa, K.; Otawa, M.; Katagiri, T.; Nishimaki, J.; Uchida, Y.; Iwase, O.; Gotoh, A.; Kawanishi, Y.; Toyama, K. Vitamin K2 selectively induces apoptosis of blastic cells in myelodysplastic syndrome: flow cytometric detection of apoptotic cells using APO2.7 monoclonal antibody. Leukemia, 1998, 12(9), 1392-1397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2401143] [PMID: 9737687]
[86]
Djuric, Z.; Corbett, T.H.; Valeriote, F.A.; Heilbrun, L.K.; Baker, L.H. Detoxification ability and toxicity of quinones in mouse and human tumor cell lines used for anticancer drug screening. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 1995, 36(1), 20-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685727] [PMID: 7720171]
[87]
Shi, J.; Zhou, S.; Kang, L.; Ling, H.; Chen, J.; Duan, L.; Song, Y.; Deng, Y. Evaluation of the antitumor effects of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) nanoemulsions modified with sialic acid-cholesterol conjugate. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res., 2018, 8(1), 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-017-0424-1] [PMID: 28849577]
[88]
Li, S.; Zhang, T.; Xu, W.; Ding, J.; Yin, F.; Xu, J.; Sun, W.; Wang, H.; Sun, M.; Cai, Z.; Hua, Y. Sarcoma-targeting peptide-decorated polypeptide nanogel intracellularly delivers shikonin for upregulated osteosarcoma necroptosis and diminished pulmonary metastasis. Theranostics, 2018, 8(5), 1361-1375.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.18299] [PMID: 29507626]
[89]
Su, Y.; Huang, N.; Chen, D.; Zhang, L.; Dong, X.; Sun, Y.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, F.; Gao, J.; Wang, Y.; Fan, K.; Lo, P.; Li, W.; Ling, C. Successful in vivo hyperthermal therapy toward breast cancer by Chinese medicine shikonin-loaded thermosensitive micelle. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2017, 12, 4019-4035.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S132639] [PMID: 28603416]
[90]
Winter, G.E.; Radic, B.; Mayor-Ruiz, C.; Blomen, V.A.; Trefzer, C.; Kandasamy, R.K.; Huber, K.V.M.; Gridling, M.; Chen, D.; Klampfl, T.; Kralovics, R.; Kubicek, S.; Fernandez-Capetillo, O.; Brummelkamp, T.R.; Superti-Furga, G. The solute carrier SLC35F2 enables YM155-mediated DNA damage toxicity. Nat. Chem. Biol., 2014, 10(9), 768-773.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1590] [PMID: 25064833]
[91]
Blanco, E.; Bey, E.A.; Khemtong, C.; Yang, S.G.; Setti-Guthi, J.; Chen, H.; Kessinger, C.W.; Carnevale, K.A.; Bornmann, W.G.; Boothman, D.A.; Gao, J. Beta-lapachone micellar nanotherapeutics for non-small cell lung cancer therapy. Cancer Res., 2010, 70(10), 3896-3904.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3995] [PMID: 20460521]
[92]
Chrastina, A.; Baron, V.T.; Abedinpour, P.; Rondeau, G.; Welsh, J.; Borgström, P. Plumbagin-loaded nanoemulsion drug delivery formulation and evaluation of antiproliferative effect on prostate cancer cells. BioMed Res. Int., 2018, 2018, 9035452.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9035452] [PMID: 30534567]
[93]
Sakpakdeejaroen, I.; Somani, S.; Laskar, P.; Irving, C.; Mullin, M.; Dufès, C. Anti-tumor activity of intravenously administered plumbagin entrapped in targeted nanoparticles. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 2020, 16(1), 85-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2020.2874] [PMID: 31996288]
[94]
Kaneki, M.; Hosoi, T.; Ouchi, Y.; Orimo, H. Pleiotropic actions of vitamin K: protector of bone health and beyond? Nutrition, 2006, 22(7-8), 845-852.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2006.05.003] [PMID: 16815498]
[95]
Shukla, S.; Srivastava, R.S.; Shrivastava, S.K.; Sodhi, A.; Kumar, P. Synthesis, characterization and antiproliferative activity of 1,2-naphthoquinone and its derivatives. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 2012, 167(5), 1430-1445.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9551-9] [PMID: 22258648]
[96]
Fazeli, M.R.; Amin, G.; Attari, M.M.A.; Ashtiani, H.; Jamalifar, H.; Samadi, N. Antimicrobial activities of iranian sumac and avishan-e shirazi (Zataria Multiflora) against some food-borne bacteria. Food Control, 2007, 18(6), 646-649.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.03.002]
[97]
Mojaddar Langroodi, A.; Tajik, H.; Mehdizadeh, T. Antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics of Zataria Multiflora boiss essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract of fhus coriaria L. J. Food Qual. Hazards Control, 2019, 6(1), 16-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jfqhc.6.1.454]
[98]
Evenepoel, P.; Claes, K.; Meijers, B.; Laurent, M.; Bammens, B.; Naesens, M.; Sprangers, B.; Pottel, H.; Cavalier, E.; Kuypers, D. Poor vitamin K status is associated with low bone mineral density and increased fracture risk in end-stage renal disease. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2019, 34(2), 262-269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3608] [PMID: 30427544]
[99]
Pazyar, N.; Houshmand, G.; Yaghoobi, R.; Hemmati, A.A.; Zeineli, Z.; Ghorbanzadeh, B. Wound healing effects of topical Vitamin K: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J. Pharmacol., 2019, 51(2), 88-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijp.IJP_183_18] [PMID: 31142943]
[100]
Oikonomaki, T.; Papasotiriou, M.; Ntrinias, T.; Kalogeropoulou, C.; Zabakis, P.; Kalavrizioti, D.; Papadakis, I.; Goumenos, D.S.; Papachristou, E. The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients: a 1-year follow-up randomized trial. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2019, 51(11), 2037-2044.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-019-02275-2] [PMID: 31529295]
[101]
Witham, M.D.; Price, R.J.G.; Band, M.M.; Hannah, M.S.; Fulton, R.L.; Clarke, C.L.; Donnan, P.T.; McNamee, P.; Cvoro, V.; Soiza, R.L. Effect of vitamin K2 on postural sway in older people who fall: A randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 2019, 67(10), 2102-2107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16024] [PMID: 31211416]
[102]
Zwakenberg, S.R.; de Jong, P.A.; Bartstra, J.W.; van Asperen, R.; Westerink, J.; de Valk, H.; Slart, R.H.J.A.; Luurtsema, G.; Wolterink, J.M.; de Borst, G.J.; van Herwaarden, J.A.; van de Ree, M.A.; Schurgers, L.J.; van der Schouw, Y.T.; Beulens, J.W.J. The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2019, 110(4), 883-890.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz147] [PMID: 31387121]
[103]
Ntaios, G.; Pearce, L.A.; Meseguer, E.; Endres, M.; Amarenco, P.; Ozturk, S.; Lang, W.; Bornstein, N.M.; Molina, C.A.; Pagola, J.; Mundl, H.; Berkowitz, S.D.; Liu, Y.Y.; Sen, S.; Connolly, S.J.; Hart, R.G. Aortic arch atherosclerosis in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source: An exploratory analysis of the navigate esus trial. Stroke, 2019, 50(11), 3184-3190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025813] [PMID: 31526123]
[104]
Torbergsen, A.C.; Watne, L.O.; Frihagen, F.; Wyller, T.B.; Mowè, M. Effects of nutritional intervention upon bone turnover in elderly hip fracture patients. Randomized controlled trial. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN, 2019, 29, 52-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.11.012] [PMID: 30661701]
[105]
Coppens, M.; Weitz, J.I.; Eikelboom, J.W.A. Synergy of dual pathway inhibition in chronic cardiovascular disease. Circ. Res., 2019, 124(3), 416-425.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313141] [PMID: 30702997]
[106]
Hashimoto, H.; Iwasa, S.; Yanai-Takahashi, T.; Honma, Y.; Kato, K.; Hamaguchi, T.; Yamada, Y.; Shimada, Y.; Yamazaki, N.; Kato, Y. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase Ⅱ study on the efficacy and safety of vitamin K1 ointment for cetuximab or panitumumab-induced acneiform eruptions-VIKTORIA study. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2020, 47(6), 933-939.
[PMID: 32541171]
[107]
Taki, Y. Brain Aging Using Large Brain MRI Database.Aging Mechanisms: Longevity, Metabolism, and Brain Aging; Mori, N.; Mook-Jung, I., Eds.; Springer Japan: Tokyo, 2015, pp. 291-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55763-0_17]
[108]
Villa, J.K.D.; Diaz, M.A.N.; Pizziolo, V.R.; Martino, H.S.D. Effect of vitamin K in bone metabolism and vascular calcification: A review of mechanisms of action and evidences. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2017, 57(18), 3959-3970.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1211616] [PMID: 27437760]
[109]
Allison, A.C. The possible role of vitamin K deficiency in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and in augmenting brain damage associated with cardiovascular disease. Med. Hypotheses, 2001, 57(2), 151-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2001.1307] [PMID: 11461163]
[110]
Tsukamoto, Y.; Ichise, H.; Kakuda, H.; Yamaguchi, M. Intake of fermented soybean (natto) increases circulating vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) and γ-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration in normal individuals. J. Bone Miner. Metab., 2000, 18(4), 216-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007740070023] [PMID: 10874601]
[111]
Buchanan, G.S.; Melvin, T.; Merritt, B.; Bishop, C.; Shuler, F.D. Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone) supplementation and its benefits in cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and cancer. Marshall J. Med., 2016, 2(3), 53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/mjm.2016.vol2.iss3.8]
[112]
Keyzer, C.A.; Vermeer, C.; Joosten, M.M.; Knapen, M.H.J.; Drummen, N.E.A.; Navis, G.; Bakker, S.J.L.; de Borst, M.H.; Vitamin, K. Vitamin K status and mortality after kidney transplantation: a cohort study. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2015, 65(3), 474-483.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.09.014] [PMID: 25453995]
[113]
Mansour, A.G.; Hariri, E.; Daaboul, Y.; Korjian, S.; El Alam, A.; Protogerou, A.D.; Kilany, H.; Karam, A.; Stephan, A.; Bahous, S.A. Vitamin K2 supplementation and arterial stiffness among renal transplant recipients-a single-arm, single-center clinical trial. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens., 2017, 11(9), 589-597.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2017.07.001] [PMID: 28756183]
[114]
Shi, S.; Zheng, G.; Yang, C.; Chen, X.; Yan, Q.; Jiang, F.; Jiang, X.; Xin, Y.; Jiang, G. Effects of vitamin K3 combined with UVB on the proliferation and apoptosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells. OncoTargets Ther., 2019, 12, 11715-11727.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S228792] [PMID: 32099380]
[115]
Taper, H.S.; Keyeux, A.; Roberfroid, M. Potentiation of radiotherapy by nontoxic pretreatment with combined vitamins C and K3 in mice bearing solid transplantable tumor. Anticancer Res., 1996, 16(1), 499-503.
[PMID: 8615662]
[116]
Legault, J.; Tremblay, A.; Ramotar, D.; Mirault, M.E. Clusters of S1 nuclease-hypersensitive sites induced in vivo by DNA damage. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1997, 17(9), 5437-5452.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.17.9.5437] [PMID: 9271420]
[117]
Ishibashi, M.; Arai, M.; Tanaka, S.; Onda, K.; Hirano, T. Antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of lipophilic vitamins on human melanoma A375 cells in vitro. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2012, 35(1), 10-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.35.10] [PMID: 22223331]
[118]
Fujita, H.; Tomiyama, J.; Tanaka, T. Vitamin K2 combined with all-trans retinoic acid induced complete remission of relapsing acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol., 1998, 584.
[119]
Yaguchi, M.; Miyazawa, K.; Katagiri, T.; Nishimaki, J.; Kizaki, M.; Tohyama, K.; Toyama, K. Vitamin K2 and its derivatives induce apoptosis in leukemia cells and enhance the effect of all-trans retinoic acid. Leukemia, 1997, 11(6), 779-787.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2400667] [PMID: 9177427]
[120]
Sakai, I.; Hashimoto, S.; Yoda, M.; Hida, T.; Ohsawa, S.; Nakajo, S.; Nakaya, K. Novel role of vitamin K2: a potent inducer of differentiation of various human myeloid leukemia cell lines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1994, 205(2), 1305-1310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.2807] [PMID: 7802663]
[121]
Tremante, E.; Santarelli, L.; Lo Monaco, E.; Sampaoli, C.; Ingegnere, T.; Guerrieri, R.; Tomasetti, M.; Giacomini, P. Sub-apoptotic dosages of pro-oxidant vitamin cocktails sensitize human melanoma cells to NK cell lysis. Oncotarget, 2015, 6(31), 31039-31049.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.5024] [PMID: 26427039]
[122]
Tomasetti, M.; Nocchi, L.; Neuzil, J.; Goodwin, J.; Nguyen, M.; Dong, L.; Manzella, N.; Staffolani, S.; Milanese, C.; Garrone, B.; Alleva, R.; Borghi, B.; Santarelli, L.; Guerrieri, R. Alpha-tocopheryl succinate inhibits autophagic survival of prostate cancer cells induced by vitamin K3 and ascorbate to trigger cell death. PLoS One, 2012, 7(12)e52263
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052263] [PMID: 23272231]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy