Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 0929-8673
ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in Chinese
Review Article

Negative Air Ions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Author(s): Alessandra Della Vecchia*, Federico Mucci, Andrea Pozza and Donatella Marazziti

Volume 28, Issue 13, 2021

Published on: 30 June, 2020

Page: [2521 - 2539] Pages: 19

DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200630104550

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Air ions (AIs) are clusters of ionized particles present in the atmosphere, carrying an electrical charge of negative or positive polarity. Past speculations suggested that exposure to positive air ions may be harmful, while exposure to negative air ions (NAIs) may be associated with beneficial health effects. Increasing attention has been directed towards investigating the potential effect of NAIs on human brain activities since initial observations of their beneficial effects on some cognitive processes and mood.

Aims: Given the paucity and scattered literature, our paper aims to review the available studies on potential positive effects of NAIs exposure on cognitive performances and depression.

Discussion: The review of the literature seems to confirm the effects of NAIs on several brain functions. Indeed, a significant association between NAIs exposure and both well-being and high cognitive performances has been described. Furthermore, exposure to high concentrations of NAIs could be related to the improvement of depressive symptoms.

Conclusion: A growing evidence of data, although not yet conclusive, would suggest that NAIs might improve cognitive processes. These findings require specific and urgent controlled trials adopting systems based on AIs release to possibly prevent and treat cognitive dysfunctions present in a broad range of neuropsychiatric conditions.

Keywords: Negative air ions, wellbeing, cognition, attention, memory, depression.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Simionca, Iu.; Enache, L. The experimental effect of artificial air ionization on some non-specific parameters of immune system of wistar rats. Balneo Res. J., 2011, 2, 27-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12680/balneo.2010.1009]
[2]
Griffin, J.E.; Kornblueh, I.H. Ionization of the air. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1962, 6(1), 29-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187010]
[3]
Jiang, S-Y.; Ma, A.; Ramachandran, S. Negative air ions and their effects on human health and air quality improvement. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(10), 2966.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102966] [PMID: 30274196]
[4]
Pino, O.; La Ragione, F. There’s something in the air: empirical evidence for the effects of negative air ions (nai) on psychophysiological state and performance. Res. Psychol. Behav. Sci., 2019, 1(4), 48-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/rpbs-1-4-1]]
[5]
Tom, G.; Poole, M.F.; Galla, J.; Berrier, J. The influence of negative air ions on human performance and mood. Hum. Factors, 1981, 23(5), 633-636.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872088102300513] [PMID: 7319500]
[6]
Iwama, H. Negative air ions created by water shearing improve erythrocyte deformability and aerobic metabolism. Indoor Air, 2004, 14(4), 293-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00254.x] [PMID: 15217482]
[7]
Iwama, H.; Ohmizo, H.; Furuta, S.; Ohmori, S.; Watanabe, K.; Kaneko, T.; Tsutsumi, K. Inspired superoxide anions attenuate blood lactate concentrations in postoperative patients. Crit. Care Med., 2002, 30(6), 1246-1249.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200206000-00014] [PMID: 12072676]
[8]
Iwama, H.; Ohmizo, H.; Obara, S. The relaxing effect of negative air ions on ambulatory surgery patients. Can. J. Anaesth., 2004, 51(2), 187-188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03018784] [PMID: 14766701]
[9]
Yamada, R.; Yanoma, S.; Akaike, M.; Tsuburaya, A.; Sugimasa, Y.; Takemiya, S.; Motohashi, H.; Rino, Y.; Takanashi, Y.; Imada, T. Water-generated negative air ions activate NK cell and inhibit carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Lett., 2006, 239(2), 190-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2005.08.002] [PMID: 16171944]
[10]
Bailey, W.H.; Williams, A.L.; Leonhard, M.J. Exposure of laboratory animals to small air ions: a systematic review of biological and behavioral studies. Biomed. Eng. Online, 2018, 17(1), 72-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12938-018-0499-z] [PMID: 29866122]
[11]
Perez, V.; Alexander, D.D.; Bailey, W.H. Air ions and mood outcomes: a review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 2013, 13(1), 29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-29] [PMID: 23320516]
[12]
Krueger, A.P.; Reed, E.J. Biological impact of small air ions. Science, 1976, 193(4259), 1209-1213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.959834] [PMID: 959834]
[13]
Jones, D.P.; O’Connor, S.A.; Collins, J.V.; Watson, B.W. Effect of long-term ionized air treatment on patients with bronchial asthma. Thorax, 1976, 31(4), 428-432.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.31.4.428] [PMID: 823659]
[14]
Soyka, F.; Edmonds, A.D. The ion effect: how air electricity rules your life and health; EP Dutton: New York, USA, 1977, p. 181.
[15]
Hawkins, L.H.; Barker, T. Air ions and human performance. Ergonomics, 1978, 21(4), 273-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140137808931724] [PMID: 668669]
[16]
Casarett, G.W. The effect of air ionization, electric fields, atmospherics and other electric phenomena on man and animal. Med. Phys., 1981, 8(5), 723-724.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.594846]
[17]
Charry, J.M.; Hawkinshire, F.B.V. Effects of atmospheric electricity on some substrates of disordered social behavior. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 1981, 41(1), 185-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.1.185] [PMID: 7310629]
[18]
Buckalew, L.W.; Rizzuto, A. Subjective response to negative air ion exposure. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 1982, 53(8), 822-823.
[PMID: 7181816]
[19]
Charry, J.M. Biological effects of small air ions: a review of findings and methods. Environ. Res., 1984, 34(2), 351-389.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(84)90104-X] [PMID: 6378618]
[20]
Baron, R.A. Effects of negative ions on cognitive performance. J. Appl. Psychol., 1987, 72(1), 131-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.1.131] [PMID: 3558248]
[21]
Eichmeier, H.; Rheinstein, J.; Schmeer, H. Investigations of the possible influence of atmospheric ions on human reaction time; Final Technical Report; US Department of Army, 1958.
[22]
Mcgurk, F.C.J. Psychological effects of artificially produced air ions. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 1959, 38(4), 136-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-195908000-00002]
[23]
Chiles, W.D.; Cleveland, J.M.; Fox, R.E. A study of the effects of ionized air on behavior; . WADD Technical Report, Ohio, 1960, 60-598..
[24]
Barron, C.I.; Dreher, J.J. Effects of electric fields and negative ion concentrations on test pilots. Aerosp. Med., 1964, 35, 20-23.
[PMID: 14101889]
[25]
Albrechtsen, O.; Clausen, V.; Christensen, F.G.; Jensen, J.G.; Møller, T. The influence of small atmospheric ions on human well-being and mental performance. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1978, 22(4), 249-262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01552806] [PMID: 750505]
[26]
Andrade, A.C.; Fernandes, C.; Verghese, L.; Andrade, C. Effect of negative ion atmospheric loading on cognitive performance in human volunteers. Indian J. Psychiatry, 1992, 34(3), 253-259.
[PMID: 21776128]
[27]
Arora, D.; Batra, P. Impact of negative air ion exposure on attention. Indian J. Health Wellbeing, 2014, 5(11), 1312-1315.
[28]
Morton, L.L.; Kershner, J.R. Negative air ionization improves memory and attention in learning-disabled and mentally retarded children. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol., 1984, 12(2), 353-365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00910673] [PMID: 6725789]
[29]
Morton, L.L.; Kershner, J.R. Differential negative air ion effects on learning disabled and normal-achieving children. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1990, 34(1), 35-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045818] [PMID: 2361776]
[30]
Wallner, P.; Kundi, M.; Panny, M.; Tappler, P.; Hutter, H-P. Exposure to air ions in indoor environments: experimental study with healthy adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2015, 12(11), 14301-14311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114301] [PMID: 26569277]
[31]
Chu, C-H.; Chen, S-R.; Wu, C-H.; Cheng, Y-C.; Cho, Y-M.; Chang, Y-K. The effects of negative air ions on cognitive function: an event-related potential (ERP) study. Int. J. Biometeorol., 2019, 63(10), 1309-1317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01745-7] [PMID: 31240386]
[32]
Johns, E.K.; Phillips, N.A.; Belleville, S.; Goupil, D.; Babins, L.; Kelner, N.; Ska, B.; Gilbert, B.; Massoud, F.; de Boysson, C.; Duncan, H.D.; Chertkow, H. The profile of executive functioning in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: disproportionate deficits in inhibitory control. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc., 2012, 18(3), 541-555.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617712000069] [PMID: 22370245]
[33]
Holmes, A.J.; Pizzagalli, D.A. Response conflict and frontocingulate dysfunction in unmedicated participants with major depression. Neuropsychologia, 2008, 46(12), 2904-2913.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.028] [PMID: 18577391]
[34]
Nascimento, C.; Nunes, V.P.; Diehl Rodriguez, R.; Takada, L.; Suemoto, C.K.; Grinberg, L.T.; Nitrini, R.; Lafer, B. A review on shared clinical and molecular mechanisms between bipolar disorder and frontotemporal dementia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2019, 93, 269-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.04.008] [PMID: 31014945]
[35]
Hart, H.; Radua, J.; Nakao, T.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Rubia, K. Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry, 2013, 70(2), 185-198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277] [PMID: 23247506]
[36]
Goel, N.; Terman, M.; Terman, J.S.; Macchi, M.M.; Stewart, J.W. Controlled trial of bright light and negative air ions for chronic depression. Psychol. Med., 2005, 35(7), 945-955.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705005027] [PMID: 16045061]
[37]
Flory, R.; Ametepe, J.; Bowers, B. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of bright light and high-density negative air ions for treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res., 2010, 177(1-2), 101-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.08.011] [PMID: 20381162]
[38]
Harmer, C.J.; Charles, M.; McTavish, S.; Favaron, E.; Cowen, P.J. Negative ion treatment increases positive emotional processing in seasonal affective disorder. Psychol. Med., 2012, 42(8), 1605-1612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002820] [PMID: 22152099]
[39]
Bowers, B.; Flory, R.; Ametepe, J.; Staley, L.; Patrick, A.; Carrington, H. Controlled trial evaluation of exposure duration to negative air ions for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res., 2018, 259, 7-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.040] [PMID: 29024857]
[40]
Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 2009, 6(7) , e1000097.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097] [PMID: 19621072]
[41]
Yates, A.; Gray, F.B.; Misiaszek, J.I.; Wolman, W. Air ions: past problems and future directions. Env. Int., 1986, 12(1), 99-108.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(86)90019-X]
[42]
Borra, J-P.; Roos, R.A.; Renard, D.; Lazar, H.; Goldman, A.; Goldman, M. Electrical and chemical consequences of point discharges in a forest during a mist and a thunderstorm. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 1997, 30(1), 84-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/30/1/011]
[43]
Kawano, T.; Sahashi, N.; Takahashi, K.; Uozumi, N.; Muto, S. Salicylic acid induces extracellular superoxide generation followed by an increase in cytosolic calcium ion in tobacco suspension culture: the earliest events in salicylic acid signal transduction. Plant Cell Physiol., 1998, 39, 721.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029426]
[44]
Wang, J.; Li, S.H. Changes in negative air ions concentration under different light intensities and development of a model to relate light intensity to directional change. J. Environ. Manage., 2009, 90(8), 2746-2754.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.003] [PMID: 19356839]
[45]
Jayaratne, E.R.; Ling, X.; Morawska, L. Role of vegetation in enhancing radon concentration and ion production in the atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45(15), 6350-6355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es201152g] [PMID: 21751819]
[46]
Lin, H.; Lin, J. Generation and determination of negative air ions. J. Anal. Test, 2017, 1, 6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41664-017-0007-7]
[47]
Wu, C-F.; Lai, C-H.; Chu, H-J.; Lin, W-H. Evaluating and mapping of spatial air ion quality patterns in a residential garden using a geostatistic method. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2011, 8(6), 2304-2319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8062304] [PMID: 21776231]
[48]
Wright, M.D.; Holden, N.K.; Shallcross, D.E.; Henshaw, D.L. Indoor and outdoor atmospheric ion mobility spectra, diurnal variation, and relationship with meteorological parameters: indoor/outdoor air ion mobility spectra. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2014, 119(6), 3251-3267.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020956]
[49]
Li, Y.; Guo, X.; Wang, T.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, H.; Wang, W. Characteristics of atmospheric small ions and their application to assessment of air quality in a typical semi-arid city of Northwest China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 2015, 15(3), 865-874.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.06.0123]
[50]
Žikić, M.; Rabi-Žikić, T. Meteoropathy and meteorosensitive persons. Med. Pregl., 2018, 71(3-4), 131-135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/MPNS1804131Z]
[51]
Mazza, M.; Di Nicola, M.; Catalano, V.; Callea, A.; Martinotti, G.; Harnic, D.; Bruschi, A.; Battaglia, C.; Janiri, L. Description and validation of a questionnaire for the detection of meteoropathy and meteorosensitivity: the METEO-Q. Compr. Psychiatry, 2012, 53(1), 103-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.002] [PMID: 21489419]
[52]
Hedge, A.; Collis, M.D. Do negative air ions affect human mood and performance? Ann. Occup. Hyg., 1987, 31(3), 285-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/31.3.285] [PMID: 3426028]
[53]
Balsamo, V.; Sirtori, P.G.; Miani, A., Jr; Di Francesco, A.; Franceschini, R.; Mauro, F.; Alberti, G.; Grassi, G. Meteoropathy: a syndrome continuously on the increase. Clin. Ter., 1992, 141(7), 3-8.
[PMID: 1505175]
[54]
Pawar, S.D.; Meena, G.S.; Jadhav, D.B. Air ion variation at poultry-farm, coastal, mountain, rural and urban sites in India. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 2012, 12(3), 444-455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2011.09.0148]
[55]
Franco, L.S.; Shanahan, D.F.; Fuller, R.A. A review of the benefits of nature experiences: more than meets the eye. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2017, 14(8), 864.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080864] [PMID: 28763021]
[56]
Skromulis, A.; Noviks, G. Atmospheric light air ion concentrations and related meteorologic factors in Rezekne city, Latvia. J. Environ. Biol., 2012, 33(Suppl. 2), 455-462.
[PMID: 23424851]
[57]
Ogungbe, A.S.; Akintoye, O.H.; Idowu, B. Effects of gaseous ions on the environment and human performance. Trends Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 6, 130-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tasr.2011.130.133]
[58]
Skromulis, A.; Breidaks, J.; Teirumnieks, E. Effect of atmospheric pollution on air ion concentration. Energy Procedia, 2017, 113, 231-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.04.059]
[59]
Hawkins, L.H. The influence of air ions, temperature and humidity on subjective wellbeing and comfort. J. Environ. Psychol., 1981, 1(4), 279-292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(81)80026-6]
[60]
Hawkins, L.H.; Morris, L. Air ions and the sick building syndrome. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, 1984, vol. 1, pp. 197-200.
[61]
Hedge, A.; Eleftherakis, E. Air ionization: an evaluation of its physiological and psychological effects. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 1982, 25(4), 409-419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/25.4.409] [PMID: 6762130]
[62]
Farmer, E.W.; Bendix, A. Geophysical variables and behavior: V. Human performance in ionized air. Percept. Mot. Skills, 1982, 54(2), 403-412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1982.54.2.403] [PMID: 7079068]
[63]
Buckalew, L.W.; Rizzuto, A.P. Negative air ion effects on human performance and physiological condition. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 1984, 55(8), 731-734.
[PMID: 6487210]
[64]
Baron, R.A.; Russell, G.W.; Arms, R.L. Negative ions and behavior: impact on mood, memory, and aggression among type A and type B persons. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 1985, 48(3), 746-754.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.3.746] [PMID: 3989668]
[65]
Nakane, H.; Asami, O.; Yamada, Y.; Ohira, H. Effect of negative air ions on computer operation, anxiety and salivary chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity. Int. J. Psychophysiol., 2002, 46(1), 85-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(02)00067-3] [PMID: 12374649]
[66]
Nakane, H. Stress-reducing effect of negative air ions. R&D Rev. Toyota CRDL, 2003, 38(2), 50-54.
[67]
Malik, A.; Singh, K.; Singh, M. Effect of negative air ions on physiological and perceived psychological stress during computer operation. Int. J. Environ. Health, 2010, 4(1), 67-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJENVH.2010.033035]
[68]
Takahashi, K.; Otsuki, T.; Mase, A.; Kawado, T.; Kotani, M.; Ami, K.; Matsushima, H.; Nishimura, Y.; Miura, Y.; Murakami, S.; Maeda, M.; Hayashi, H.; Kumagai, N.; Shirahama, T.; Yoshimatsu, M.; Morimoto, K. Negatively-charged air conditions and responses of the human psycho-neuro-endocrino-immune network. Environ. Int., 2008, 34(6), 765-772.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.01.003] [PMID: 18295333]
[69]
Skoluda, N.; Strahler, J.; Schlotz, W.; Niederberger, L.; Marques, S.; Fischer, S.; Thoma, M.V.; Spoerri, C.; Ehlert, U.; Nater, U.M. Intra-individual psychological and physiological responses to acute laboratory stressors of different intensity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2015, 51, 227-236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.002] [PMID: 25462896]
[70]
Shields, G.S.; Sazma, M.A.; Yonelinas, A.P. The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: a meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2016, 68, 651-668.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038] [PMID: 27371161]
[71]
Grafetstätter, C.; Gaisberger, M.; Prossegger, J.; Ritter, M.; Kolarž, P.; Pichler, C.; Thalhamer, J.; Hartl, A. Does waterfall aerosol influence mucosal immunity and chronic stress? A randomized controlled clinical trial. J. Physiol. Anthropol., 2017, 36(1), 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-016-0117-3] [PMID: 28086991]
[72]
Rockstroh, B.; Birbaumer, N.; Elbert, T.; Lutzenberger, W. Operant control of EEG and event-related and slow brain potentials. Biofeedback Self Regul., 1984, 9(2), 139-160.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998830] [PMID: 6509107]
[73]
Key, A.P.F.; Dove, G.O.; Maguire, M.J. Linking brainwaves to the brain: an ERP primer. Dev. Neuropsychol., 2005, 27(2), 183-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2702_1] [PMID: 15753046]
[74]
Donchin, E.; Ritter, W.; Mccallum, W.C. Cognitive psychophysiology: the endogenous components of the ERP. In: Event-related Brain Potentials in Man; Callaway, E.; Tueting, P.; Koslow, S.H., Eds.; Academic Press, 1978; pp. 349-411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-155150-6.50019-5]
[75]
Ritter, W.; Simson, R.; Vaughan, H.G. Jr. Event-related potential correlates of two stages of information processing in physical and semantic discrimination tasks. Psychophysiology, 1983, 20(2), 168-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03283.x] [PMID: 6844516]
[76]
Donkers, F.C.L.; van Boxtel, G.J.M. The N2 in go/no-go tasks reflects conflict monitoring not response inhibition. Brain Cogn., 2004, 56(2), 165-176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.04.005] [PMID: 15518933]
[77]
Kaiser, S.; Weiss, O.; Hill, H.; Markela-Lerenc, J.; Kiefer, M.; Weisbrod, M. N2 event-related potential correlates of response inhibition in an auditory Go/Nogo task. Int. J. Psychophysiol., 2006, 61(2), 279-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.09.006] [PMID: 16298004]
[78]
Goel, N.; Etwaroo, G.R. Bright light, negative air ions and auditory stimuli produce rapid mood changes in a student population: a placebo-controlled study. Psychol. Med., 2006, 36(9), 1253-1263.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706008002] [PMID: 16756690]
[79]
Deleanu, M.; Stamatiu, C. Influence of aeroionotherapy on some psychiatric symptoms. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1985, 29(1), 91-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189012] [PMID: 3997279]
[80]
Misiaszek, J.; Gray, F.; Yates, A. The calming effects of negative air ions on manic patients: a pilot study. Biol. Psychiatry, 1987, 22(1), 107-110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(87)90137-5] [PMID: 3790632]
[81]
Giannini, A.J.; Jones, B.T.; Loiselle, R.H.; Price, W.A. Anxiogenic effects of generated ambient cations-a preliminary study. Int. J. Psychiatry Med., 1986-1987, 16(3), 243-248.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/GM1H-2GBG-JK6R-VY2A] [PMID: 2433240]
[82]
Terman, M.; Terman, J.S. Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with a high-output negative ionizer. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 1995, 1(1), 87-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.1995.1.87] [PMID: 9395604]
[83]
Terman, M.; Terman, J.S.; Ross, D.C. A controlled trial of timed bright light and negative air ionization for treatment of winter depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1998, 55(10), 875-882.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.875] [PMID: 9783557]
[84]
Giannini, A.J.; Giannini, J.D.; Melemis, S.; Giannini, J.N. Treatment of acute mania with ambient air anionization: variants of climactic heat stress and serotonin syndrome. Psychol. Rep., 2007, 100(1), 157-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.1.157-163] [PMID: 17451018]
[85]
Terman, M.; Terman, J.S. Controlled trial of naturalistic dawn simulation and negative air ionization for seasonal affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2006, 163(12), 2126-2133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2126] [PMID: 17151164]
[86]
Dauphinais, D.R.; Rosenthal, J.Z.; Terman, M.; DiFebo, H.M.; Tuggle, C.; Rosenthal, N.E. Controlled trial of safety and efficacy of bright light therapy vs. negative air ions in patients with bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res., 2012, 196(1), 57-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.015] [PMID: 22424890]
[87]
Watanabe, I.; Noro, H.; Ohtsuka, Y.; Mano, Y.; Agishi, Y. Physical effects of negative air ions in a wet sauna. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1997, 40(2), 107-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050028] [PMID: 9140213]
[88]
Henríquez-Sánchez, P.; Doreste-Alonso, J.; Martínez-González, M.A.; Bes-Rastrollo, M.; Gea, A.; Sánchez-Villegas, A. Geographical and climatic factors and depression risk in the SUN project. Eur. J. Public Health, 2014, 24(4), 626-631.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku008] [PMID: 24567293]
[89]
Scheuch, G.; Gebhart, J.; Roth, C. Uptake of electrical charges in the human respiratory tract during exposure to air loaded with negative ions. J. Aerosol Sci., 1990, 21(Suppl. 1), S439-S442.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(90)90275-3]
[90]
Sulman, F.G.; Danon, A.; Pfeifer, Y.; Tal, E.; Weller, C.P. Urinalysis of patients suffering from climatic heat stress (Sharav). Int. J. Biometeorol., 1970, 14(1), 45-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01440676] [PMID: 5532525]
[91]
Krueger, A.P.; Smith, R.F. The biological mechanisms of air ion action. II. Negative air ion effects on the concentration and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mammalian respiratory tract. J. Gen. Physiol., 1960, 44(2), 269-276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.44.2.269] [PMID: 13754552]
[92]
Krueger, A.P.; Kotaka, S. The effects of air ions on brain levels of serotonin in mice. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1969, 13(1), 25-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02329576] [PMID: 5393639]
[93]
Gilbert, G.O. Effect of negative air ions upon emotionality and brain serotonin levels in isolated rats. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1973, 17(3), 267-275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01804620] [PMID: 4756240]
[94]
Giannini, A.J. Serotonin irritation syndrome: a hypothesis. Int. J. Psychiatry Med., 1979, 9(2), 199-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8YW8-8X11-T3HQ-X94Y] [PMID: 755024]
[95]
Diamond, M.C.; Connor, J.R., Jr; Orenberg, E.K.; Bissell, M.; Yost, M.; Krueger, A. Environmental influences on serotonin and cyclic nucleotides in rat cerebral cortex. Science, 1980, 210(4470), 652-654.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.6254145] [PMID: 6254145]
[96]
Giannini, A.J.; Jones, B.T.; Loiselle, R.H. Reversibility of serotonin irritation syndrome with atmospheric anions. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1986, 47(3), 141-143.
[PMID: 3949723]
[97]
Ryushi, T.; Kita, I.; Sakurai, T.; Yasumatsu, M.; Isokawa, M.; Aihara, Y.; Hama, K. The effect of exposure to negative air ions on the recovery of physiological responses after moderate endurance exercise. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1998, 41(3), 132-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050066] [PMID: 9531858]
[98]
Marazziti, D.; Perugi, G.; Cassano, G.B. Serotonin control on anxiety. In: Serotonin: From Cell Biology to Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Paoletti, R.; Vanhoutte, P.M.; Brunello, N.; Maggi, F.M., Eds.; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, 1990; pp. 543-548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1912-9_71]
[99]
Apter, A.; van Praag, H.M.; Plutchik, R.; Sevy, S.; Korn, M.; Brown, S-L. Interrelationships among anxiety, aggression, impulsivity, and mood: a serotonergically linked cluster? Psychiatry Res., 1990, 32(2), 191-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(90)90086-K] [PMID: 2367604]
[100]
Marazziti, D.; Lenzi, A.; Galli, L.; San Martino, S.; Cassano, G.B. Decreased platelet serotonin uptake in bipolar I patients. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 1991, 6(1), 25-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199100610-00004] [PMID: 2071887]
[101]
Marazziti, D.; Rotondo, A.; Presta, S.; Pancioli-Guadagnucci, M.L.; Palego, L.; Conti, L. Role of serotonin in human aggressive behaviour. Aggress. Behav., 1993, 19(5), 347-353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:5<347:AID-AB2480190503>3.0.CO;2-C]
[102]
Mahmood, T.; Silverstone, T. Serotonin and bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 2001, 66(1), 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00226-3] [PMID: 11532527]
[103]
Dayan, P.; Huys, Q.J.M. Serotonin, inhibition, and negative mood. PLoS Comput. Biol., 2008, 4(2) , e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0040004] [PMID: 18248087]
[104]
Marazziti, D.; Masala, I.; Baroni, S.; Polini, M.; Massimetti, G.; Giannaccini, G.; Betti, L.; Italiani, P.; Fabbrini, L.; Caglieresi, C.; Moschini, C.; Canale, D.; Lucacchini, A.; Mauri, M. Male axillary extracts modify the affinity of the platelet serotonin transporter and impulsiveness in women. Physiol. Behav., 2010, 100(4), 364-368.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.03.013] [PMID: 20347855]
[105]
Marazziti, D. Understanding the role of serotonin in psychiatric diseases. F1000 Res., 2017, 6, 180-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10094.1] [PMID: 28299200]
[106]
Yohn, C.N.; Gergues, M.M.; Samuels, B.A. The role of 5-HT receptors in depression. Mol. Brain, 2017, 10(1), 28-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13041-017-0306-y] [PMID: 28646910]
[107]
Krueger, A.P.; Andriese, P.C.; Kotaka, S. The biological mechanism of air ion action: the effect of carbon dioxide in inhaled air on the blood level or 5ht in mice. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1963, 7, 3-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189177]
[108]
Krueger, A.P.; Andriese, P.C.; Kotaka, S. The effets of inhaling non-ionized or positively ionized air containing 2-4 per cent CO2 on the blood levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine in mice. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1966, 10(1), 17-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01636117] [PMID: 6003439]
[109]
Krueger, A.P.; Andriese, P.C.; Kotaka, S. Small air ions: their effect on blood levels of serotonin in terms of modern physical theory. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1968, 12(3), 225-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01553423] [PMID: 5720054]
[110]
Malcolm, C.P.; Cowen, P.J.; Harmer, C.J. High-density negative ion treatment increases positive affective memory. Psychol. Med., 2009, 39(11), 1930-1932.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709990444] [PMID: 19619385]
[111]
Giannini, A.J.; Castellani, S.; Dvoredsky, A.E. Anxiety states: relationship to atmospheric cations and serotonin. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1983, 44(7), 262-264.
[PMID: 6190795]
[112]
Laza, V. Enhancing the human reactivity by using the negative air ions generators. In: International Conference on Advancements of Medicine and Health Care through Technology. IFMBE Proceeding, 2009. vol. 26, pp. 151-156
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04292-8_34]
[113]
Kisler, K.; Nelson, A.R.; Montagne, A.; Zlokovic, B.V. Cerebral blood flow regulation and neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2017, 18(7), 419-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.48] [PMID: 28515434]
[114]
Charry, J.M.; Bailey, W.H. Regional turnover of norepinephrine and dopamine in rat brain following acute exposure to air ions. Bioelectromagnetics, 1985, 6(4), 415-425.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250060408] [PMID: 3836681]
[115]
Kellogg, E.W., III; Yost, M.G.; Reed, E.J.; Krueger, A.P. Long-term biological effects of air ions and D.C. electric fields on NAMRU mice: first year report. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1985, 29(3), 253-268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189657] [PMID: 4055125]
[116]
Kellogg, E.W., III; Yost, M.G.; Reed, E.J.; Madin, S.H. Long-term biological effects of air ions and D.C. electric fields on NAMRU mice: second year report. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1985, 29(3), 269-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189658] [PMID: 4055126]
[117]
Dowdall, M.; De Montigny, C. Effect of atmospheric ions on hippocampal pyramidal neuron responsiveness to serotonin. Brain Res., 1985, 342(1), 103-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(85)91357-5] [PMID: 2412639]
[118]
Ju, K.; Kubo, T. Power spectral analysis of autonomic nervous activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biomed. Sci. Instrum., 1997, 33, 338-343.
[PMID: 9731382]
[119]
Suzuki, S.; Yanagita, S.; Amemiya, S.; Kato, Y.; Kubota, N.; Ryushi, T.; Kita, I. Effects of negative air ions on activity of neural substrates involved in autonomic regulation in rats. Int. J. Biometeorol., 2008, 52(6), 481-489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-007-0143-2] [PMID: 18188611]
[120]
Wiszniewski, A.; Suchanowski, A.; Wielgomas, B. Effects of air-ions on human circulatory indicators. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 2014, 23(2), 521-531.
[121]
Murray, N.P.; Russoniello, C. Acute physical activity on cognitive function: a heart rate variability examination. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback, 2012, 37(4), 219-227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10484-012-9196-z] [PMID: 22543813]
[122]
Herrington, L.P. The influence of ionized air upon normal subjects. J. Clin. Invest., 1935, 14(1), 70-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI100660] [PMID: 16694283]
[123]
Reilly, T.; Stevenson, I.C. An investigation of the effects of negative air ions on responses to submaximal exercise at different times of day. J. Hum. Ergol. (Tokyo), 1993, 22(1), 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.11183/jhe1972.22.1] [PMID: 8064146]
[124]
Friedmann, M.; Haber, P. The influence of negative air ions on the regulation of respiration and blood circulation under controlled physical stress, as well as on reaction time (author’s transl.). Wien. Med. Wochenschr., 1982, 132(5), 101-105.
[PMID: 7080507]
[125]
Wehner, A.P.; Ragan, H.A.; Jaffe, R.A.; Weigel, R.J.; Lundstrom, D.L. Effects of negatively charged aerosol on blood and cerebrospinal fluid parameters in rats. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1983, 27(3), 259-269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184241] [PMID: 6662599]
[126]
Rosenthal, I.; Ben-Hur, E. Superoxide involvement in negative air ion effects. Nature, 1980, 288(5792), 739-740.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/288739a0] [PMID: 6256644]
[127]
Goldstein, N.I.; Goldstein, R.N.; Merzlyak, M.N. Negative air ions as a source of superoxide. Int. J. Biometeorol., 1992, 36(2), 118-122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208923]
[128]
Goldstein, N. Reactive oxygen species as essential components of ambient air. Biochemistry (Mosc.), 2002, 67(2), 161-170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014405828966] [PMID: 11952412]
[129]
Tikhonov, V.P.; Tsvetkov, V.D.; Litvinova, E.G.; Sirota, T.V.; Kondrashova, M.N. Generation of negative air ions by plants upon pulsed electrical stimulation applied to soil. Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2004, 51(3), 414-419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:RUPP.0000028690.74805.e2]
[130]
Tikhonov, V.P.; Temnov, A.A.; Kushnir, V.A.; Sirota, T.V.; Litvinova, E.G.; Zakharchenko, M.V.; Kondrashova, M.N. Complex therapeutical effect of ionized air: stimulation of the immune system and decrease in excessive serotonin. H2O2 as a link between the two counterparts. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 2004, 32(4), 1661-1667.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2004.832629]
[131]
Devasagayam, T.P.; Tilak, J.C.; Boloor, K.K.; Sane, K.S.; Ghaskadbi, S.S.; Lele, R.D. Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 2004, 52, 794-804.
[PMID: 15909857]
[132]
McCord, J.M.; Fridovich, I. Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J. Biol. Chem., 1969, 244(22), 6049-6055.
[PMID: 5389100]
[133]
Chance, B.; Sies, H.; Boveris, A. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol. Rev., 1979, 59(3), 527-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1979.59.3.527] [PMID: 37532]
[134]
Kondrashove, M.N.; Grigorenko, E.V.; Tikhonov, A.V.; Sirota, T.V.; Temnov, A.V.; Stavrovskaja, I.G.; Kosyakova, N.I.; Lange, N.V.; Tikhonov, V.P. The primary physico-chemical mechanism for the beneficial biological/medical effects of negative air ions. Plasma Sci. IEEE Trans., 2000, 28, 230-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.842910]
[135]
Saakian, I.R.; Gogvadze, V.G.; Sirota, T.V.; Stavrovskaia, I.G.; Kondrashova, M.N. Physiologic activation of peroxidation by negative air ions. Biofizika, 1998, 43(4), 580-587.
[PMID: 9783063]
[136]
Kondrashova, M.N.; Grigorenko, E.V.; Temnov, A.V.; Okon, E.B.; Babskiĭ, A.M. Effect of negative hydro-aero ions on the structure and functional properties of mitochondria. Biofizika, 1987, 32(2), 313-322.
[PMID: 3034336]
[137]
Temnov, A.V.; Sirota, T.V.; Stavrovskaya, I.G.; Foigel, A.G.; Kondrashova, M.N. Effect of superoxide in air on structural organization and phosphorylating respiration of mitochondria. Biochemistry (Mosc.), 1997, 62(10), 1089-1095.
[PMID: 9461630]
[138]
Kosenko, E.A.; Kaminsky, YuG.; Stavrovskaya, I.G.; Sirota, T.V.; Kondrashova, M.N. The stimulatory effect of negative air ions and hydrogen peroxide on the activity of superoxide dismutase. FEBS Lett., 1997, 410(2-3), 309-312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00651-0] [PMID: 9237652]
[139]
Wrona, M.Z.; Dryhurst, G. Oxidation of serotonin by superoxide radical: implications to neurodegenerative brain disorders. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 1998, 11(6), 639-650.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx970185w] [PMID: 9625732]
[140]
Reddy Vanga, S.; Good, M.; Howard, P.A.; Vacek, J.L. Role of vitamin D in cardiovascular health. Am. J. Cardiol., 2010, 106(6), 798-805.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.04.042] [PMID: 20816120]
[141]
Gezen-Ak, D.; Dursun, E.; Yilmazer, S. The effect of vitamin D treatment on nerve growth factor (NGF) release from hippocampal neurons. Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi, 2014, 51(2), 157-162.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/npa.y7076] [PMID: 28360616]
[142]
Mozos, I.; Marginean, O. Links between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Res. Int., 2015, 2015, 109275.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/109275] [PMID: 26000280]
[143]
Uberti, F.; Morsanuto, V.; Molinari, C. Vitamin D in oxidative stress and diseases. In: A Critical Evaluation of Vitamin D; Intech Open, 2017; pp. 47-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64506]
[144]
Park, J.E.; Pichiah, P.B.T.; Cha, Y-S. Vitamin D and metabolic diseases: growing roles of vitamin D. J. Obes. Metab. Syndr., 2018, 27(4), 223-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7570/jomes.2018.27.4.223] [PMID: 31089567]
[145]
Gil, Á.; Plaza-Diaz, J.; Mesa, M.D. Vitamin D: classic and novel actions. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 2018, 72(2), 87-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486536] [PMID: 29346788]
[146]
Khairy, E.Y.; Attia, M.M. Protective effects of vitamin D on neurophysiologic alterations in brain aging: role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Nutr. Neurosci., 2019, 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2019.1665854] [PMID: 31524100]
[147]
Wilkins, C.H.; Sheline, Y.I.; Roe, C.M.; Birge, S.J.; Morris, J.C. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2006, 14(12), 1032-1040.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000240986.74642.7c] [PMID: 17138809]
[148]
Annweiler, C.; Allali, G.; Allain, P.; Bridenbaugh, S.; Schott, A-M.; Kressig, R.W.; Beauchet, O. Vitamin D and cognitive performance in adults: a systematic review. Eur. J. Neurol., 2009, 16(10), 1083-1089.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02755.x] [PMID: 19659751]
[149]
McCue, R.E.; Charles, R.A.; Orendain, G.C.M.; Joseph, M.D.; Abanishe, J.O. .Vitamin D deficiency among psychiatric in patients. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord., 2012, 14(2), PCC.11m01230..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/pcc.11m01230 ] [PMID: 22943031]
[150]
Littlejohns, T.J.; Henley, W.E.; Lang, I.A.; Annweiler, C.; Beauchet, O.; Chaves, P.H.M.; Fried, L.; Kestenbaum, B.R.; Kuller, L.H.; Langa, K.M.; Lopez, O.L.; Kos, K.; Soni, M.; Llewellyn, D.J. Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 2014, 83(10), 920-928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000755] [PMID: 25098535]
[151]
Milaneschi, Y.; Hoogendijk, W.; Lips, P.; Heijboer, A.C.; Schoevers, R.; van Hemert, A.M.; Beekman, A.T.F.; Smit, J.H.; Penninx, B.W.J.H. The association between low vitamin D and depressive disorders. Mol. Psychiatry, 2014, 19(4), 444-451.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.36] [PMID: 23568194]
[152]
Belzeaux, R.; Boyer, L.; Ibrahim, E.C.; Féron, F.; Leboyer, M.; Fond, G. Mood disorders are associated with a more severe hypovitaminosis D than schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res., 2015, 229(1-2), 613-616.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.039] [PMID: 26027439]
[153]
Boerman, R.; Cohen, D.; Schulte, P.F.J.; Nugter, A. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in adult outpatients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2016, 36(6), 588-592.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000580] [PMID: 27662458]
[154]
Feizabad, E.; Hossein-Nezhad, A.; Maghbooli, Z.; Ramezani, M.; Hashemian, R.; Moattari, S. Impact of air pollution on vitamin D deficiency and bone health in adolescents. Arch. Osteoporos., 2017, 12(1), 34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11657-017-0323-6] [PMID: 28378273]
[155]
Barrea, L.; Savastano, S.; Di Somma, C.; Savanelli, M.C.; Nappi, F.; Albanese, L.; Orio, F.; Colao, A. Low serum vitamin D-status, air pollution and obesity: a dangerous liaison. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord., 2017, 18(2), 207-214.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9388-6] [PMID: 27645613]
[156]
Dickerson, F.; Stallings, C.; Origoni, A.; Boronow, J.; Yolken, R. Elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein are associated with mania symptoms in outpatients with bipolar disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2007, 31(4), 952-955.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.02.018] [PMID: 17391822]
[157]
Pillai, J.A.; Maxwell, S.; Bena, J.; Bekris, L.M.; Rao, S.M.; Chance, M.; Lamb, B.T.; Leverenz, J.B. Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative. Key inflammatory pathway activations in the MCI stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol., 2019, 6(7), 1248-1262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acn3.50827] [PMID: 31353852]
[158]
Berk, M.; Kapczinski, F.; Andreazza, A.C.; Dean, O.M.; Giorlando, F.; Maes, M.; Yücel, M.; Gama, C.S.; Dodd, S.; Dean, B.; Magalhães, P.V.; Amminger, P.; McGorry, P.; Malhi, G.S. Pathways underlying neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2011, 35(3), 804-817.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.001] [PMID: 20934453]
[159]
Gross, A.L.; Walker, K.A.; Moghekar, A.R.; Pettigrew, C.; Soldan, A.; Albert, M.S.; Walston, J.D. Plasma markers of inflammation linked to clinical progression and decline during preclinical AD. Front. Aging Neurosci., 2019, 11, 229.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00229] [PMID: 31555121]
[160]
Tilton, B.E. Health effects of tropospheric ozone. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1989, 23(3), 257-263.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00180a002]
[161]
Mullins, J.T. Ambient air pollution and human performance: contemporaneous and acclimatization effects of ozone exposure on athletic performance. Health Econ., 2018, 27(8), 1189-1200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3667] [PMID: 29737586]
[162]
Casarett, G.W. The effect of air ionization, electric fields, atmospherics and other electric phenomena on man and animal, by F.G. Sulman. Med. Phys., 1981, 8(5), 723-724.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.594846]
[163]
Polich, J. Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2007, 118(10), 2128-2148.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019] [PMID: 17573239]
[164]
Shahaf, G. A Possible common neurophysiologic basis for mdd, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: lessons from electrophysiology. Front. Psychiatry, 2016, 7, 94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00094] [PMID: 27313546]
[165]
Hanatani, T.; Sumi, N.; Taguchi, S.; Fujimoto, O.; Nan-No, H.; Takeda, M. Event-related potentials in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2005, 59(1), 83-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01336.x] [PMID: 15679545]
[166]
Wiersema, R.; van der Meere, J.; Roeyers, H.; Van Coster, R.; Baeyens, D. Event rate and event-related potentials in ADHD. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2006, 47(6), 560-567.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01592.x] [PMID: 16712632]
[167]
Bennys, K.; Portet, F.; Touchon, J.; Rondouin, G. Diagnostic value of event-related evoked potentials N200 and P300 subcomponents in early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2007, 24(5), 405-412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0b013e31815068d5] [PMID: 17912065]
[168]
Herholz, K. Cerebral glucose metabolism in preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2010, 10(11), 1667-1673.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ern.10.136] [PMID: 20977325]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
55
1
World Chagas Disease
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy