Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2010
ISSN (Online): 1873-4316

Review Article

Global Trends in Cannabis and Cannabidiol Research from the Year 1940 to 2019

Author(s): Jingting Liu, Haimei Chen, Steven Newmaster, Shubin Wang and Chang Liu*

Volume 22, Issue 5, 2021

Published on: 01 June, 2020

Page: [579 - 591] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200601152118

Price: $65

Abstract

Legalization of Cannabis in countries, like Canada, and global demand for non-hallucinating chemical components, such as Cannabidiols (CBD), have stimulated the increased interest from academics, industry, and regulatory agencies. Subsequent research publications in scientific journals in this field are expected to grow rapidly. However, there have been few research reviews that have quantified patterns in research publications concerning cannabis, nor a literature-based perspective on the historical development, current status, and future direction of cannabis research. Here, a bibliometric analysis is performed to address this gap in the scientific literature. A total of 1167 relevant articles (Supplementary file 1) were screened and analyzed using three software tools: HistCite, CiteSpace, and Bibliometric Online Analysis Platform. The performances of relevant countries, institutions, authors, and journals were presented, and the evolutionary trends of different categories were revealed. The historical development of cannabis and CBD research can be clearly divided into three stages, which focus on the chemistry, pharmacology, and molecular biology aspects of Cannabis sativa in general and then a focus on CBD related publications. A timeline was drawn to highlight the major trends in the literature, including scientific discoveries. In the end, several suggestions for future research directions in this field are provided.

Keywords: Cannabis, marijuana, CBD, bibliometric analysis, future trend, timeline.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Lafaye, G.; Karila, L.; Blecha, L.; Benyamina, A. Cannabis, cannabinoids, and health. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., 2017, 19(3), 309-316.
[PMID: 29302228]
[2]
Lowin, T.; Schneider, M.; Pongratz, G. Joints for joints: Cannabinoids in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 2019, 31(3), 271-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000590] [PMID: 30920973]
[3]
Ryz, N.R.; Remillard, D.J.; Russo, E.B. Cannabis Roots: A Traditional Therapy with Future Potential for Treating Inflammation and Pain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res., 2017, 2(1), 210-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/can.2017.0028] [PMID: 29082318]
[4]
Jacob, A.; Todd, A.R. Cannabis indica. part II. Isolation of cannabidiol from Egyptian hashish observations on the structure of cannabinol. J. Chem. Soc., 1940, 649-653.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/jr9400000649]
[5]
Gorter, R.W. Cancer cachexia and cannabinoids. Forsch. Komplementarmed., 1999, 6(Suppl. 3), 21-22.
[PMID: 10575285]
[6]
Mechoulam, R.; Parker, L.A.; Gallily, R. Cannabidiol: An overview of some pharmacological aspects. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2002, 42(S1), 11S-19S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb05998.x] [PMID: 12412831]
[7]
Malfait, A.M.; Gallily, R.; Sumariwalla, P.F.; Malik, A.S.; Andreakos, E.; Mechoulam, R.; Feldmann, M. The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97(17), 9561-9566.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.160105897] [PMID: 10920191]
[8]
Leweke, F.M.; Piomelli, D.; Pahlisch, F.; Muhl, D.; Gerth, C.W.; Hoyer, C.; Klosterkötter, J.; Hellmich, M.; Koethe, D. Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl. Psychiatry., 2012, 2, e94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15] [PMID: 22832859]
[9]
Zanelati, T.V.; Biojone, C.; Moreira, F.A.; Guimarães, F.S.; Joca, S.R. Antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol in mice: Possible involvement of 5-HT1A receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2010, 159(1), 122-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00521.x] [PMID: 20002102]
[10]
Sartim, A.G.; Guimarães, F.S.; Joca, S.R. Antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol injection into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex-Possible involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors. Behav. Brain Res., 2016, 303, 218-227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.033] [PMID: 26801828]
[11]
Shoval, G.; Shbiro, L.; Hershkovitz, L.; Hazut, N.; Zalsman, G.; Mechoulam, R.; Weller, A. Prohedonic effect of cannabidiol in a rat model of depression. Neuropsychobiology, 2016, 73(2), 123-129.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443890] [PMID: 27010632]
[12]
Linge, R.; Jiménez-Sánchez, L.; Campa, L.; Pilar-Cuéllar, F.; Vidal, R.; Pazos, A.; Adell, A.; Díaz, Á. Cannabidiol induces rapidacting antidepressant-like effects and enhances cortical 5- HT/glutamate neurotransmission: Role of 5-HT1A receptors. Neuropharmacology, 2016, 103, 16-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.017] [PMID: 26711860]
[13]
Eisenstein, M. The reality behind cannabidiol’s medical hype. Nature, 2019, 572(7771), S2-S4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02524-5]
[14]
Pritchard, A. Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics. J. Doc., 1969, 25(4), 348-349.
[15]
Ge, Y.; Guo, P.; Xu, X.; Chen, G.; Zhang, X.; Shu, H.; Zhang, B.; Luo, Z.; Chang, C.; Fu, Q. Selective analysis of aristolochic acid I in herbal medicines by dummy molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction and HPLC. J. Sep. Sci., 2017, 40(13), 2791-2799.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700116] [PMID: 28520091]
[16]
Laura, T.; Elena, M.A.; Clara, R. Desertification research in argentina. Land Degrad. Dev., 2015, 26, 433-440.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2392]
[17]
Celia, B.S.; Maria, J.M.; Manuel, R.P. How is desertification research addressed in spain? Land versus soil approaches. Land Degrad. Dev., 2015, 26, 423-432.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2344]
[18]
Zhang, S.; Mao, G.; Crittenden, J.; Liu, X.; Du, H. Groundwater remediation from the past to the future: A bibliometric analysis. Water Res., 2017, 119, 114-125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.029] [PMID: 28454007]
[19]
Yu, D.; Xu, Z.; Pedrycz, W.; Wang, W. Information science 1968-2016: A retrospective analysis with text mining and bibliometric. Inf. Sci., 2017, 418-419, 619-634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2017.08.031]
[20]
Li, M.N.; Porter, A.L.; Wang, Z.L. Evolutionary trend analysis of nanogenerator research based on a novel perspective of phased bibliographic coupling. Nano Energy, 2017, 34, 93-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.02.020]
[21]
Li, K.; Gao, P.; Xiang, P.; Zhang, X.; Cui, X.; Ma, L.Q. Molecular mechanisms of PFOA-induced toxicity in animals and humans: Implications for health risks. Environ. Int., 2017, 99, 43-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.014] [PMID: 27871799]
[22]
Xu, W.; Zou, Z.; Pei, J.; Huang, L. Longitudinal trend of global artemisinin research in chemistry subject areas (1983-2017). Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2018, 26(20), 5379-5387.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.030] [PMID: 30279043]
[23]
Gao, C.X.; Sun, M.; Geng, Y. A bibliometric analysis based review on wind power price. Appl. Energy, 2016, 182, 602-612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.144]
[24]
Xu, W.; Choi, H.K.; Huang, L. State of Panax ginseng Research: A Global Analysis. Molecules, 2017, 22(9), E1518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091518] [PMID: 28892002]
[25]
Zhou, Q.; Pei, J.; Poon, J.; Lau, A.Y.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Liu, C.; Huang, L. Worldwide research trends on aristolochic acids (1957-2017): Suggestions for researchers. PLoS One, 2019, 14(5), e0216135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216135] [PMID: 31048858]
[26]
Hirsch, J.E. An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102(46), 16569-16572.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507655102] [PMID: 16275915]
[27]
Valvassori, S.S.; Elias, G.; de Souza, B.; Petronilho, F.; Dal-Pizzol, F.; Kapczinski, F.; Trzesniak, C.; Tumas, V.; Dursun, S.; Chagas, M.H.; Hallak, J.E.; Zuardi, A.W.; Quevedo, J.; Crippa, J.A. Effects of cannabidiol on amphetamine-induced oxidative stress generation in an animal model of mania. J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford), 2011, 25(2), 274-280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881109106925] [PMID: 19939866]
[28]
Zuardi, A.W. Cannabidiol: From an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action. Br. J. Psychiatry., 2008, 30(3), 271-280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462008000300015] [PMID: 18833429]
[29]
Izzo, A.A.; Borrelli, F.; Capasso, R.; Di Marzo, V.; Mechoulam, R. Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2009, 30(10), 515-527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2009.07.006] [PMID: 19729208]
[30]
Mechoulam, R.; Peters, M.; Murillo-Rodriguez, E.; Hanus, L.O. Cannabidiol--recent advances. Chem. Biodivers., 2007, 4(8), 1678-1692.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790147] [PMID: 17712814]
[31]
Bisogno, T.; Hanus, L.; De Petrocellis, L.; Tchilibon, S.; Ponde, D.E.; Brandi, I.; Moriello, A.S.; Davis, J.B.; Mechoulam, R.; Di Marzo, V. Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 134(4), 845-852.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704327] [PMID: 11606325]
[32]
Borrelli, F.; Aviello, G.; Romano, B.; Orlando, P.; Capasso, R.; Maiello, F.; Guadagno, F.; Petrosino, S.; Capasso, F.; Di Marzo, V.; Izzo, A.A. Cannabidiol, a safe and non-psychotropic ingredient of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa, is protective in a murine model of colitis. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.), 2009, 87(11), 1111-1121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-009-0512-x] [PMID: 19690824]
[33]
Pertwee, R.G.; Rock, E.M.; Guenther, K.; Limebeer, C.L.; Stevenson, L.A.; Haj, C.; Smoum, R.; Parker, L.A.; Mechoulam, R. Cannabidiolic acid methyl ester, a stable synthetic analogue of cannabidiolic acid, can produce 5-HT1A receptor-mediated suppression of nausea and anxiety in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2018, 175(1), 100-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.14073] [PMID: 29057454]
[34]
Izquierdo, I.; Orsingher, O.A.; Berardi, A.C. Effect of cannabidiol and of other cannabis sativa compounds on hippocampal seizure discharges. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1973, 28(1), 95-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413961] [PMID: 4714680]
[35]
Breuer, A.; Haj, C.G.; Fogaça, M.V.; Gomes, F.V.; Silva, N.R.; Pedrazzi, J.F.; Del Bel, E.A.; Hallak, J.C.; Crippa, J.A.; Zuardi, A.W.; Mechoulam, R.; Guimarães, F.S. Fluorinated cannabidiol derivatives: enhancement of activity in mice models predictive of anxiolytic, antidepressant and antipsychotic effects. PLoS One, 2016, 11(7), e0158779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158779] [PMID: 27416026]
[36]
Silva, N.R.; Gomes, F.V.; Fonseca, M.D.; Mechoulam, R.; Breuer, A.; Cunha, T.M.; Guimarães, F.S. Antinociceptive effects of HUF- 101, a fluorinated cannabidiol derivative. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2017, 79(Pt B), 369-377.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.012] [PMID: 28720466]
[37]
Chen, C.; Dubin, R.; Kim, M.C. Emerging trends and new developments in regenerative medicine: a scientometric update (2000 - 2014). Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2014, 14(9), 1295-1317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2014.920813] [PMID: 25077605]
[38]
Kleinberg, J. Bursty and hierarchical structure in streams. Data Min. Knowl. Discov., 2003, 7, 373-397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024940629314]
[39]
Munro, S.; Thomas, K.L.; Abu-Shaar, M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature, 1993, 365(6441), 61-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365061a0] [PMID: 7689702]
[40]
Devane, W.A.; Hanus, L.; Breuer, A.; Pertwee, R.G.; Stevenson, L.A.; Griffin, G.; Gibson, D.; Mandelbaum, A.; Etinger, A.; Mechoulam, R. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science, 1992, 258(5090), 1946-1949.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1470919] [PMID: 1470919]
[41]
Devinsky, O.; Marsh, E.; Friedman, D.; Thiele, E.; Laux, L.; Sullivan, J.; Miller, I.; Flamini, R.; Wilfong, A.; Filloux, F.; Wong, M.; Tilton, N.; Bruno, P.; Bluvstein, J.; Hedlund, J.; Kamens, R.; Maclean, J.; Nangia, S.; Singhal, N.S.; Wilson, C.A.; Patel, A.; Cilio, M.R. Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: An open-label interventional trial. Lancet Neurol, 2016, 15(3), 270-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00379-8] [PMID: 26724101]
[42]
Kuppers, F.J.E.; Lousberg, R.J.; Bercht, C.A.L. Cannabis. 8. Pyrolysis of cannabidiol-structure elucidation of main pyrolytic product. Tetrahedron, 1973, 29(18), 2797-2802.
[43]
Luteyn, J.M.; Spronck, H.J.W.; Salemink, C.A. Cannabis XVIII†: Isolation and synthesis of olivetol derivatives formed in the pyrolysis of cannabidiol. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays Bas, 1978, 97(7-8), 187-190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19780970704]
[44]
Pickens, J.T. Sedative activity of cannabis in relation to its delta’- trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol content. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1981, 72(4), 649-656.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09145.x] [PMID: 6269680]
[45]
Hartsel, S.C.; Loh, W.H.T.; Robertson, L.W. Biotransformation of cannabidiol to cannabielsoin by suspension-cultures of cannabis-sativa and saccharum-officinarum. Planta Med., 1983, 48(1), 17-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969870] [PMID: 17404934]
[46]
Karniol, I.G.; Carlini, E.A. Pharmacological interaction between cannabidiol and (-) 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1973, 30, 53-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428793]
[47]
Zuardi, A.W.; Karniol, I.G. Effects on variable-interval performance in rats of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, separately and in combination. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 1983, 16(2), 141-146.
[PMID: 6317104]
[48]
Zuardi, A.W.; Teixeira, N.A.; Karniol, I.C. Pharmacological interaction of the effects of delta 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on serum corticosterone levels in rats. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 1984, 269(1), 12-19.
[PMID: 6087750]
[49]
Shohami, E.; Novikov, M.; Mechoulam, R. A nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, HU-211, has cerebroprotective effects after closed head injury in the rat. J. Neurotrauma, 1993, 10(2), 109-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.1993.10.109] [PMID: 8411215]
[50]
Consore, P.; Laguna, J. Allender, J. Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol in Huntington's disease. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 1991, 40(3), 701-708.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90386-G] [PMID: 1839644]
[51]
Carrier, E.J.; Auchampach, J.A.; Hillard, C.J. Inhibition of an equilibrative nucleoside transporter by cannabidiol: a mechanism of cannabinoid immunosuppression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103(20), 7895-7900.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0511232103] [PMID: 16672367]
[52]
Thomas, A.; Baillie, G.L.; Phillips, A.M.; Razdan, R.K.; Ross, R.A.; Pertwee, R.G. Cannabidiol displays unexpectedly high potency as an antagonist of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists in vitro. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2007, 150(5), 613-623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707133] [PMID: 17245363]
[53]
Kojoma, M.; Iida, O.; Makino, Y.; Sekita, S.; Satake, M. DNA fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification. Planta Med., 2002, 68(1), 60-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-19875] [PMID: 11842329]
[54]
van Bakel, H.; Stout, J.M.; Cote, A.G.; Tallon, C.M.; Sharpe, A.G.; Hughes, T.R.; Page, J.E. The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa. Genome Biol., 2011, 12(10), R102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r102] [PMID: 22014239]
[55]
Schönhofen, P.; de Medeiros, L.M.; Bristot, I.J.; Lopes, F.M.; De Bastiani, M.A.; Kapczinski, F.; Crippa, J.A.; Castro, M.A.; Parsons, R.B.; Klamt, F. Cannabidiol exposure during neuronal differentiation sensitizes cells against redox-active neurotoxins. Mol. Neurobiol., 2015, 52(1), 26-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-8843-1] [PMID: 25108670]
[56]
Vuolo, F.; Petronilho, F.; Sonai, B.; Ritter, C.; Hallak, J.E.; Zuardi, A.W.; Crippa, J.A.; Dal-Pizzol, F. Evaluation of serum cytokines levels and the role of cannabidiol treatment in animal model of asthma. Mediators Inflamm., 2015, 2015538670.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/538670] [PMID: 26101464]
[57]
Callejas, G.H.; Figueira, R.L.; Gonçalves, F.L.L.; Volpe, F.A.P.; Zuardi, A.W.; Crippa, J.A.; Hallak, J.E.; Sbragia, L. Maternal administration of cannabidiol promotes an anti-inflammatory effect on the intestinal wall in a gastroschisis rat model. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 2018, 51(5), e7132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20177132] [PMID: 29561958]
[58]
Ribeiro, A.; Almeida, V.I.; Costola-de-Souza, C.; Ferraz-de-Paula, V.; Pinheiro, M.L.; Vitoretti, L.B.; Gimenes-Junior, J.A.; Akamine, A.T.; Crippa, J.A.; Tavares-de-Lima, W.; Palermo-Neto, J. Cannabidiol improves lung function and inflammation in mice submitted to LPS-induced acute lung injury. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 2015, 37(1), 35-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2014.976794] [PMID: 25356537]
[59]
Crippa, J.A.; Guimarães, F.S.; Campos, A.C.; Zuardi, A.W. Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age. Front. Immunol., 2018, 9, 2009.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02009] [PMID: 30298064]
[60]
Luo, X.; Reiter, M.A.; d’Espaux, L.; Wong, J.; Denby, C.M.; Lechner, A.; Zhang, Y.; Grzybowski, A.T.; Harth, S.; Lin, W.; Lee, H.; Yu, C.; Shin, J.; Deng, K.; Benites, V.T.; Wang, G.; Baidoo, E.E.K.; Chen, Y.; Dev, I.; Petzold, C.J.; Keasling, J.D. Complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids and their unnatural analogues in yeast. Nature, 2019, 567(7746), 123-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0978-9] [PMID: 30814733]
[61]
Mead, A. The legal status of cannabis (marijuana) and cannabidiol (CBD) under U.S. law. Epilepsy Behav, 2017, 70(Pt B), 288-291.
[62]
Rea, K.A.; Casaretto, J.A.; Al-Abdul-Wahid, M.S.; Sukumaran, A.; Geddes-McAlister, J.; Rothstein, S.J.; Akhtar, T.A. Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. Phytochemistry, 2019, 164, 162-171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.009] [PMID: 31151063]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy