Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Therapy

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1574-8855
ISSN (Online): 2212-3903

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Neuro-AIDS: Current Status and Challenges to Antiretroviral Drug Therapy (ART) for Its Treatment

Author(s): Smita P. Kakad* and Sanjay J. Kshirsagar

Volume 15, Issue 5, 2020

Page: [469 - 481] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1574885515666200604123046

Price: $65

Abstract

Introduction: The infiltration of HIV into the brain alters the functions of the nervous system known as Neuro-AIDS. It leads to neuronal defects clinically manifested by motor and cognitive dysfunctions.

Materials and Methods: Current antiretroviral therapy can prevent viral replication but cannot cure the disease completely. HAART-Highly active antiretroviral therapy is used for the treatment of HIV infection. Challenges in neuro-AIDS therapy are as shown in the graphical abstract. One of the challenges is latent viral reservoirs like the brain; which act as a sanctuary site for viruses. Nearly ~50% of HIV patients show neuropathological signs. Nervous system related disorders, including AIDS dementia, sensory neuropathy, and myelopathy have a 25% of prevalence in patients having access to a highly active combination of antiretroviral therapy.

Results and Conclusions: Brain is one of the viral sanctuary sites for HIV. The current need of neuro-AIDS therapy is to target the brain as a viral reservoir. Drugs should cross or bypass the blood-brain barrier to reach the brain with effective concentrations. Current research on novel drug delivery approaches may prove helpful in treating neuro-AIDS and related disorders effectively.

Keywords: HIV, Neuro-AIDS, brain, current antiretroviral therapy, dementia, neuro-AIDS challenges.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
McArthur JC. HIV dementia: an evolving disease. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 157(1-2): 3-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.042] [PMID: 15579274]
[2]
World Health Organization Health Topic Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids/#tab=tab_1
[3]
McArthur JC, Brew BJ, Nath A. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4(9): 543-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70165-4] [PMID: 16109361]
[4]
Glossary of HIV/AIDS and related terms AIDS Info US Government source for information on HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and research 8th. 2015. Available from: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary
[5]
de Almeida SM, Letendre S, Ellis R. Human immunodeficiency virus and the central nervous system. Braz J Infect Dis 2006; 10(1): 41-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702006000100009] [PMID: 16767315]
[6]
Global H. IV AIDS Statistics - 2018 fact sheet. Available from: www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
[7]
Kanmogne GD, Singh S, Roy U, et al. Mononuclear phagocyte intercellular crosstalk facilitates transmission of cell-targeted nanoformulated antiretroviral drugs to human brain endothelial cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7: 2373-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S29454] [PMID: 22661891]
[8]
Kuo YC, Su FL. Int J Pharm Transport of stavudine, delavirdine, and saquinavir across the blood-brain barrier by polybutylcyanoacrylate, methylmethacrylate -sulfopropylmethacrylate, and solid lipid nanoparticles 2007; 340(1-2): 143-52.
[9]
Montenegro-Burke JR, Woldstad CJ, Fang M, et al. Nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy attenuates brain metabolic oxidative stress. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56(4): 2896-907.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1273-8] [PMID: 30069830]
[10]
Hirlekar RS, Momin AM. Advances in drug delivery from nose to brain: an overview. Curr Drug Ther 2018; 13: 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885512666170921145204]
[11]
Gupta S, Kesarla R, Omri A. Approaches for CNS delivery of drugs - nose to brain targeting of antiretroviral agents as a potential attempt for complete elimination of major reservoir site of HIV to aid AIDS treatment. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16(3): 287-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2019.1583206] [PMID: 30779602]
[12]
Pereira CF, Nottet HSLM. The blood-brain barrier in HIV-associated Dementia. NeuroAids 2000; 3: 2.
[13]
Shapshak P, Kangueane P, Fujimura RK, et al. Editorial neuroAIDS review. AIDS 2011; 25(2): 123-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328340fd42] [PMID: 21076277]
[14]
Wiley CA, Schrier RD, Nelson JA, Lampert PW, Oldstone MB. Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83(18): 7089-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.18.7089] [PMID: 3018755]
[15]
Vazeux R, Brousse N, Jarry A, et al. AIDS subacute encephalitis. Identification of HIV-infected cells. Am J Pathol 1987; 126(3): 403-10.
[PMID: 3548405]
[16]
Koenig S, Gendelman HE, Orenstein JM, et al. Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy. Science 1986; 233(4768): 1089-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3016903] [PMID: 3016903]
[17]
Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Ellis RJ, et al. CHARTER Group; HNRC Group. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors. J Neurovirol 2011; 17(1): 3-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-010-0006-1] [PMID: 21174240]
[18]
Masliah E, Achim CL, Ge N, DeTeresa R, Terry RD, Wiley CA. Spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neocortical damage. Ann Neurol 1992; 32(3): 321-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410320304] [PMID: 1416802]
[19]
Kumar S, Maurya VK, Dandu HR, Bhatt MLB, Saxena SK. Global Perspective of Novel Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of NeuroAIDS. Biomol Concepts 2018; 9(1): 33-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2018-0005] [PMID: 29742062]
[20]
Gras G, Kaul M. Molecular mechanisms of neuroinvasion by monocytes-macrophages in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2010; 7: 30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-7-30] [PMID: 20374632]
[21]
Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, et al. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 2007; 69(18): 1789-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b] [PMID: 17914061]
[22]
Navia BA, Jordan BD, Price RW. The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Ann Neurol 1986; 19(6): 517-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410190602] [PMID: 3729308]
[23]
Cole MA, Castellon SA, Perkins AC, et al. Relationship between psychiatric status and frontal-subcortical systems in HIV-infected individuals. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007; 13(3): 549-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S135561770707066X] [PMID: 17445305]
[24]
Klunder AD, Chiang MC, Dutton RA, et al. Mapping cerebellar degeneration in HIV/AIDS. Neuroreport 2008; 19(17): 1655-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328311d374] [PMID: 18806691]
[25]
Power C, Boissé L, Rourke S, Gill MJ. NeuroAIDS: an evolving epidemic. Can J Neurol Sci 2009; 36(3): 285-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0317167100007009] [PMID: 19534327]
[26]
Sharma SR, Hussain M, Habung H. Neurological manifestations of HIV-AIDS at a tertiary care institute in North Eastern India. Neurol India 2017; 65(1): 64-8.
[PMID: 28084240]
[27]
Sidtis JJ, Price RW. Early HIV-1 infection and the AIDS dementia complex. Neurology 1990; 40(2): 323-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.40.2.323] [PMID: 2300258]
[28]
Minagar A, Bradley R, Harris R, Jenner P. International Review of Neurobiology. Neurobiol Dementia 2009; 84: 252-3.
[29]
Descamps M, Hyare H, Stebbing J, Winston A. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the brain in HIV disease. J HIV Ther 2008; 13(3): 55-8.
[PMID: 19039299]
[30]
Mayeux R. Biomarkers: potential uses and limitations. NeuroRx 2004; 1(2): 182-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1602/neurorx.1.2.182] [PMID: 15717018]
[31]
ART guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. National AIDS Control Organization, Department of AIDS control, Ministry of health and family welfare of India 2013.http://naco.gov.in
[32]
Tarasów E, Wiercińska-Drapało A, Kubas B, et al. Cerebral MR spectroscopy in neurologically asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Acta Radiol 2003; 44(2): 206-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0455.2003.00028.x] [PMID: 12694109]
[33]
Elyse J. Singer, April D. Thames, Neurobehavioral Manifestations of HIV/AIDS: Diagnosis and Treatment. Neurol Clin 2016; 34(1): 33-53.
[PMID: 26613994]
[34]
Minagar A, Commins D, Alexander JS, Hoque R, Chiappelli F, Singer EJ. Diagnostics for NeuroAIDS: present and future. Mol Diagn Ther 2008; 12: 25-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03256266] [PMID: 18288880]
[35]
National anti-retroviral therapy guidelines 2009. Available from: www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/nepal_art.pdf
[36]
Drugs that fight HIV-1. A reference guide for prescription HIV-1 medication Turning Discovery into Health Published by The US Department of Health and Human Services, National institute of health 2016; NIH Publication No 16-7628 2016. Available from: aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/upload/HIV_Pill_Brochure.pdf
[37]
Drugs licensed in the European Union 2019. Available from: www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/a-z-antiretroviral-medications
[38]
Miller KD, Cameron M, Wood LV, Dalakas MC, Kovacs JA. Lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis associated with use of stavudine: report of four cases. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133(3): 192-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00010] [PMID: 10906833]
[39]
Abel S, Russell D, Whitlock LA, Ridgway CE, Nedderman ANR, Walker DK. Assessment of the absorption, metabolism and absolute bioavailability of maraviroc in healthy male subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 65(Suppl. 1): 60-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03137.x] [PMID: 18333867]
[40]
Rathbun RC, Liedtke MD, Miller MM. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection 2019. Available from: emedicine.medscape.com/article/1533218-overview
[41]
Günthard HF, Calvez V, Paredes R, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance: 2018 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68(2): 177-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy463] [PMID: 30052811]
[42]
HIV/AIDS Key Facts WHO Available from www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids
[43]
Richman DD, Chemotherapy HIV. HIV chemotherapy. Nature 2001; 410(6831): 995-1001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35073673] [PMID: 11309630]
[44]
Drug Interactions HIV. HIV drug interactions interaction checker University of Liverpool Available from: www.hiv-druginteractions.org
[45]
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV. Available from: aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines
[46]
Richman DD, Margolis DM, Delaney M, Greene WC, Hazuda D, Pomerantz RJ. The challenge of finding a cure for HIV infection. Science 2009; 323(5919): 1304-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1165706] [PMID: 19265012]
[47]
Nair M, Jayant RD, Kaushik A, Sagar V. Getting into the brain: Potential of nanotechnology in the management of NeuroAIDS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103: 202-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.008] [PMID: 26944096]
[48]
Marban C, Forouzanfar F, Ait-Ammar A, et al. Targeting the brain reservoirs: Toward an HIV cure. Front Immunol 2016; 7: 397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00397] [PMID: 27746784]
[49]
Lamers SL, Gray RR, Salemi M, Huysentruyt LC, McGrath MS. HIV-1 phylogenetic analysis shows HIV-1 transits through the meninges to brain and peripheral tissues. Infect Genet Evol 2011; 11(1): 31-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2010.10.016] [PMID: 21055482]
[50]
Bednar MM, Sturdevant CB, Tompkins LA, et al. Compartmentalization, viral evolution, and viral latency of HIV in the CNS. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2015; 12(2): 262-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-015-0265-9] [PMID: 25914150]
[51]
Stekler J, Collier AC. Primary HIV infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2004; 1(2): 68-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-004-0010-2] [PMID: 16091225]
[52]
Kearney MF, Spindler J, Shao W, et al. Lack of detectable HIV-1 molecular evolution during suppressive antiretroviral therapy. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10(3)e1004010
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004010]] [PMID: 24651464]
[53]
Agwu AL, Fairlie L. Antiretroviral treatment, management challenges and outcomes in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents. J Int AIDS Soc 2013; 16: 18579.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.18579] [PMID: 23782477]
[54]
Hazra R, Siberry GK, Mofenson LM. Growing up with HIV: children, adolescents, and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Annu Rev Med 2010; 61: 169-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.050108.151127] [PMID: 19622036]
[55]
Zalcibatine (Hivid). Available from: http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=ar-01-03
[56]
Zalcibatine factsheet number 412. Available from: http://www.aidsinfonet.org./fact_sheets/view/1000
[57]
Delavirdine factsheet number 433 Available from: http://www.aidsinfonet.org./fact_sheets/view/1000
[58]
HIV NNRTI’s Dosing & Uses Available from: https://reference. qa01.medscape.com/drug/rescriptor-delavirdine-342607
[59]
Abah IO, Ncube NBQ, Bradley HA. AgbaJi OO, Kanki P. Antiretroviral therapy-associated adverse drug reactions and their effects on virologic failure- A retrospective Cohort Study in Nigeria. Curr HIV Res 2018; 16(6): 436-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450120666190214144609] [PMID: 30767743]
[60]
FDA-approved antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV infection 2018. Available from https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/21/58/fda-approved-hiv-medicines
[61]
Groothuiss DR, Levy RM. Antiviral drug entry into CNS. J Neurovirol 1997; 3: 387-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13550289709031185]
[62]
Mishra D, Jindal A. Lipid based nanocarriers for delivery of anti-HIV drugs: a mini review. Nanosci Nanotechnol Asia 2018; 8: 172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681207666170612084243]
[63]
Durai RD. Drug delivery approaches of an antiviral drug: a comprehensive review 2015; 1-12.
[64]
Mishra N, Sharma S, Deshmukh R, Kumar A, Sharma R. Development and characterization of nasal delivery of selegiline hydrochloride loaded nanolipid carriers for the management of Parkinson’s disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2019; 19(1): 46-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871524919666181126124846] [PMID: 30474538]
[65]
Fiandra L, Capetti A, Sorrentino L, Corsi F. Nanoformulated antiretrovirals for penetration of the central nervous system: state of the art. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12(1): 17-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-016-9716-3] [PMID: 27832401]
[66]
Kessler PA. Potential role of regulatory T cells in mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Curr HIV Res 2018; 16(6): 396-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162X17666190213094624] [PMID: 30760190]
[67]
Saravanan M, Asmalash T, Gebrekidan A, et al. Nano-Medicine as a newly emerging approach to combat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Pharm Nanotechnol 2018; 6(1): 17-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211738506666180209095710] [PMID: 29424324]
[68]
Kaushik A, Jayant RD, Nair M. Nanomedicine for neuroHIV/AIDS management. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13(7): 669-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0005] [PMID: 29485351]
[69]
Rodriguez M, Kaushik A, Lapierre J, Dever SM, El-Hage N, Nair M. Electro-magnetic nano-particle bound beclin1 siRNA crosses the blood-brain barrier to attenuate the inflammatory effects of HIV-1 infection in vitro. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12(1): 120-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-016-9688-3] [PMID: 27287620]
[70]
Ansari H, Singh P. Formulation and in-vivo evaluation of novel topical gel of lopinavir for targeting HIV. Curr HIV Res 2018; 16(4): 270-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570162X16666180924101650] [PMID: 30246641]
[71]
Jayant RD, Atluri VS, Agudelo M, Sagar V, Kaushik A, Nair M. Sustained-release nanoART formulation for the treatment of neuroAIDS. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10: 1077-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S76517] [PMID: 25709433]
[72]
Fiandra L, Colombo M, Mazzucchelli S, et al. Nanoformulation of antiretroviral drugs enhances their penetration across the blood brain barrier in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 11(6): 1387-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.009] [PMID: 25839392]
[73]
Mahajan HS, Mahajan MS, Nerkar PP, Agrawal A. Nanoemulsion-based intranasal drug delivery system of saquinavir mesylate for brain targeting. Drug Deliv 2014; 21(2): 148-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2013.838014] [PMID: 24128122]
[74]
Nair M, Guduru R, Liang P, Hong J, Sagar V, Khizroev S. Externally controlled on-demand release of anti-HIV drug using magneto-electric nanoparticles as carriers. Nat Commun 2013; 4: 1707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2717] [PMID: 23591874]
[75]
Dalal V, Vats R, Ravi PR. preparation and evaluation of lopinavirmucoadhesive thermoreversible gels for intranasal delivery for anti-retroviral therapy Conference Paper, Conference: control release society Indian chapter.
[76]
Prabhakar K, Afzal SM, Surender G, Kishan V. Tween 80 containing lipid nanoemulsions for delivery of indinavir to brain. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013; 3: 345-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2013.08.001]
[77]
Joshy KS, Sharma CP. Blood compatible nanostructured lipid carriers for the enhanced delivery of azidothymidine to brain. Adv Sci Lett 2012; 6: 47-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2012.2021]
[78]
Shegokar R, Singh KK. Surface modified nevirapine nanosuspensions for viral reservoir targeting: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2011; 421(2): 341-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.041] [PMID: 21986114]
[79]
Nowacek AS, McMillan J, Miller R, Anderson A, Rabinow B, Gendelman HE. Nanoformulated antiretroviral drug combinations extend drug release and antiretroviral responses in HIV-1-infected macrophages: implications for neuroAIDS therapeutics. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5(4): 592-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-010-9198-7] [PMID: 20237859]
[80]
Mahajan SD, Roy I, Xu G, et al. Enhancing the delivery of anti retroviral drug “Saquinavir” across the blood brain barrier using nanoparticles. Curr HIV Res 2010; 8(5): 396-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016210791330356] [PMID: 20426757]
[81]
Saiyed ZM, Gandhi NH, Nair MP. Magnetic nanoformulation of azidothymidine 5′-triphosphate for targeted delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5: 157-66.
[PMID: 20463931]
[82]
Kuo YC, Chen HH. Entrapment and release of saquinavir using novel cationic solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2009; 365(1-2): 206-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.022] [PMID: 18848610]
[83]
Chattopadhyay N, Zastre J, Wong HL, Wu XY, Bendayan R. Solid lipid nanoparticles enhance the delivery of the HIV protease inhibitor, atazanavir, by a human brain endothelial cell line. Pharm Res 2008; 25(10): 2262-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9615-2] [PMID: 18516666]
[84]
Patel AA, Patel RJ, Patel SR. Nanomedicine for Intranasal Delivery to Improve Brain Uptake. Curr Drug Deliv 2018; 15(4): 461-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201814666171013150534] [PMID: 29034836]
[85]
Semwal R, Upadhyaya K, Semwal R, Semwal D. Acceptability of nose-to-brain drug targeting in context to its advances and challenges. Drug Deliv Lett 2018; 8: 20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210303107666170929120304]
[86]
Gandhi J, Desai N, Golwala P, Shah P. Medication conveyance through nose: factors affecting and novel applications. Drug Deliv Lett 2018; 8: 169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210303108666180423165814]
[87]
Tonda-Turo C, Origlia N, Mattu C, Accorroni A, Chiono V. Current limitations in the treatment of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases: state-of-the-art and future perspective of polymeric carriers. Curr Med Chem 2018; 25(41): 5755-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180221125759] [PMID: 29473493]
[88]
Zhang C, Gu Z, Shen L, Liu X, Lin H. In vivo evaluation and Alzheimer’s disease treatment outcome of siRNA loaded dual targeting drug delivery system. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20(1): 56-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666190204141046] [PMID: 30727887]
[89]
Yoshida T, Shakushiro K, Sako K. Ion-responsive drug delivery systems. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 19(3): 225-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450117666160527142138] [PMID: 27231110]
[90]
Sarangi B, Jana U, Palei N, Mohanta G, Manna P. Solid lipid nanoparticles: a potential approach for drug delivery System. Nanosci Nanotechnol Asia 2019; 9: 142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666180321144536]
[91]
Jain A, Kumari R, Tiwari A, et al. Nanocarrier based advances in drug delivery to tumor: an overview. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 19(13): 1498-518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450119666180131105822] [PMID: 29384060]
[92]
Dahiya M, Dureja H. Recent developments in the formulation of nanoliposomal delivery systems. Curr Nanomater 2018; 3: 62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405461503666180821093033]
[93]
Vyas TK, Shah L, Amiji MM. Nanoparticulate drug carriers for delivery of HIV/AIDS therapy to viral reservoir sites. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3(5): 613-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.3.5.613] [PMID: 16948557]
[94]
Wan L, Pooyan S, Hu P, Leibowitz MJ, Stein S, Sinko PJ. Peritoneal macrophage uptake, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of macrophage-targeted PEG-fMLF (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) nanocarriers for improving HIV drug delivery. Pharm Res 2007; 24(11): 2110-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-007-9402-5] [PMID: 17701325]
[95]
Nowacek A, Gendelman HE. NanoART, neuroAIDS and CNS drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4(5): 557-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm.09.38] [PMID: 19572821]
[96]
Farokhzad OC, Langer R. Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery. ACS Nano 2009; 3(1): 16-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900002m] [PMID: 19206243]
[97]
Davis ME, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7(9): 771-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd2614] [PMID: 18758474]
[98]
Amiji MM, Vyas TK, Shah LK. Role of nanotechnology in HIV/AIDS treatment: potential to overcome the viral reservoir challenge. Discov Med 2006; 6(34): 157-62.
[PMID: 17234137]
[99]
Dou H, Grotepas CB, McMillan JM, et al. Macrophage delivery of nanoformulated antiretroviral drug to the brain in a murine model of neuroAIDS. J Immunol 2009; 183(1): 661-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0900274] [PMID: 19535632]
[100]
Bertrand L, Nair M, Toborek M. Solving the blood-brain barrier challenge for the effective treatment of HIV replication in the central nervous system. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22(35): 5477-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160726113001] [PMID: 27464720]
[101]
Kakad SP, Kshirsagar SJ, Bharati Y. Current Nano drug delivery strategies available for nose to brain drug targeting, current nano drug delivery strategies available for nose to brain drug targeting. J Emerg Technol Innovative Res 2019; 6(6): 778-86.
[102]
Wong HL, Chattopadhyay N, Wu XY, Bendayan R. Nanotechnology applications for improved delivery of antiretroviral drugs to the brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62(4-5): 503-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.020] [PMID: 19914319]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
39
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy