Generic placeholder image

Current Radiopharmaceuticals

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1874-4710
ISSN (Online): 1874-4729

Review Article

Single Photon Emission Tomography in the Diagnostic Assessment of Cardiac and Vascular Infectious Diseases

Author(s): Ismaheel O. Lawal, Janke Kleyhans, Kgomotso M.G. Mokoala, Mariza Vorster, Thomas Ebenhan, Jan Rijn Zeevaart and Mike M. Sathekge*

Volume 14, Issue 3, 2021

Published on: 21 June, 2020

Page: [242 - 258] Pages: 17

DOI: 10.2174/1874471013666200621190001

Price: $65

Abstract

Cardiac and vascular infection is an arising cause of mortality and morbidity in the adult population. Diagnosis based on culture and anatomic imaging are frequently inconclusive. Radiolabeled leucocyte scintigraphy plays a useful role in the diagnosis and management of these serious infectious conditions. In this paper, we present an update on the diagnostic performance of single- photon emission tomographic (SPECT) techniques using different radionuclides in the management of patients with cardiac and vascular infections. We performed a thorough search of recent literature on the topic. We present a discussion on the clinical utility of different SPECT tracers in cardiac and vascular infections, including infective endocarditis, cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections, left ventricular assist device infection, and vascular graft infection. Radionuclide technique using SPECT tracers is a useful imaging modality in the diagnosis of cardiac infection. Among the different SPECT tracers for infection imaging, radiolabeled leucocyte scintigraphy is currently the most useful tool in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected cardiac and vascular infection. Radiolabeled leucocyte scintigraphy has a high specificity, a result of the ability of the leucocytes to accumulate as sites of pyogenic infection but not at sites of sterile inflammation such as seen in the early post-operative period or in response to the presence of a prosthetic cardiac or vascular material. Limited experience with radiotracers for in vivo labelling of leucocytes such as 99mTc-sulesomab and 99mTc-besilesomab show acceptable diagnostic performance without the need for the tedious process of ex-vivo labeling. 67Ga scintigraphy used to be popular for cardiac and vascular infection imaging. Its use has run out of favor following the availability of more effective molecular imaging methods. SPECT techniques with radiolabeled leucocyte scintigraphy has a high diagnostic performance in the evaluation of patients with suspected cardiac or vascular infection. It is able to confirm or reject the presence of infection when results of anatomic imaging or culture remain inconclusive. Its diagnostic performance is not compromised by sterile inflammation occurring in the early post-operative period or in response to implanted prosthetic materials.

Keywords: Infective endocarditis, prosthetic valve, cardiac implantable electronic device, left ventricular assist device, vascular graft infection, radiolabeled leucocyte scan, SPECT imaging.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Sollini, M.; Berchiolli, R.; Delgado Bolton, R.C.; Rossi, A.; Kirienko, M.; Boni, R.; Lazzeri, E.; Slart, R.; Erba, P.A. The “3M” approach to cardiovascular infections: Multimodality, multicenters and multidisciplinary. Semin. Nucl. Med., 2018, 48(3), 199-224.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.12.003] [PMID: 29626939]
[2]
Habib, G.; Erba, P.A.; Iung, B.; Donal, E.; Cosyns, B.; Laroche, C.; Popescu, B.A.; Prendergast, B.; Tornos, P.; Sadeghpour, A.; Oliver, L.; Vaskelyte, J.J.; Sow, R.; Axler, O.; Maggioni, A.P.; Lancellotti, P. EURO-ENDO Investigators. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. Eur. Heart J., 2019, 40(39), 3222-3232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz620] [PMID: 31504413]
[3]
Ortega-Loubon, C.; Muñoz-Moreno, M.F.; Andrés-García, I.; Álvarez, F.J.; Gómez-Sánchez, E.; Bustamante-Munguira, J.; Lorenzo-López, M.; Tamayo-Velasco, Á.; Jorge-Monjas, P.; Resino, S.; Tamayo, E.; Heredia-Rodríguez, M. Nosocomial vs. community-acquired infective endocarditis in Spain: Location, trends, clinical presentation, etiology, and survival in the 21st century. J. Clin. Med., 2019, 8(10), 1755.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101755] [PMID: 31652613]
[4]
Habib, G.; Lancellotti, P.; Antunes, M.J.; Bongiorni, M.G.; Casalta, J.P.; Del Zotti, F.; Dulgheru, R.; El Khoury, G.; Erba, P.A.; Iung, B.; Miro, J.M.; Mulder, B.J.; Plonska-Gosciniak, E.; Price, S.; Roos-Hesselink, J.; Snygg-Martin, U.; Thuny, F.; Tornos Mas, P.; Vilacosta, I.; Zamorano, J.L. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. Eur. Heart J., 2015, 36(44), 3075-3128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv319] [PMID: 26320109]
[5]
Erba, P.A.; Lancellotti, P.; Vilacosta, I.; Gaemperli, O.; Rouzet, F.; Hacker, M.; Signore, A.; Slart, R.H.J.A.; Habib, G. Recommendations on nuclear and multimodality imaging in IE and CIED infections. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2018, 45(10), 1795-1815.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-018-4025-0] [PMID: 29799067]
[6]
Yang, A.; Tan, C.; Daneman, N.; Hansen, M.S.; Habib, G.; Salaun, E.; Lavoute, C.; Hubert, S.; Adhikari, N.K.J. Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of embolism in infective endocarditis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2019, 25(2), 178-187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.08.010] [PMID: 30145401]
[7]
Bonzi, M.; Cernuschi, G.; Solbiati, M.; Giusti, G.; Montano, N.; Ceriani, E. Diagnostic accuracy of transthoracic echocardiography to identify native valve infective endocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern. Emerg. Med., 2018, 13(6), 937-946.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-018-1831-0] [PMID: 29546685]
[8]
Habib, G.; Badano, L.; Tribouilloy, C.; Vilacosta, I.; Zamorano, J.L.; Galderisi, M.; Voigt, J.U.; Sicari, R.; Cosyns, B.; Fox, K.; Aakhus, S. European Association of Echocardiography. Recommendations for the practice of echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Eur. J. Echocardiogr., 2010, 11(2), 202-219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jeq004] [PMID: 20223755]
[9]
Habib, G.; Derumeaux, G.; Avierinos, J.F.; Casalta, J.P.; Jamal, F.; Volot, F.; Garcia, M.; Lefevre, J.; Biou, F.; Maximovitch-Rodaminoff, A.; Fournier, P.E.; Ambrosi, P.; Velut, J.G.; Cribier, A.; Harle, J.R.; Weiller, P.J.; Raoult, D.; Luccioni, R. Value and limitations of the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1999, 33(7), 2023-2029.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00116-3] [PMID: 10362209]
[10]
Lawal, I.O.; Ankrah, A.O.; Stoltz, A.C.; Sathekge, M.M. Radionuclide imaging of inflammation in atherosclerotic vascular disease among people living with HIV infection: current practice and future perspective. Eur. J. Hybrid Imaging, 2019, 3, 5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41824-019-0053-7]
[11]
Bucerius, J.; Dijkgraaf, I.; Mottaghy, F.M.; Schurgers, L.J. Target identification for the diagnosis and intervention of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques beyond 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging: promising tracers on the horizon. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2019, 46(1), 251-265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-018-4176-z] [PMID: 30302506]
[12]
Lawal, I.; Sathekge, M. F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging of cardiac and vascular inflammation and infection. Br. Med. Bull., 2016, 120(1), 55-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldw035] [PMID: 27613996]
[13]
Lawal, I.; Zeevaart, J.; Ebenhan, T.; Ankrah, A.; Vorster, M.; Kruger, H.G.; Govender, T.; Sathekge, M. Metabolic imaging of infection. J. Nucl. Med., 2017, 58(11), 1727-1732.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.191635] [PMID: 28818989]
[14]
de Vries, E.F.J.; Roca, M.; Jamar, F.; Israel, O.; Signore, A. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (99m)Tc-HMPAO. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2010, 37(4), 842-848.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-010-1394-4] [PMID: 20198473]
[15]
Roca, M.; de Vries, E.F.J.; Jamar, F.; Israel, O.; Signore, A. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (111)In-oxine. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2010, 37(4), 835-841.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-010-1393-5] [PMID: 20198474]
[16]
Erba, P.A.; Glaudemans, A.W.J.M.; Veltman, N.C.; Sollini, M.; Pacilio, M.; Galli, F.; Dierckx, R.A.J.O.; Signore, A. Image acquisition and interpretation criteria for 99mTc-HMPAO-labelled white blood cell scintigraphy: results of a multicentre study. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2014, 41(4), 615-623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-013-2631-4] [PMID: 24276757]
[17]
Glaudemans, A.W.J.M.; Israel, O.; Slart, R.H.J.A. Pitfalls and limitations of radionuclide and hybrid imaging in infection and inflammation. Semin. Nucl. Med., 2015, 45(6), 500-512.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2015.02.005] [PMID: 26522392]
[18]
Palestro, C.J.; Kim, C.K.; Swyer, A.J.; Vallabhajosula, S.; Goldsmith, S.J. Radionuclide diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis: indium-111-leukocyte and technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate bone scintigraphy. J. Nucl. Med., 1991, 32(10), 1861-1865.
[PMID: 1919723]
[19]
Tornos, P.; Iung, B.; Permanyer-Miralda, G.; Baron, G.; Delahaye, F.; Gohlke-Bärwolf, Ch.; Butchart, E.G.; Ravaud, P.; Vahanian, A. Infective endocarditis in Europe: lessons from the Euro heart survey. Heart, 2005, 91(5), 571-575.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2003.032128] [PMID: 15831635]
[20]
Murdoch, D.R.; Corey, G.R.; Hoen, B.; Miró, J.M.; Fowler, V.G., Jr; Bayer, A.S.; Karchmer, A.W.; Olaison, L.; Pappas, P.A.; Moreillon, P.; Chambers, S.T.; Chu, V.H.; Falcó, V.; Holland, D.J.; Jones, P.; Klein, J.L.; Raymond, N.J.; Read, K.M.; Tripodi, M.F.; Utili, R.; Wang, A.; Woods, C.W.; Cabell, C.H. International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch. Intern. Med., 2009, 169(5), 463-473.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2008.603] [PMID: 19273776]
[21]
Erba, P.A.; Conti, U.; Lazzeri, E.; Sollini, M.; Doria, R.; De Tommasi, S.M.; Bandera, F.; Tascini, C.; Menichetti, F.; Dierckx, R.A.J.O.; Signore, A.; Mariani, G. Added value of 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte SPECT/CT in the characterization and management of patients with infectious endocarditis. J. Nucl. Med., 2012, 53(8), 1235-1243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.111.099424] [PMID: 22787109]
[22]
Hyafil, F.; Rouzet, F.; Lepage, L.; Benali, K.; Raffoul, R.; Duval, X.; Hvass, U.; Iung, B.; Nataf, P.; Lebtahi, R.; Vahanian, A.; Le Guludec, D. Role of radiolabelled leucocyte scintigraphy in patients with a suspicion of prosthetic valve endocarditis and inconclusive echocardiography. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2013, 14(6), 586-594.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jet029] [PMID: 23456094]
[23]
Rouzet, F.; Chequer, R.; Benali, K.; Lepage, L.; Ghodbane, W.; Duval, X.; Iung, B.; Vahanian, A.; Le Guludec, D.; Hyafil, F. Respective performance of 18F-FDG PET and radiolabeled leukocyte scintigraphy for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. J. Nucl. Med., 2014, 55(12), 1980-1985.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.114.141895] [PMID: 25453046]
[24]
Caobelli, F. wollenweber, T.; Bavendiek, U.; Kühn, C.; Schütze, C.; Geworski, L.; Thackeray, J.T.; Bauersachs, J.; Haverich, A.; Bengel, F.M. Simultaneous dual-isotope solid-state detector SPECT for improved tracking of white cells in suspected endocarditis. Eur. Heart J., 2017, 38, 436-443.
[PMID: 27469371]
[25]
Juneau, D.; Golfam, M.; Hazra, S.; Erthal, F.; Zuckier, L.S.; Bernick, J.; Wells, G.A.; Beanlands, R.S.B.; Chow, B.J.W. Molecular Imaging for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cardiol., 2018, 253, 183-188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.10.116] [PMID: 29137818]
[26]
Holcman, K.; Szot, W.; Rubiś, P.; Leśniak-Sobelga, A.; Hlawaty, M.; Wiśniowska-Śmiałek, S.; Małecka, B.; Ząbek, A.; Boczar, K.; Stępień, A.; Podolec, P.; Kostkiewicz, M. 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte SPECT/CT and transthoracic echocardiography diagnostic value in infective endocarditis. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2019, 35(4), 749-758.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-018-1487-x] [PMID: 30382475]
[27]
Gomes, A.; Glaudemans, A.W.J.M.; Touw, D.J.; van Melle, J.P.; Willems, T.P.; Maass, A.H.; Natour, E.; Prakken, N.H.J.; Borra, R.J.H.; van Geel, P.P.; Slart, R.H.J.A.; van Assen, S.; Sinha, B. Diagnostic value of imaging in infective endocarditis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2017, 17(1), e1-e14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30141-4] [PMID: 27746163]
[28]
Flemming, H.C.; Wingender, J.; Szewzyk, U.; Steinberg, P.; Rice, S.A.; Kjelleberg, S. Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2016, 14(9), 563-575.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94] [PMID: 27510863]
[29]
Piras, V.; Chiow, A.; Selvarajoo, K. Long-range order and short-range disorder in Sacchromyces cerevisiae biofilm. Eng. Biol., 2019, 3, 12-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/enb.2018.5008]
[30]
Slomka, P.J.; Miller, R.J.H.; Hu, L.H.; Germano, G.; Berman, D.S. State of the art: Solid-state detector SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. J. Nucl. Med., 2019, 60(9), 1194-1204. Epub ahead of print on
[31]
Cantoni, V.; Sollini, M.; Green, R.; Berchiolli, R.; Lazzeri, E.; Mannarino, T.; Acampa, W.; Erba, P.A. Comprehensive meta-analysis on [18F] FDG PET/CT and radiolabeled leukocyte SPECT-SPECT/CT imaging in infectious endocarditis and cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Clin. Transl. Imaging, 2018, 6, 3-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40336-018-0265-z]
[32]
Mond, H.G.; Irwin, M.; Ector, H.; Proclemer, A. The world survey of cardiac pacing and cardioverter-defibrillators: calendar year 2005 an International Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology Society (ICPES) project. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol., 2008, 31(9), 1202-1212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01164.x] [PMID: 18834475]
[33]
Uslan, D.Z.; Tleyjeh, I.M.; Baddour, L.M.; Friedman, P.A.; Jenkins, S.M.; St Sauver, J.L.; Hayes, D.L. Temporal trends in permanent pacemaker implantation: a population-based study. Am. Heart J., 2008, 155(5), 896-903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2007.12.022] [PMID: 18440339]
[34]
Blomström-Lundqvist, C.; Traykov, V.; Erba, P.A.; Burri, H.; Nielsen, J.C.; Bongiorni, M.G.; Poole, J.; Boriani, G.; Costa, R.; Deharo, J.C.; Epstein, L.M.; Saghy, L.; Snygg-Martin, U.; Starck, C.; Tascini, C.; Strathmore, N. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections - endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 2019, 57(2020), e1-e31. Epub ahead of print on
[35]
Greenspon, A.J.; Patel, J.D.; Lau, E.; Ochoa, J.A.; Frisch, D.R.; Ho, R.T.; Pavri, B.B.; Kurtz, S.M. 16-year trends in the infection burden for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the United States 1993 to 2008. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2011, 58(10), 1001-1006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.04.033] [PMID: 21867833]
[36]
Dai, M.; Cai, C.; Vaibhav, V.; Sohail, M.R.; Hayes, D.L.; Hodge, D.O.; Tian, Y.; Asirvatham, R.; Cochuyt, J.J.; Huang, C.; Friedman, P.A.; Cha, Y.M. Trends of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection in 3 decades: A population-based study. JACC Clin. Electrophysiol., 2019, 5(9), 1071-1080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2019.06.016] [PMID: 31537337]
[37]
Gitenay, E.; Molin, F.; Blais, S.; Tremblay, V.; Gervais, P.; Plourde, B.; Jacques, F.; Steinberg, C.; Sarrazin, J.F.; Charbonneau, É.; Parent, H.; O’Hara, G.E.; Champagne, J.; Philippon, F. cardiac implantable electronic device infection: detailed analysis of cost implications. Can. J. Cardiol., 2018, 34(8), 1026-1032.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2018.05.001] [PMID: 30049357]
[38]
Bongiorni, M.G.; Burri, H.; Deharo, J.C.; Starck, C.; Kennergren, C.; Saghy, L.; Rao, A.; Tascini, C.; Lever, N.; Kutarski, A.; Fernandez Lozano, I.; Strathmore, N.; Costa, R.; Epstein, L.; Love, C.; Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 EHRA expert consensus statement on lead extraction: recommendations on definitions, endpoints, research trial design, and data collection requirements for clinical scientific studies and registries: endorsed by APHRS/HRS/LAHRS. Europace, 2018, 20(7), 1217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/europace/euy050] [PMID: 29566158]
[39]
Erba, P.A.; Sollini, M.; Conti, U.; Bandera, F.; Tascini, C.; De Tommasi, S.M.; Zucchelli, G.; Doria, R.; Menichetti, F.; Bongiorni, M.G.; Lazzeri, E.; Mariani, G. Radiolabeled WBC scintigraphy in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected device-related infections. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2013, 6(10), 1075-1086.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.08.001] [PMID: 24011775]
[40]
Małecka, B.A.; Ząbek, A.; Dębski, M.; Szot, W.; Holcman, K.; Boczar, K.; Ulman, M.; Lelakowski, J.; Kostkiewicz, M. The usefulness of SPECT-CT with radioisotope-labeled leukocytes in diagnosing lead-dependent infective endocarditis. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med., 2019, 28(1), 113-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17219/acem/92315] [PMID: 30411545]
[41]
Calais, J.; Touati, A.; Grall, N.; Laouénan, C.; Benali, K.; Mahida, B.; Vigne, J.; Hyafil, F.; Iung, B.; Duval, X.; Lepage, L.; Le Guludec, D.; Rouzet, F. Diagnostic impact of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and white blood cell SPECT/computed tomography in patients with suspected cardiac implantable electronic device chronic infection. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2019, 12(7), e007188.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.007188] [PMID: 31291779]
[42]
Benjamin, E.J.; Blaha, M.J.; Chiuve, S.E.; Cushman, M.; Das, S.R.; Deo, R.; de Ferranti, S.D.; Floyd, J.; Fornage, M.; Gillespie, C.; Isasi, C.R.; Jiménez, M.C.; Jordan, L.C.; Judd, S.E.; Lackland, D.; Lichtman, J.H.; Lisabeth, L.; Liu, S.; Longenecker, C.T.; Mackey, R.H.; Matsushita, K.; Mozaffarian, D.; Mussolino, M.E.; Nasir, K.; Neumar, R.W.; Palaniappan, L.; Pandey, D.K.; Thiagarajan, R.R.; Reeves, M.J.; Ritchey, M.; Rodriguez, C.J.; Roth, G.A.; Rosamond, W.D.; Sasson, C.; Towfighi, A.; Tsao, C.W.; Turner, M.B.; Virani, S.S.; Voeks, J.H.; Willey, J.Z.; Wilkins, J.T.; Wu, J.H.Y.; Alger, H.M.; Wong, S.S.; Muntner, P. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2017, 135(10), e146-e603.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485] [PMID: 28122885]
[43]
de By, T.M.M.H.; Mohacsi, P.; Gahl, B.; Zittermann, A.; Krabatsch, T.; Gustafsson, F.; Leprince, P.; Meyns, B.; Netuka, I.; Caliskan, K.; Castedo, E.; Musumeci, F.; Vincentelli, A.; Hetzer, R.; Gummert, J. EUROMACS members. The European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) of the European Association for Cradio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): second report. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 2018, 53, 309-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezx320] [PMID: 29029117]
[44]
Tattevin, P.; Flécher, E.; Auffret, V.; Leclercq, C.; Boulé, S.; Vincentelli, A.; Dambrin, C.; Delmas, C.; Barandon, L.; Veniard, V.; Kindo, M.; Cardi, T.; Gaudard, P.; Rouvière, P.; Sénage, T.; Jacob, N.; Defaye, P.; Chavanon, O.; Verdonk, C.; Para, M.; Pelcé, E.; Gariboldi, V.; Pozzi, M.; Grinberg, D.; Savouré, A.; Litzler, P.Y.; Babatasi, G.; Belin, A.; Garnier, F.; Bielefeld, M.; Hamon, D.; Lellouche, N.; Bernard, L.; Bourguignon, T.; Eschalier, R.; D’Ostrevy, N.; Jouan, J.; Varlet, E.; Vanhuyse, F.; Blangy, H.; Martins, R.P.; Galand, V. Risk factors and prognostic impact of left ventricular assist device-associated infections. Am. Heart J., 2019, 214, 69-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2019.04.021] [PMID: 31174053]
[45]
Hannan, M.M.; Husain, S.; Mattner, F.; Danziger-Isakov, L.; Drew, R.J.; Corey, G.R.; Schueler, S.; Holman, W.L.; Lawler, L.P.; Gordon, S.M.; Mahon, N.G.; Herre, J.M.; Gould, K.; Montoya, J.G.; Padera, R.F.; Kormos, R.L.; Conte, J.V.; Mooney, M.L. International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Working formulation for the standardization of definitions of infections in patients using ventricular assist devices. J. Heart Lung Transplant., 2011, 30(4), 375-384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.717] [PMID: 21419995]
[46]
Litzler, P.Y.; Manrique, A.; Etienne, M.; Salles, A.; Edet-Sanson, A.; Vera, P.; Bessou, J.P.; Hitzel, A. Leukocyte SPECT/CT for detecting infection of left-ventricular-assist devices: preliminary results. J. Nucl. Med., 2010, 51(7), 1044-1048.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.109.070664] [PMID: 20554736]
[47]
de Vaugelade, C.; Mesguich, C.; Nubret, K.; Camou, F.; Greib, C.; Dournes, G.; Debordeaux, F.; Hindie, E.; Barandon, L.; Tlili, G. Infections in patients using ventricular-assist devices: Comparison of the diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET/CT scan and leucocyte-labeled scintigraphy. J. Nucl. Cardiol., 2019, 26(1), 42-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12350-018-1323-7] [PMID: 29948892]
[48]
Mohananey, D.; Mohadjer, A.; Pettersson, G.; Navia, J.; Gordon, S.; Shrestha, N.; Grimm, R.A.; Rodriguez, L.L.; Griffin, B.P.; Desai, M.Y. Association of vegetation size with embolic risk in patients with infective endocarditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern. Med., 2018, 178(4), 502-510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.8653] [PMID: 29459947]
[49]
Baddour, L.M.; Wilson, W.R.; Bayer, A.S.; Fowler, V.G.; Tleyjeh, I.M.; Rybak, M.J.; Barsic, B.; Lockhart, P.B.; Gewitz, M.H.; Levison, M.E.; Bolger, A.F.; Steckelberg, J.M.; Baltimore, R.S.; Fink, A.M.; O’Gara, P.; Taubert, K.A. American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever. Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Stroke Council. Circulation, 2015, 132, 1435-1435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000296] [PMID: 26373316]
[50]
Lauridsen, T.K.; Iversen, K.K.; Ihlemann, N.; Hasbak, P.; Loft, A.; Berthelsen, A.K.; Dahl, A.; Dejanovic, D.; Albrecht-Beste, E.; Mortensen, J.; Kjær, A.; Bundgaard, H.; Bruun, N.E. Clinical utility of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan vs. 99mTc-HMPAO white blood cell single-photon emission computed tomography in extra-cardiac work-up of infective endocarditis. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2017, 33(5), 751-760.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10554-016-1047-1] [PMID: 28050751]
[51]
Kagna, O.; Kurash, M.; Ghanem-Zoubi, N.; Keidar, Z.; Israel, O. Does antibiotic treatment affect the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT studies in patients with suspected infectious processes? J. Nucl. Med., 2017, 58(11), 1827-1830.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.192062] [PMID: 28473596]
[52]
O’Brien, K.; Barnes, D.; Martin, R.H.; Rae, J.R. Gallium-SPECT in the detection of prosthetic valve endocarditis and aortic ring abscess. J. Nucl. Med., 1991, 32(9), 1791-1793.
[PMID: 1880582]
[53]
Desai, S.P.; Yuille, D.L. The unsuspected complications of bacterial endocarditis imaged by gallium-67 scanning. J. Nucl. Med., 1993, 34(6), 955-957.
[PMID: 8509864]
[54]
Pena, F.J.; Banzo, I.; Quirce, R.; Vallina, N.K.; Hernández, A.; Guede, C.; Carril, J.M. Ga-67 SPECT to detect endocarditis after replacement of an aortic valve. Clin. Nucl. Med., 2002, 27(6), 401-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200206000-00002] [PMID: 12045429]
[55]
Yavari, A.; Ayoub, T.; Livieratos, L.; Raman, V.; McWilliams, E.T. Diagnosis of prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis with gallium-67 citrate single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography hybrid imaging using software registration. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2009, 2(6), e41-e43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.854661] [PMID: 19920033]
[56]
McWilliams, E.T.; Yavari, A.; Raman, V. Aortic root abscess: multimodality imaging with computed tomography and gallium-67 citrate single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography hybrid imaging. J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr., 2011, 5(2), 122-124.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2010.10.004] [PMID: 21130063]
[57]
Levy, D.T. Minamoto, Da Silva, R.; Puius, Y.A.; Peck, N.; Goldstein, D.; D’Alessandro, D.; Muggia, V.A. Role of Gallium SPECT/CT in the diagnosis of left ventricular assist device infections. ASAIO J., 2015, 61, e5-e10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAT.0000000000000167] [PMID: 25419830]
[58]
Kimura, Y.; Seguchi, O.; Mochizuki, H.; Iwasaki, K.; Toda, K.; Kumai, Y.; Kuroda, K.; Nakajima, S.; Tateishi, E.; Watanabe, T.; Matsumoto, Y.; Fukushima, S.; Kiso, K.; Yanase, M.; Fujita, T.; Kobayashi, J.; Fukushima, N. role of Gallium-SPECT-CT in the management of patients with ventricular assist device-specific percutaneous driveline infection. J. Card. Fail., 2019, 25(10), 795-802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.08.009] [PMID: 31454687]
[59]
Vorster, M.; Maes, A.; Wiele, Cv.; Sathekge, M. Gallium-68 PET: A powerful generator-based alternative to infection and inflammation imaging. Semin. Nucl. Med., 2016, 46(5), 436-447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.04.005] [PMID: 27553469]
[60]
Vorster, M.; Buscombe, J.; Saad, Z.; Sathekge, M. Past and future of Ga-citrate for infection and inflammation imaging. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2018, 24(7), 787-794.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666171129200611] [PMID: 29189131]
[61]
Ankrah, A.O.; Lawal, I.O.; Boshomane, T.M.G.; Klein, H.C.; Ebenhan, T.; Dierckx, R.A.J.O.; Vorster, M.; Glaudemans, A.W.J.M.; Sathekge, M.M. Comparison of Fluorine(18)-fluorodeoxyglucose and Gallium(68)-citrate PET/CT in patients with tuberculosis. Nucl. Med. (Stuttg.), 2019, 58(5), 371-378.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1000-6951] [PMID: 31486054]
[62]
Becker, W.; Borst, U.; Fischbach, W.; Pasurka, B.; Schäfer, R.; Börner, W. Kinetic data of in-vivo labeled granulocytes in humans with a murine Tc-99m-labelled monoclonal antibody. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 1989, 15(7), 361-366.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00449225] [PMID: 2776795]
[63]
Sousa, R.; Massada, M.; Pereira, A.; Fontes, F.; Amorim, I.; Oliveira, A. Diagnostic accuracy of combined 99mTc-sulesomab and 99mTc-nanocolloid bone marrow imaging in detecting prosthetic joint infection. Nucl. Med. Commun., 2011, 32(9), 834-839.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0b013e3283496695] [PMID: 21799370]
[64]
Rubello, D.; Rampin, L.; Banti, E.; Massaro, A.; Cittadin, S.; Cattelan, A.M.; Al-Nahhas, A. Diagnosis of infected total knee arthroplasty with anti-granulocyte scintigraphy: the importance of a dual-time acquisition protocol. Nucl. Med. Commun., 2008, 29(4), 331-335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0b013e3282f401d6] [PMID: 18317296]
[65]
Schiavo, R.; Ricci, A.; Pontillo, D.; Bernardini, G.; Melacrinis, F.F.; Maccafeo, S. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead infection detected by 99mTc-sulesomab single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography ‘fusion’ imaging. J. Cardiovasc. Med. (Hagerstown), 2009, 10(11), 883-884.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0b013e32832b35dd] [PMID: 19680133]
[66]
Gratz, S.; Schipper, M.L.; Dörner, J.; Höffken, H.; Becker, W.; Kaiser, J.W.; Béhé, M.; Behr, T.M. LeukoScan for imaging infection in different clinical settings: a retrospective evaluation and extended review of the literature. Clin. Nucl. Med., 2003, 28(4), 267-276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.RLU.0000057613.86093.73] [PMID: 12642703]
[67]
Palestro, C.J. Radionuclide imaging of musculoskeletal infection: A review. J. Nucl. Med., 2016, 57(9), 1406-1412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.157297] [PMID: 27390160]
[68]
Richter, W.S.; Ivancevic, V.; Meller, J.; Lang, O.; Le Guludec, D.; Szilvazi, I.; Amthauer, H.; Chossat, F.; Dahmane, A.; Schwenke, C.; Signore, A. 99mTc-besilesomab (Scintimun) in peripheral osteomyelitis: comparison with 99mTc-labelled white blood cells. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2011, 38(5), 899-910.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-011-1731-2] [PMID: 21321791]
[69]
Morguet, A.J.; Munz, D.L.; Ivancević, V.; Werner, G.S.; Sandrock, D.; Bökemeier, M.; Kreuzer, H. Immunoscintigraphy using technetium-99m-labeled anti-NCA-95 antigranulocyte antibodies as an adjunct to echocardiography in subacute infective endocarditis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1994, 23(5), 1171-1178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)90607-6] [PMID: 8144785]
[70]
Bouter, C.; Meller, B.; Sahlmann, C.O.; Meller, J. 99mTc-besilesomab-SPECT/CT in infectious endocarditis: Upgrade of a forgotten method? Front. Med. (Lausanne), 2019, 6, 40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00040] [PMID: 30873410]
[71]
Belhocine, T.Z.; Blankenberg, F.G.; Kartachova, M.S.; Stitt, L.W.; Vanderheyden, J.L.; Hoebers, F.J.; Van de Wiele, C. (99m)Tc-Annexin A5 quantification of apoptotic tumor response: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical imaging trials. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2015, 42(13), 2083-2097.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-015-3152-0] [PMID: 26275392]
[72]
Hu, Y.; Liu, G.; Zhang, H.; Li, Y.; Gray, B.D.; Pak, K.Y.; Choi, H.S.; Cheng, D.; Shi, H. A comparison of [99mTc]Duramycin and [99mTc]Annexin V in SPECT/CT imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. Mol. Imaging Biol., 2018, 20(2), 249-259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11307-017-1111-9] [PMID: 28785938]
[73]
Kawai, H.; Chaudhry, F.; Shekhar, A.; Petrov, A.; Nakahara, T.; Tanimoto, T.; Kim, D.; Chen, J.; Lebeche, D.; Blankenberg, F.G.; Pak, K.Y.; Kolodgie, F.D.; Virmani, R.; Sengupta, P.; Narula, N.; Hajjar, R.J.; Strauss, H.W.; Narula, J. Molecular imaging of apoptosis in ischemia reperfusion injury with radiolabeled duramycin targeting phosphatidylethanolamine: Effective target uptake and reduced nontarget organ radiation burden. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2018, 11(12), 1823-1833.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.11.037] [PMID: 29454770]
[74]
Durack, D.T. Experimental bacterial endocarditis. IV. Structure and evolution of very early lesions. J. Pathol., 1975, 115(2), 81-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1711150204] [PMID: 1151519]
[75]
Oyen, W.J.G.; Boerman, O.C.; Brouwers, F.M.; Barrett, J.A.; Verheugt, F.W.A.; Ruiter, D.J.; Corstens, F.H.M.; van der Meer, J.W.W. Scintigraphic detection of acute experimental endocarditis with the technetium-99m labelled glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist DMP444. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 2000, 27(4), 392-399.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002590050521] [PMID: 10805111]
[76]
Brouwers, F.M.; Oyen, W.J.G.; Boerman, O.C.; Barrett, J.A.; Verheugt, F.W.A.; Corstens, F.H.M.; Van der Meer, J.W.W. Evaluation of Tc-99m-labeled glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist DMP444 SPECT in patients with infective endocarditis. Clin. Nucl. Med., 2003, 28(6), 480-484.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.RLU.0000067508.82824.75] [PMID: 12911097]
[77]
Shiraev, T.; Barrett, S.; Heywood, S.; Mirza, W.; Hunter-Dickson, M.; Bradshaw, C.; Hardman, D.; Neilson, W.; Bradshaw, S. Incidence, management, and outcomes of aortic graft infection. Ann. Vasc. Surg., 2019, 59, 73-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2019.01.027] [PMID: 31009718]
[78]
Piffaretti, G.; Dorigo, W.; Ottavi, P.; Pulli, R.; Bush, R.L.; Castelli, P.; Pratesi, C. Propaten Italian Registry Group. Prevalence and risk factors for heparin-bonded expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft infection after infrainguinal femoropopliteal bypasses. J. Vasc. Surg., 2019, 70(4), 1299-1307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2019.03.023] [PMID: 31147126]
[79]
Batt, M.; Camou, F.; Coffy, A.; Feugier, P.; Senneville, E.; Caillon, J.; Calvet, B.; Chidiac, C.; Laurent, F.; Ravest, M.; Daures, J.P. Research Group for Vascular Graft Infection. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. (Torino), 2019.
[80]
Wilson, W.R.; Bower, T.C.; Creager, M.A.; Amin-Hanjani, S.; O’Gara, P.T.; Lockhart, P.B.; Darouiche, R.O.; Ramlawi, B.; Derdeyn, C.P.; Bolger, A.F.; Levison, M.E.; Taubert, K.A.; Baltimore, R.S.; Baddour, L.M. American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; and Stroke Council. Vascular graft infections, mycotic aneurysms, and Endovascular Infections: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2016, 134(20), e412-e460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000457] [PMID: 27737955]
[81]
Antonello, R.M.; D’Oria, M.; Cavallaro, M.; Dore, F.; Cova, M.A.; Ricciardi, M.C.; Comar, M.; Campisciano, G.; Lepidi, S.; De Martino, R.R.; Chiarandini, S.; Luzzati, R.; Di Bella, S. Management of abdominal aortic prosthetic graft and endograft infections. A multidisciplinary update. J. Infect. Chemother., 2019, 25(9), 669-680.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2019.05.013] [PMID: 31182331]
[82]
Liberatore, M.; Misuraca, M.; Calandri, E.; Rizzo, L.; Speziale, F.; Iurilli, A.P.; Anagnostou, C. White blood cell scintigraphy in the diagnosis of infection of endovascular prostheses within the first month after implantation. Med. Sci. Monit., 2006, 12(3), MT5-MT9.
[PMID: 16501430]
[83]
Khaja, M.S.; Sildiroglu, O.; Hagspiel, K.; Rehm, P.K.; Cherry, K.J.; Turba, U.C. Prosthetic vascular graft infection imaging. Clin. Imaging, 2013, 37(2), 239-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.07.008] [PMID: 23465974]
[84]
Erba, P.A.; Leo, G.; Sollini, M.; Tascini, C.; Boni, R.; Berchiolli, R.N.; Menichetti, F.; Ferrari, M.; Lazzeri, E.; Mariani, G. Radiolabelled leucocyte scintigraphy versus conventional radiological imaging for the management of late, low-grade vascular prosthesis infections. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 2014, 41(2), 357-368.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-013-2582-9] [PMID: 24142027]
[85]
Liberatore, M.; Iurilli, A.P.; Ponzo, F.; Prosperi, D.; Santini, C.; Baiocchi, P.; Rizzo, L.; Speziale, F.; Fiorani, P.; Colella, A.C. Clinical usefulness of technetium-99m-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte scan in prosthetic vascular graft infection. J. Nucl. Med., 1998, 39(5), 875-879.
[PMID: 9591592]
[86]
Shahidi, S.; Eskil, A.; Lundof, E.; Klaerke, A.; Jensen, B.S. Detection of abdominal aortic graft infection: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and indium-labeled white blood cell scanning. Ann. Vasc. Surg., 2007, 21(5), 586-592.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2007.03.018] [PMID: 17823040]
[87]
Puges, M.; Bérard, X.; Ruiz, J.B.; Debordeaux, F.; Desclaux, A.; Stecken, L.; Pereyre, S.; Hocquelet, A.; Bordenave, L.; Pinaquy, J.B.; Cazanave, C. Retrospective study comparing WBC scan and 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with suspected prosthetic vascular graft infection. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg., 2019, 57(6), 876-884.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.12.032] [PMID: 31130421]
[88]
Reinders Folmer, E.I.; Von Meijenfeldt, G.C.I.; Van der Laan, M.J.; Glaudemans, A.W.J.M.; Slart, R.H.J.A.; Saleem, B.R.; Zeebregts, C.J. Diagnostic imaging in vascular graft infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg., 2018, 56(5), 719-729.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.07.010] [PMID: 30122333]
[89]
Bar-Shalom, R.; Yefremov, N.; Guralnik, L.; Keidar, Z.; Engel, A.; Nitecki, S.; Israel, O. SPECT/CT using 67Ga and 111In-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy for diagnosis of infection. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47(4), 587-594.
[PMID: 16595491]
[90]
Chiesa, R.; Melissano, G.; Castellano, R.; Fernandez Zamora, C.; Astore, D.; Samuel, A.; Paganelli, G.; Fazio, F.; Grossi, A. Avidin and 111In-labelled biotin scan: a new radioisotopic method for localising vascular graft infection. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg., 1995, 10(4), 405-414.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1078-5884(05)80162-5] [PMID: 7489208]
[91]
Samuel, A.; Paganelli, G.; Chiesa, R.; Sudati, F.; Calvitto, M.; Melissano, G.; Grossi, A.; Fazio, F. Detection of prosthetic vascular graft infection using avidin/indium-111-biotin scintigraphy. J. Nucl. Med., 1996, 37(1), 55-61.
[PMID: 8544003]
[92]
Lawal, I.; Fourie, B.; Mathebula, M.; Moagi, I.; Lengana, T.; Moeketsi, N.; Nchebeleng, M.; Hatherill, M.; Sathekge, M. FDG-PET/CT as a non-invasive biomarker for assessing adequacy of treatment and predicting relapse in patients treated for pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Nucl. Med., 2019, 61(3), 412-417.
[93]
Sathekge, M.M.; Ankrah, A.O.; Lawal, I.; Vorster, M. Monitoring response to therapy. Semin. Nucl. Med., 2018, 48(2), 166-181.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.10.004] [PMID: 29452619]
[94]
Lawal, I.O.; Popoola, G.O.; Lengana, T.; Ankrah, A.O.; Ebenhan, T.; Sathekge, M.M. Diagnostic utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT in fever of unknown origin among patients with end-stage renal disease treated with renal replacement therapy. Hell. J. Nucl. Med., 2019, 22(1), 70-75.
[PMID: 30843013]
[95]
Chareonthaitawee, P.; Beanlands, R.S.; Chen, W.; Dorbala, S.; Miller, E.J.; Murthy, V.L.; Birnie, D.H.; Chen, E.S.; Cooper, L.T.; Tung, R.H.; White, E.S.; Borges-Neto, S.; Di Carli, M.F.; Gropler, R.J.; Ruddy, T.D.; Schindler, T.H.; Blankstein, R. NAME OF COLLAB GROUP. Joint SNMMI-ASNC expert consensus document on the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in cardiac sarcoid detection and therapy monitoring. J. Nucl. Med., 2017, 58(8), 1341-1353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.196287] [PMID: 28765228]
[96]
Mathieu, C.; Mikaïl, N.; Benali, K.; Iung, B.; Duval, X.; Nataf, P.; Jondeau, G.; Hyafil, F.; Le Guludec, D.; Rouzet, F. Characterization of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake pattern in noninfected prosthetic heart valves. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2017, 10(3), e005585.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005585] [PMID: 28298285]
[97]
Keidar, Z.; Pirmisashvili, N.; Leiderman, M.; Nitecki, S.; Israel, O. 18F-FDG uptake in noninfected prosthetic vascular grafts: incidence, patterns, and changes over time. J. Nucl. Med., 2014, 55(3), 392-395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.128173] [PMID: 24516259]
[98]
Chen, W.; Sajadi, M.M.; Dilsizian, V. Merits of FDG PET/CT and functional molecular imaging over anatomic imaging with echocardiography and CT angiography for the diagnosis of cardiac device infections. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2018, 11(11), 1679-1691.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.08.026] [PMID: 30409329]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy