Generic placeholder image

Current Nutrition & Food Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4013
ISSN (Online): 2212-3881

Review Article

The Potential Applications of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Functional Herbal Beverages: A Review of its Nutritional, Medicinal, and Toxicity Profiles

Author(s): Yvonne Bailey-Shaw*, Shawntae Rodney, Channtal Golding, Shadae Foster, Melaine Randle and Charah Watson

Volume 17, Issue 3, 2021

Published on: 02 August, 2020

Page: [272 - 287] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200802182952

Price: $65

Abstract

In recent times, Moringa oleifera Lam. has become one of the most sought after therapeutic cure-all plants in tropical and subtropical zones, including Jamaica. Anecdotally, the most popular choice of Moringa consumption locally is in the form of functional herbal beverages, such as teas and juices, prepared from the leaves of the plant. However, there is little or no scientific evidence to validate the efficacy and or safety of such beverages.

An extensive search of scientific literature published over the last decade (2010-2020) related to the nutritional, medicinal, and toxicological profiles of Moringa oleifera was, therefore conducted with special emphasis on literature related to the dried leaves and aqueous leaf extracts thereof. Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed databases were the main search tools employed. Articles that referred to varieties of Moringa, other than oleifera, were excluded from the searches, as were articles that referred to subject matters outside of nutrition, medicinal properties, and toxicity. All peer-reviewed journal articles, and other online articles, which referred to the subject matters of interest were critically read and included in the review.

This review is a compilation of evidence-based literature, indicating the outstanding nutritive value, high therapeutic potential, and the relatively non-toxic properties of the dried leaves and aqueous leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera. Prospects for their application in the development of safe and efficacious functional herbal beverages are indicated.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, therapeutic properties, safety, efficacy, toxicity, functional herbal beverages.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Boukandoul S, Casal S, Zaidid F. The potential of some Moringa species for seed oil production. Agriculture 2018; 8: 150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8100150]
[2]
Csurhes S, Navie S. Invasive plant risk assessment (Horseradish tree – Moringa oleifera). Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity: Queensland 2016. pp. 1-24.
[3]
Heuzé V, Tran G, Hassoun P, Bastianelli D, Lebas F. Moringa (Moringa oleifera). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD and FAO [Online] 2017. Available at: https://www.feedipedia.org/node/124
[4]
Wright RJ, Lee KS, Hyacinth HI, et al. An investigation of the antioxidant capacity in extracts from Moringa oleifera plants grown in Jamaica. Plants (Basel) 2017; 6(4): 48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants6040048] [PMID: 29065510]
[5]
Sánchez-Machado DI, Núñez-Gastélum JA, Reyes-Moreno C, Ramírez-Wong B, López-Cervantes J. Nutritional quality of edible parts of Moringa oleifeira. Food Anal Methods 2010; 3: 175-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-009-9106-z]
[6]
Oyeyinka AT, Oyeyinka SA. Moringa oleifera as a food fortificant: recent trends and prospects. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 2018; 17: 127-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.02.002]
[7]
Bamishaiye EI, Olayemi FF, Awagu EF, Bamshaiye OM. Proximate and phytochemical composition of Moringa oleifera leaves at three stages of maturation. Adv J Food Sci Technol 2011; 3(4): 233-7.
[8]
Nweze NO, Nwafor FI. Phytochemical, proximate and mineral composition of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. from Nsukka, South-Eastern Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Bio Sci 2014; 9(1): 99-103.
[9]
Paliwal R, Sharma V. Pracheta. A review on horse radish tree (Moringa oleifera): a multipurpose tree with high economic and commercial importance. Asian J Biotechnol 2011; 3(4): 317-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajbkr.2011.317.328]
[10]
Alli Rani E, Arumugam T. Moringa oleifera (Lam) – A nutritional powerhouse. J Crop Weed 2017; 13(2): 238-46.
[11]
Dhakar RC, Maurya SD, Pooniya BK, Bairwa N, Gupta MS. Moringa: the herbal gold to combat malnutrition. Chron Young Sci 2011; 2(3): 119-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5186.90887]
[12]
Sahay S, Yadav U, Srinivasamurthy S. Potential of Moringa oleifera as a functional food ingredient: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 2(5): 31-7.
[13]
Gibbon A. Moringa tree or guinea hen, both Jamaica’s magic plants. 2012; Available at: http://antheamcgibbon.com/moringa-tree-or-guinea- hen-both-jamaicas-magic-plants.htm
[14]
Ilyas M, Arshad MU, Saeed F, Iqbal M. Antioxidant potential and nutritional composition of Moringa leaf and seed powders and their tea infusions. J Anim Plant Sci 2015; 25(1): 226-33.
[15]
Madukwe EU, Ezeuguwu JO, Eme PE. Nutrient composition and sensory evaluation of dry Moringa oleifera aqueous extract. Int J Sci Basic Appl Res 2013; 13: 100-3.
[16]
Clement A, Olatunde M, Patrick O, Joyce O. Effect of drying temperature on nutritional content of Moringa oleifera leaves. World J Food. Sci Tech (Paris) 2017; 1(3): 93-6.
[17]
Witt KA. The nutrient content of Moringa oleifera leaves. ECHO Research Note 2013; 1(1): 1-6.
[18]
Chukwuebuka E. Moringa oleifera “The mother’s best friend”. Int J Nutr Food Sci 2015; 4(6): 624-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150406.14]
[19]
Ganatra TH, Joshi HU, Bhalodia PN, Desai TR, Tirgar PR. A panoramic view on pharmacognostic, pharmacological, nutritional, therapeutic and prophylactic values of Moringa oleifera Lam. Int Res J Pharm 2012; 3(6): 1-7.
[20]
de-Heer NEA. Formulation and sensory evaluation of herb tea from Moringa oleifera, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Cymbopogon citratus. MSc. Dissertation. Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 2011; Available at: http://citeseerx.ist. psu.edu/viewdoc/download? doi=10.1.1.844.649&rep=rep1&type=pdf 2019.
[21]
Johnson BC. Clinical perspectives on the health effects of Moringa oleifera: a promising adjunct for balanced nutrition and better health. Available at: http://www.koshealthpub.com/articles/pdf/Clinical_ Perspectives_Moringa_Aug-05.pdf 2019.
[22]
Mahmood KT, Mugal T, Ul Haq I. Moringa oleifera: a natural gift – A review. J Pharm Sci & Res 2010; 2(11): 775-81.
[23]
Moyo B, Masika PJ, Hugo A, Muchenje V. Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. Afr J Biotechnol 2011; 10(60): 12925-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.1599]
[24]
Nouman W, Basna SMA, Siddiqui MT, Yasmeen A, Gull T, Alcayde MAC. Potential of Moringa oleifera L. as livestock fodder crop: a review. Turk J Agric For 2014; 38: 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/tar-1211-66]
[25]
Mune Mune MA, Nyobe EC, Bassogog CB, Minka SR. A comparison on the nutritional quality of proteins from Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds. Cogent Food Agric 2016; 2(1): 1-8.
[26]
Mbailao M, Mianpereum T, Albert N. Proximal and elemental composition of Moringa oleifera (Lam) leaves from three regions of Chad. J Food Resour Sci 2014; 3(1): 12-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfrs.2014.12.20]
[27]
Stadtlander T, Becker K. Proximate composition, amino and fatty acid profiles and element compositions of four different Moringa species. J Agric Sci 2017; 9(7): 46-57.
[28]
Castillo-López RI, León-Félix J, Angulo-Escalante MA, Gutiérrez-Dorado R, Muy-Rangel MD, Heredia JB. Nutritional and phenolic characterization of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Sinaloa, México. Pak J Bot 2017; 49(1): 161-8.
[29]
Mensah JK, Ikhajiagbe B, Edema NE, Emokhor J. Phytochemical, nutritional and antibacterial properties of dried leaf powder of Moringa oleifera (Lam) from Edo Central Province, Nigeria. J Nat Prod Plant Resour 2012; 2(1): 107-12.
[30]
Lalas S, Athanasiadis V, Karageorgou I, Batra G, Nanos GD, Makris DP. Nutritional characterization of leaves and herbal tea of Moringa oleifera cultivated in Greece. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 2017; 23(4): 320-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2017.1334163]
[31]
2020. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Data Central. Available at: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168416/nutrients
[32]
Chan YKK. Micronutrients in Moringa oleifera and their potential in food fortification. MSc. dissertation. Toronto, Canada Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto 2018; Available at: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/ 91541/1/Chan_Yee_Kei_Kiki_201811_MAS_thesis.pdf
[33]
El-Gammal RE, Abdel-Aziz ME, Darwish MS. Utilization of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera for production of functional youghurt. J Food and Dairy Sci 2017; 8(1): 45-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jfds.2017.37114]
[34]
El Sohaimy SA, Hamad GM, Mohamed SE, Amar MH, Al-Hindi RR. Biochemical and functional properties of Moringa oleifera leaves and their potential as a functional food. Glo Adv Res J Agric Sci 2015; 4(4): 188-99.
[35]
Gopalakrishnan L, Doriya K, Kumar DS. Moringa oleifera: a review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Food Sci Hum Wellness 2016; 5: 49-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001]
[36]
Ilyas M. Anti -arthritic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds through diet based modules. PhD dissertation Faisalabad, Pakistan: Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Home Economics, Government College University 2014.
[37]
Jongrungruangchok S, Bunrathep S, Songsak T. Nutrients and minerals content of eleven different samples of Moringa oleifera cultivated in Thailand. J Health Res 2010; 24(3): 123-7.
[38]
Leone A, Bertoli S, Di Lello S, et al. Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder on postprandial blood glucose response: in vivo study on Saharawi people living in refugee camps. Nutrients 2018; 10(10): 1494.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101494] [PMID: 30322091]
[39]
Ogbe AO, Affiku JP. Proximate study, mineral and anti-nutrient composition of Moringa oleifera leaves harvested from Lafia, Nigeria: potential benefits in poultry nutrition and health. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci 2011/2012; 1(3): 296-308.
[40]
Okafor GI, Ogbobe NM. Production and quality evaluation of green and black herbal teas from Moringa oleifera leaf. J Food Resour Sci 2015; 4(3): 62-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfrs.2015.62.72]
[41]
Oluduro AO. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties and nutritional potentials of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf in South-Western Nigeria. Malays J Microbiol 2012; 8(2): 59-67.
[42]
Teixeira EMB, Carvalho MRB, Neves VA, Silva MA, Arantes-Pereira L. Chemical characteristics and fractionation of proteins from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Food Chem 2014; 147: 51-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.135] [PMID: 24206684]
[43]
Anonymous Moringa nutritional facts 2019. Available at: https://Moringatreeoflife.com/nutritional-info
[44]
Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, Aristil J, Bertoli S. Cultivation, genetic, ethnopharmacology and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera leaves: an overview. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16(6): 12791-835.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612791] [PMID: 26057747]
[45]
Wickramasinghe YWH, Wickramasinghe I, Wijesekara I. Effect of steam blanching, dehydration temperature & time, on the sensory and nutritional properties of a herbal tea developed from Moringa oleifera leaves. Int J Food Sci 2020; 20205376280
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5376280] [PMID: 32076602]
[46]
Nouman W. Exploring the potential of Moringa oleifera as field crop and plant growth enhancer. 2019. Available at: http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/ handle/123456789/1488
[47]
Ajantha A, Kathirvelan C, Purushothaman MR, Visha P. Study on nutrients, mineral and vitamin profile of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2018; 7(5): 2478-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.284]
[48]
Food and Nutrition Board, National Academies of Sciences, Engi- neering, and Medicine. Health and Medicine Division. Dietary reference intakes summary tables. In: Oria M, Harrison M, Stallings VA, Eds. Dietary reference intakes for sodium and potassium. National Academic Press, Washington (DC), USA, 2019: Appendix J.
[49]
Sauveur AS, Broin M. Growing and processing of Moringa leaves. Moringa Association of Ghana. 2010; Available at: http://www.Moringanews.org/documents/MoringawebEN.pdf
[50]
Anjorin TS, Ikokoh P, Okolo S. Mineral composition of Moringa oleifera leaves, pods and seeds from two regions in Abuja, Nigeria. Int J Agric Biol 2010; 12: 431-4.
[51]
Wisse B. Calcium and bones 2018; Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/9150.htm
[52]
Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Frimpong-Manso S, Awortwe C, Antwi DA, Nyarko AK. Micro and macroelemental composition and safety evaluation of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera leaves. J Toxicol 2014; 2014: 786979.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/786979] [PMID: 25136361]
[53]
Ahmed KS, Ismet AJ, Hossain H. Md, Ethane JN, Saha B. Mineral and trace element content in different parts of Moringa oleifera grown in Bangladesh. CJAST 2018; 31(5): 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/CJAST/2018/45645]
[54]
Stohs SJ, Hartman MJ. Review of the safety and efficacy of Moringa oleifera . Phytother Res 2015; 29(6): 796-804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5325] [PMID: 25808883]
[55]
Aja PM, Ibiam UA, Uraku AJ, Orji OU, Offor CE, Nwali BU. Comparative proximate and mineral composition of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed. Glo Adv Res J Agric Sci 2013; 2(5): 137-41.
[56]
Wadhwa S, Panwar MS, Saini N, Singhal S. A review of commercial, traditional uses, phtyoconstituents and pharmacological activity of Moringa oleifera. Global J Trad Med Sys 2013; 2(1): 1-13.
[57]
Fowoyo PT, Oladjo EO. Phytochemical screening, nutritional composition and antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf extract against selected gastrointestinal pathogens. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 2015; 10(6): 116-24.
[58]
Nurudhin A, Prabowo NA, Yulyani Adnan, ZA Adnan. Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on high sensitivity C-reactive protein, ESR and MEX SLEDAI score in lupus patients. Int J Human Health Sci 2020; 4(4): 291-7.
[59]
Ayirezang F, Azumah B, Achio S. Effects of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds extracts against food spoilage fungi. Adv Microbiol 2020; 10: 27-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aim.2020.101003]
[60]
Kumar V, Pandey N, Mohan N, Singh RP. Antibacterial & antioxidant activity of different extract of Moringa oleifera leaves - An in-vitro study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2012; 12(1): 89-94.
[61]
Berkovich L, Earon G, Ron I, Rimmon A, Vexler A, Lev-Ari S. Moringa Oleifera aqueous leaf extract down-regulates nuclear factor-kappaB and increases cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13: 212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-212] [PMID: 23957955]
[62]
Pamok S, Saenphet S, Vinitketkumnuen U, Saenphet K. Antiproliferative effect of Moringa Oleifera Lam. and Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (Nees) Radlk extracts on the colon cancer cells. J Med Plants Res 2012; 6(1): 139-45.
[63]
PRNewswire-iReach. New study shows Moringa oleifera scores highest antioxidant content in food. 2012; Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20141229181111http://www.ireachcontent.com/news-releases/new-study-shows-Moringa-oleifera-scores-highest-antioxidant-content-in-food-160666225.html
[64]
Fakankun OA, Babayemi JO, Utiaruk JJ. Variations in the mineral composition and heavy metals content of Moringa oleifera . Afr J Environ Sci Technol 2013; 7(6): 372-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJEST12.228]
[65]
The Moringa. Moringa as potent antioxidant: Protection against damaging free radicals. 2019; Available at: http://www.theMoringa.com/medicinal- uses/potent-antioxidant
[66]
Wangcharoen W, Gomolmanee S. Antioxidant activity changes during hot-air drying of Moringa oleifera leaves. Maejo Int J Sci 2013; 7(3): 353-63.
[67]
Adisakwattana S, Chanathong B. α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and lipid-lowering mechanisms of Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2011; 15(7): 803-8.
[PMID: 21780550]
[68]
Oboh G, Ademiluyi AO, Ademosun AO, et al. Phenolic extract from Moringa oleifera leaves inhibits key enzymes linked to erectile dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats’ penile tissues. Biochem. Res. Int. 2015. Article 2019; ID175950: 8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/175950] [PMID: 26557995]
[69]
Nazmy SE, Hassan BH, Nihad AAA, Abeer E, Abd Elhamid EM, Farid M. Biochemical studies on Moringa oleifera leaves extract. J Biol Agric Healthcare 2016; 6(16): 33-42.
[70]
Souid G, Sfar M, Timoumi R, Romdhane MH, Essefi SA, Majdoub H. Protective effect assessment of Moringa oleifera against cadmium-induced toxicity in HCT116 and HEK293 cell lines. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27(19): 23783-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08730-3] [PMID: 32297115]
[71]
Hamed YS, Abdin M, Chen G, Akhtar HMS, Zeng X. Effects of impregnate temperature on extraction of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives from Moringa oleifera leaves and evaluation of inhibitory activity on digestive enzyme, antioxidant, anti-proliferative and antibacterial activities of the extract. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14572]
[72]
Moyo B, Oyedemi S, Masika PJ, Muchenje V. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and enzymatic activity of liver from goats supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves/sunflower seed cake. Meat Sci 2012; 91(4): 441-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.02.029] [PMID: 22465510]
[73]
Das AK, Rajkumar V, Verma AK, Swarup D. Moringa oleifera leaves extract: a natural antioxidant for retarding lipid peroxidation in cooked goat meat patties. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012; 47: 585-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02881.x]
[74]
Wangcharoen W, Gomolmanee S. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of Moringa oleifera grown in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Thai J Agric Sci 2011; 44(5): 118-24.
[75]
Bozinou E, Karageorgou I, Batra G, Dourtoglou VG, Lalas SI. Pulsed electric field extraction and antioxidant activity determination of Moringa oleifera dry leaves: a comparative study with other extraction techniques. Beverages 2019; 5: 8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5010008]
[76]
Kwon Y, Youn K. Antioxidant activity and physiological properties of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves extracts with different solvents. Korean J Food Preserv 2014; 21(6): 831-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2014.21.6.831]
[77]
Fombang EN, Saa WR. Production of a functional tea from Moringa oleifera LAM leaf powder: optimization of phenolic extraction using response surface methodology. J Nutr Food Sci 2016; 6(6): 556-62.
[78]
Divi SM, Bellamkonda R, Dasireddy SK. Evaluation of antidiabetic and antihyperlipedemic potential of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera in fructose fed insulin resistant and STZ induced diabetic Wistar rats: a comparative study. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2012; 5(1): 67-72.
[79]
Mbikay M. Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: a review. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3(24): 24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00024] [PMID: 22403543]
[80]
Oyedepo TA, Babarinde SO, Ajayeoba TA. Evaluation of anti-hyperlipidemic effect of aqueous leaves extract of Moringa oleifera in Alloxan induced diabetc rats. Int J Biochem Res Rev 2013; 3(3): 162-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2013/3639]
[81]
Rocchetti G, Pagnossa JP, Blasi F, et al. Phenolic profiling and in vitro bioactivity of Moringa oleifera leaves as affected by different extraction solvents. Food Res Int 2020; 127108712
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108712] [PMID: 31882101]
[82]
Pollini L, Tringaniello C, Ianni F, Blasi F, Manes J, Cossignani L. Impact of ultrasound extraction parameters on the antioxidant properties of Moringa Oleifera leaves. Antioxidants 2020; 9(4): 277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040277] [PMID: 32224892]
[83]
Alshubaily FA, Almotairi ES. The hepatoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract against cadmium-induced toxicity on male rats. J Biochem Technol 2020; 11(1): 101-7.
[84]
Sailesh KS, Jabir PK, Madhusudhan U, Archana R, Mukkadan JK. Effect of Moringa oliefera leaves on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Indian J Clin Anat Physiol 2018; 5(3): 350-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/2394-2126.2018.0081]
[85]
Farooq F, Rai M, Tiwari A, Khan AA, Farooq S. Medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera: an overview of promising healer. J Med Plants Res 2012; 6(27): 4368-74.
[86]
Vargas-Sánchez K, Garay-Jaramillo E, González-Reyes RE. Effects of Moringa oleifera on glycaemia and insulin levels: a review of animal and human studies. Nutrients 2019; 11(12): 2907.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122907] [PMID: 31810205]
[87]
Fatoumata BA, Bah MS, Sene M, Sambou JK, Gueye MM, El Hadji Makhtar BA. Antidiabetic properties of Moringa oleifera: a review of the literature. J Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 11(1): 18-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JDE2019.0136]
[88]
Yassa HD, Tohamy AF. Extract of Moringa oleifera leaves ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in adult rats. Acta Histochem 2014; 116(5): 844-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2014.02.002] [PMID: 24657072]
[89]
Pandey A, Pandey RD, Tripathi P, et al. Moringa oleifera Lam. (Shijan) – A plant with a plethora of diverse therapeutic benefits: an updated retrospection. Med Aromat Plants 2012; 1(1): 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000101]
[90]
Subramonie S, Suryadevara N, Ganapathy B, Gokila DT. Molecular activities in Moringa oleifera Linn - review. Int J Res Pharm Sci 2020; 11(1): 140-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1798]
[91]
Somé AA, Belemtougri RG, Ouedraogo Y, Traoré A, Ouédraogo S. Effects of water crude leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) on normotensive rat blood pressure and isolated duodenum. J Physiol Pharmacol Advances 2015; 5: 771-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jppa.20151019011102]
[92]
Jacques AS, Arnaud SSS, Fréjus OOH, Jacques DT. Review on biological and immunomodulatory properties of Moringa oleifera in animal and human nutrition. Pharmacognosy Phytother 2020; 12(1): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JPP2019.0555]
[93]
Das D, Dash D, Mandal T, Kishore A, Bairy K. Protective effects of Moringa oleifera on experimentally induced gastric ulcer in rats. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2011; 2(2): 50-5.
[94]
Hegazi AG, Megeed KNA, Hassan SE, et al. Comparative ovicidal activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on Fasciola gigantica eggs. Vet World 2018; 11(2): 215-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.215-220] [PMID: 29657406]
[95]
El Shanawany EE, Fouad EA, Keshta HG, Hassan SE, Hegazi AG, Abdel-Rahman EH. Immunomodulatory effects of Moringa oleifera leaves aqueous extract in sheep naturally co-infected with Fasciola gigantica and Clostridium novyi. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43(4): 583-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-019-01130-6] [PMID: 31749528]
[96]
Singh VP, Arulanantham A, Parisipogula V, Arulanantham S, Biswas A. Moringa oleifera: nutrient dense food source and world’s most useful plant to ensure nutritional security, good health and eradication of malnutrition. Eur J Nutr Food Saf 2018; 8(4): 204-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/EJNFS/2018/42468]
[97]
Drue GE, Hurley S, Minor RC. Moringa oleifera tea alters neutrophil but not lymphocyte levels in blood of acutely stressed mice. Madridge J Immunol 2018; 2(1): 43-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18689/mjim-1000110]
[98]
El-Meidany WMR, Tayel DI, El-Nawawy AA. Effect of Moringa oleifera water extract on pyrexia: a case study. Can J Clin Nutri 2018; 6(2): 57-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14206/canad.j.clin.nutr.2018.02.05]
[99]
Attah A, Moody J, Sonibare M, et al. Aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaf used in Nigerian ethnomedicine alters conception and some pregnancy outcomes in Wistar rat. S Afr J Bot 2020; 129: 255-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.07.041]
[100]
Ododo A, Ojeka SO, Dapper VD. Ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on reproductive function following cadmium chloride induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 2019; 11: 352-7.
[101]
Arora DS, Onsare JG, Kaur H. Bioprospecting of Moringa (Moringaceae): microbiological perspective. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2013; 1(6): 193-215.
[102]
Awodele O, Oreagba IA, Odoma S, da Silva JA, Osunkalu VO. Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 139(2): 330-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.008] [PMID: 22138517]
[103]
Kasolo JN, Bimenya GS, Ojok L, Ogwal-Okeng JW. Sub-acute toxicity evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaves aqueous and ethanol extracts in Swiss albino rats. Int. J Med Plants Res 2012; 1(6): 75-81.
[104]
Namaganda A, Kasolo JN, Bbosa GS, et al. Protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine on Moringa Oleifera aqueous leaf xtract-induced hepatic toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Asian J Pharm Res Dev 2020; 8(3): 34-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v8i3.749]
[105]
Isitua CC, Ibeh IN. . Toxicological assessment of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and Caulis bambusae leaves in rabbits. J Clinic Toxicol 2013; S12-003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.S12-003]
[106]
Luqman S, Srivastava S, Kumar R, Maurya AK, Chanda D. Experimental assessment of Moringa oleifera leaf and fruit for its antistress, antioxidant and scavenging potential using in vitro and in vivo assays. 2012.
[107]
Ojo NA, Igwenagu E, Badau SJ, Sambo N, Ngulde SI, Adawaren EO, et al. Acute toxicity and effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on organs and tissues in rats. J Environ Issues Agric Dev Countries 2013; 5(2): 41-50.
[108]
Roger KK, Annick T. Phytochemical screening, acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) Lam 1885 on rats Wistar. J Med Plants Stud 2018; 6(3): 96-102.
[109]
Popoola JO, Aworunse OS, Oyesola LO, Akinnola OO, Obembe OO. A systematic review of pharmacological activities and safety of Moringa oleifera. J Herbmed Pharmacol 2020; 9(3): 174-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2020.24]
[110]
Kirana TM, Harijono H, Estiasih T, Sriwahyuni E. Effect of blanching treatments against protein content and amino acid drumstick leaves (Moringa oleifera). J Food Res 2013; 2(1): 101-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n1p101]
[111]
Saini RK, Manoj P, Shetty NP, Srinivasan K, Giridhar P. Relative bioavailability of folate from the traditional food plant Moringa oleifera L. as evaluated in a rat model. J Food Sci Technol 2016; 53(1): 511-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1828-x] [PMID: 26787970]
[112]
Dai J, Tao L, Shi C, Yang S, Li D, Sheng J. Fermentation improves calcium bioavailability in Moringa oleifera leaves and prevents bone loss in calcium-deficient rats. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 2020
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1653]
[113]
Fahey JW. Moringa oleifera medicinal potential and benefits. In: Palada MC, Ebert AW, Joshi RC, Eds. The Miracle Tree: Moringa oleifera. 2nd ed. USA: Xlibris Corporation 2019; pp. 494.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy