Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current HIV Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-162X
ISSN (Online): 1873-4251

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Systematic Review Article

Prevalence of Different Genotypes of HIV-1 in Injection Drug Users in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author(s): Yu Jiang, Lincai Zhang, Zongjie Hou, Aixia Tu, Ruijuan Qiao, Chen Dai, Ning Yao, Xiufen Du, Yaning Xu and Jiying Tan*

Volume 17, Issue 4, 2019

Page: [240 - 257] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/1570162X17666190919115036

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Since 1981, an increasing trend in HIV has been observed for transmission via injection drug users (IDUs), sexual transmission and mother-to-child transmission. The IDUs are blamed for early increases in HIV-positive cases in China.

Objective: HIV genotypes of IDUs were comprehensively analysed to trace the source and relationships of the AIDS epidemic in China.

Methods: Relevant databases written in English and Chinese were searched. Overall, 7,149 publications were identified in six databases. After screening 7,104 articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 45 studies consisting of 2,765 cases were finally identified. A meta-analysis was conducted using R MATLAB software, RevMan and SPSS. Subgroup analyses focused on time frame, region, and location of different genotypes of IDUs in China.

Results: There were five dominant HIV-1 genotypes among the 2,765 IDU cases. The proportions of CRF07_BC, CRF01_AE, CRF08_BC, subtype B/B', and subtype C were 45.18% (95% CI: 33.55-57.08%), 16.00% (95% CI: 9.39-23.82%), 13.43% (95% CI: 7.32-20.84%), 3.58% (95% CI: 1.52-6.24%), and 0.90% (95% CI: 0.04-2.43%), respectively. HIV genotypes transmitted among IDUs in China are primarily CRF07-BC, followed by CRF01-AE and CRF08-BC. Across the different time frames and regions, CRF07_BC was the most prevalent HIV-1 genotype among IDUs, while CRF08_BC was the most prevalent genotype in the southwest region.

Conclusion: Our study reveals that CRF07-BC was the dominant prevalent strain among IDUs from 1991 to 2015 in China, while CRF08-BC was the dominant prevalent strain among IDUs in southwestern China. This systematic review and meta-analysis shows evidence of the comprehensive prevalence of different genotypes, data and characteristics of HIV among IDUs in China.

Keywords: HIV, AIDS, IDUs, Meta-analysis, Genotype.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Gottlieb MS. Pneumocystis pneumonia Los Angeles 1981.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm
[2]
UNAIDS data. 2018.http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2018/unaids-data-2018
[3]
National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC. http://ncaids.chinacdc.cn/
[4]
Zheng X, Tian C, Choi KH, et al. Injecting drug use and HIV infection in southwest China. AIDS 1994; 8(8): 1141-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199408000-00017] [PMID: 7986413]
[5]
He X, Xing H, Ruan Y, et al. A comprehensive mapping of HIV-1 genotypes in various risk groups and regions across China based on a nationwide molecular epidemiologic survey. PLoS One 2012; 7(10)e47289
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047289] [PMID: 23056619]
[6]
Hemelaar J, Gouws E, Ghys PD, Osmanov S. Global trends in molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 during 2000-2007. AIDS 2011; 25(5): 679-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328342ff93] [PMID: 21297424]
[7]
van Regenmortel MHV. Viral species, viral genomes and HIV vaccine design: Is the rational design of biological complexity a utopia? Arch Virol 2018; 163(8): 2047-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3955-y] [PMID: 30051341]
[8]
Hake A, Pfeifer N. Prediction of HIV-1 sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies shows a trend towards resistance over time. PLOS Comput Biol 2017; 13(10)e1005789
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005789] [PMID: 29065122]
[9]
Xing HC, Xu XY, Liu Z, Wang QH, Yu M, Si CW. Down-regulation of CXCR4 expression in MT4 cells by a recombinant vector expressing antisense RNA to CXCR4 and its potential anti-HIV-1 effect. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004; 57(3): 91-6.
[PMID: 15218216]
[10]
Gnann JW Jr, McCormick JB, Mitchell S, Nelson JA, Oldstone MB. Synthetic peptide immunoassay distinguishes HIV type 1 and HIV type 2 infections. Science 1987; 237(4820): 1346-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2888192] [PMID: 2888192]
[11]
Clavel F, Mansinho K, Chamaret S, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection associated with AIDS in West Africa. N Engl J Med 1987; 316(19): 1180-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198705073161903] [PMID: 3472076]
[12]
Fernández-García A, Delgado E, Cuevas MT, et al. Identification of an HIV-1 BG intersubtype recombinant form (CRF73_BG), partially related to CRF14_BG, which is circulating in Portugal and Spain. PLoS One 2016; 11(2)e0148549
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148549] [PMID: 26900693]
[13]
Peng X, Li-Jun X, Xie T, Liu F, Wu N. Near Full-Length Genome Identification of a Novel HIV-1 Recombinant Form (CRF01_ AE/CRF07_BC) in Zhejiang, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32(9): 900-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2016.0114] [PMID: 27353182]
[14]
Taylor BS, Sobieszczyk ME, McCutchan FE, Hammer SM. The challenge of HIV-1 subtype diversity. N Engl J Med 2008; 358(15): 1590-602.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0706737] [PMID: 18403767]
[15]
Gallay P, Hope T, Chin D, Trono D. HIV-1 infection of nondividing cells through the recognition of integrase by the importin/karyopherin pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94(18): 9825-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.18.9825] [PMID: 9275210]
[16]
Dismuke DJ, Aiken C. Evidence for a functional link between uncoating of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 core and nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. J Virol 2006; 80(8): 3712-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.8.3712-3720.2006] [PMID: 16571788]
[17]
Gorlich D, Gorlich D. Nuclear protein import. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997; 9(3): 412-I9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80015-4]
[18]
Herold A, Truant R, Wiegand H, Cullen BR. Determination of the functional domain organization of the importin alpha nuclear import factor. J Cell Biol 1998; 143(2): 309-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.143.2.309] [PMID: 9786944]
[19]
Bao YP, Liu ZM. Current situation and trends of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS in China. HIV Ther 2009; 3: 237-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/hiv.09.4]
[20]
Zuo QZ, Kong L, Xie Y. HIV/AIDS epidemic characteristics and risk factors in China. J Jinan Univ (Natural Science & Medicine Edition) 1998; 6: 32-3.
[21]
Wang LY, Qin QQ, Ding ZW, et al. Current situation of AIDS epidemic in China. Chinese J AIDS STD 2017; 23(04): 330-3.
[22]
Des Jarlais DC, Johnston P, Friedmann P, et al. Patterns of HIV prevalence among injecting drug users in the cross-border area of Lang Son Province, Vietnam, and Ning Ming County, Guangxi Province, China. BMC Public Health 2005; 5(1): 89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-89] [PMID: 16120225]
[23]
Peng ZH, Cheng YJ, Reilly KH, et al. Spatial distribution of HIV/AIDS in Yunnan province, People’s Republic of China. Geospat Health 2011; 5(2): 177-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gh.2011.169] [PMID: 21590667]
[24]
Williams CT, Liu W, Levy JA. Crossing over: Drug network characteristics and injection risk along the China-Myanmar border. AIDS Behav 2011; 15(5): 1011-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9764-2] [PMID: 20668928]
[25]
Xiao P, Li J, Fu G, Zhou Y, Huan X, Yang H. Geographic distribution and temporal trends of HIV-1 subtypes through heterosexual transmission in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14(7): 830.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070830] [PMID: 28737729]
[26]
Yuan R, Cheng H, Chen LS, Zhang X, Wang B. Prevalence of different HIV-1 subtypes in sexual transmission in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144(10): 2144-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268816000212] [PMID: 26892485]
[27]
Zhang L, Wang YJ, Wang BX, Yan JW, Wan YN, Wang J. Prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes among men who have sex with men in China: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS 2015; 26(5): 291-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462414543841] [PMID: 25033880]
[28]
Bao YP, Liu ZM, Lu L. Review of HIV and HCV infection among drug users in China. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010; 23(3): 187-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328338658b] [PMID: 20308901]
[29]
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2009; 6(7)e1000100
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100] [PMID: 19621070]
[30]
Dong MJ, Peng B, Lin XT, Zhao J, Zhou YR, Wang RH. The prevalence of dementia in the People’s Republic of China: a systematic analysis of 1980-2004 studies. Age Ageing 2007; 36(6): 619-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afm128] [PMID: 17965036]
[31]
Gao X, Cui Q, Shi X, et al. Prevalence and trend of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in Chinese mainland: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-88] [PMID: 21477324]
[32]
Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003; 327(7414): 557-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557] [PMID: 12958120]
[33]
Ward A, Crean S, Mercaldi CJ, et al. Prevalence of apolipoprotein E4 genotype and homozygotes (APOE e4/4) among patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology 2012; 38(1): 1-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000334607] [PMID: 22179327]
[34]
Normand SL. Meta-analysis: formulating, evaluating, combining, and reporting. Stat Med 1999; 18(3): 321-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990215) 18:3<321:AID-SIM28>3.0.CO;2-P] [PMID: 10070677]
[35]
Bao Y, Wang XH, He TP, et al. HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and co-infection of different subtypes in Shenzhen. Infectious Disease Information 2011; 24(331): 333-8.
[36]
Chang SY, Sheng WH, Lee CN, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 subtypes in Taiwan: Outbreak of HIV type 1 CRF07_BC infection in intravenous drug users. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22(11): 1055-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2006.22.1055] [PMID: 17147490]
[37]
Chen M, Yang L, Ma Y, et al. Emerging variability in HIV-1 genetics among recently infected individuals in Yunnan, China. PLoS One 2013; 8(3)e60101
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060101] [PMID: 23555898]
[38]
Chen M, Wang JB, Xing H, et al. [HIV-1 drug resistance transmission threshold survey in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province, 2015 Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2017; 38(7): 959-62.
[39]
Chen S, Cai W, He J, et al. Molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Guangdong province of southern China. PLoS One 2012; 7(11)e48747
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048747] [PMID: 23144953]
[40]
Chen Y, Chen S, Kang J, et al. Evolving molecular epidemiological profile of human immunodeficiency virus 1 in the southwest border of China. PLoS One 2014; 9(9)e107578
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107578] [PMID: 25207977]
[41]
Chen YJ, Huang YH, Chuang SY, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 subtype B, CRF01_AE, and CRF07_BC infection among injection drug users in Taiwan. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53(4): 425-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181ccba1a] [PMID: 20130472]
[42]
Duan X, Wang KR, Wang JB, et al. [HIV subtype in newly reported HIV infected cases in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province, 2015 Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2017; 38(8): 1107-12.
[PMID: 28847064]
[43]
Fang EZ. Research on molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection among IDUs in Yunnan Master. Kunming University of Science and Technology 2009.
[44]
Han ZG, Xing H, Xu HF, et al. Molecular epidemiological study of HIV-1 positive individuals in Guangzhou from 2004 to 2005. Chinese Journal of AIDS & STD 2008; 14: 232-4.
[45]
He HL, Xu FL, Cai WP, et al. Epidemiological analysis of HIV-1 in Guangdong Province. Guangdong Yixue 2012; 33: 3471-4.
[46]
Hua J, Lin H, Ding Y, Qiu D, Wong F, He N. HIV drug resistance in newly diagnosed adults in a rural prefecture of eastern China. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143(3): 663-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814001174] [PMID: 24831493]
[47]
Jia YC. A study of 2011 HIV-1 drug-resistant genetic epidemiology characteristics in Yunnan province Master. Dali University 2014.
[48]
Kong DF, Wang XH, Qin YM. Molecular epidemiological characteristics of 528 HIV-1 infected cases in Shenzhen. China Tropical Medicine 2015; 15: 562-4.
[49]
Li GY, He X, Ye JR, et al. Sequence analysis and subtype analysis of env gene in Beijing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 positive drug users. Chin J Prev Med 2010; 44: 572-3.
[50]
Li JJ, Li HQ, Li JY, et al. Characteristics and distribution of HIV-1 subtypes in Yunnan province. Chinese J AIDS STD 2016; 22: 145-9.
[51]
Li L, Sun G, Liang S, et al. Different distribution of HIV-1 subtype and drug resistance were found among treatment naïve individuals in Henan, Guangxi, and Yunnan province of China. PLoS One 2013; 8(10)e75777
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075777] [PMID: 24098398]
[52]
Li XJ, Xia XS, Wu BL, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 transmission among injecting drug users and heterosexuals in kunming. Zhongguo Pifu Xingbingxue Zazhi 2009; 23: 294-5.
[53]
Li Y, Xu HF, Han ZG, et al. Sequence analysis of the C2-V3 region among HIV-1 strains found during 2004-2005 in Guangzhou. S China J Prev Med 2008; 34: 26-9.
[54]
Li XJ, Kusagawa S, Xia X, et al. Molecular epidemiology of the heterosexual HIV-1 transmission in Kunming, Yunnan Province of China suggests origin from the local IDU epidemic. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21(11): 977-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2005.21.977] [PMID: 16386117]
[55]
Liao L, Xing H, Li X, et al. Genotypic analysis of the protease and reverse transcriptase of HIV type 1 isolates from recently infected injecting drug users in western China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23(8): 1062-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2007.0050] [PMID: 17725425]
[56]
Lin YT, Lan YC, Chen YJ, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection and full-length genomic analysis of circulating recombinant form 07_BC strains from injection drug users in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 2007; 195(9): 1283-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/513437] [PMID: 17396997]
[57]
Liu LH, Yang LH, Zhao XR, et al. Subtype distribution of HIV-1 among different people infected. Chin J Publ Health 2009; 25: 1023-4.
[58]
Liu XM. Investigation of drug-resistance transmission and subtypes distribution in newly diagnosed HIV-1 case population in Hetian prefecture of XinJiang. Anhui Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016; 22: 371-4.
[59]
Lu X, Kang X, Liu Y, et al. HIV-1 molecular epidemiology among newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals in Hebei, a low HIV prevalence province in China. PLoS One 2017; 12(2)e0171481
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171481] [PMID: 28178737]
[60]
Pan XH, Yao YP, Xia SC, et al. Molecular epidemiological study of HIV infection cases in 2003 -2005 in Zhejiang province. Chinese Journal of AIDS & STD 2007; 13: 308-10.
[61]
Su YZ, Ma YL, Jia MH, et al. Update on diversity and distribution of HIV-1 subtypes in Yunnan province. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141(11): 2418-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812002713] [PMID: 23406836]
[62]
Sun XG, Yu HY, Su SL, et al. [Survey of HIV-1 drug resistance threshold in Shandong Province in 2013-2015 Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 51(7): 604-9.
[PMID: 28693084]
[63]
Tang L, Xing H, Peng JS, et al. Sequence analysis of the HIV-1-related gene in Wuhan city and distribution of its subtypes. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 2007; 23: 1071-8.
[64]
Wu J, Wang XQ, Zhou YQ, et al. Molecular epidemiological characteristics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 in Shanghai, 2007-2013. Chinese Journal of AIDS & STD 2016; 22: 5-9.
[65]
Wu ZL, Gou MX, Guan GY, et al. Molecular epidemiological Study on HIV-1 in Ningxia. Ningxia Med J 2017; 39: 781-861.
[66]
Xing AH, Xing H, Li X, et al. Analysis on subtype of epidemic HIV-1 strains in Shanxi province. Chin J Publ Health 2007; 23: 1044-6.
[67]
Xu YY, Jiang WM, Zhou LM, et al. A molecular epidemioiogical survey of 60 human immunodeficiency viruses-1 infected individuals from Honghe district in Yunnan Province. Chinese J Infect Dis 2008; 26: 367-70.
[68]
Yan J, Wang Y, Li J, et al. Molecular epidemiological investigation on HIV-1 epidemic strain. Chin J Publ Health 2005; 21: 96-7.
[69]
Yang SM, Li HQ, Chen LL, et al. [HIV-1 subtype and the distribution in Yunnan province Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2012; 33(8): 836-40.
[PMID: 22967340]
[70]
Yang C, Liu S, Zhang T, et al. Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance and thumb subdomain polymorphisms among newly HIV type 1 diagnosed patients infected with CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC virus in Guangdong Province, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28(12): 1723-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2011.0320] [PMID: 22587343]
[71]
Yao YP. Study on transmission and Phylogenetic relationship of HIV-1 in Zhejiang Master. Zhejiang University 2013.
[72]
Ye JR, Yu SQ, Lu HY, Wang WS, Xin RL, Zeng Y. Genetic diversity of HIV type 1 isolated from newly diagnosed subjects (2006-2007) in Beijing, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28(1): 119-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2011.0012] [PMID: 21568759]
[73]
Zeng H, Sun Z, Liang S, et al. Emergence of a new HIV type 1 CRF01_AE variant in Guangxi, Southern China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28(10): 1352-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2011.0364] [PMID: 22264007]
[74]
Zhang JF, Pan XH, Ding XB, et al. [Molecular epidemiological study on HIV/AIDS under the follow-up program in Zhejiang province in 2009 Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2013; 34(1): 44-8.
[PMID: 23648249]
[75]
Zhao F, Cui ZL, Wang C, et al. Epidemiological survey of HIV-1 in drug users from 2006 to 2008 in Henan Province. Wei Sheng Yen Chiu 2009; 38: 574-5.
[76]
Zhao GL, Feng TJ, Wang XH, et al. Molecular epidemiological survey on HIV-1 among the injecting drug users population in Shenzhen. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2009; 30(11): 1131-4.
[PMID: 20193580]
[77]
Zheng M, Yu XL, Ni YQ, et al. HIV-1 subtype analysis in new HIV-1 infected injection drug users in Shanghai, 2013. J Diagnostics Concepts & Practice 2015; 14: 560-4.
[78]
Zhong HL, Liang ZW, Cai WP, et al. In Guangdong Drug Resistance of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in 2011 and 2012. China J Pharm Econom 2015; 7: 72-4.
[79]
Zhou LM. A molecular epidemiological survey of HIV-1 infected persons living in Shanghai Master. Fudan University 2006.
[80]
Shao YM, Zhao QB, Wang B, et al. Sequence analysis of HIV env genes among HIV infected drug injecting users in Dehong epidemic area of Yunnan province, China. Chin J Virol 1994; 4: 291-9.
[81]
Luo CC, Tian C, Hu DJ, Kai M, Dondero T, Zheng X. HIV-1 subtype C in China. Lancet 1995; 345(8956): 1051-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90792-0] [PMID: 7723522]
[82]
Chen J, Guan YJ, Shao YM, et al. Subtype and sequence analysis of the C2-V3 region of gp120 gene among HIV-1 infected IDUs in Longchuan epidemic area of Yunnan province, China. Chin J Microbiol Immunol 1997; 17: 1-6.
[83]
Shao Y, Zhao F, Yang W. The identification of recombinant HIV-1 strains in IDUs in southwest and northwest China. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 1999; 13(2): 109-12.
[PMID: 12569772]
[84]
Su L, Graf M, Zhang Y, et al. Characterization of a virtually full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome of a prevalent intersubtype (C/B′) recombinant strain in China. J Virol 2000; 74(23): 11367-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.23.11367-11376.2000] [PMID: 11070037]
[85]
McCutchan FE, Hegerich PA, Brennan TP, et al. Genetic variants of HIV-1 in Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8(11): 1887-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.1992.8.1887] [PMID: 1489577]
[86]
Angelis K, Albert J, Mamais I, et al. Global dispersal pattern of HIV type 1 subtype CRF01_AE: A genetic trace of human mobility related to heterosexual sexual activities centralized in Southeast Asia. J Infect Dis 2015; 211(11): 1735-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu666] [PMID: 25512631]
[87]
Cheng H, Zhang J, Capizzi J, Young NL, Mastro TD. HIV-1 subtype E in Yunnan, China. Lancet 1994; 344(8927): 953-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92304-3] [PMID: 7934363]
[88]
Yan Y, Chen G, Shao Y, et al. Subtype and sequence analysis of the C2-V3 region of gp120 genes among HIV-1 strains in Fujian province. Chin J Microbiol Immunol 2000; 20: 458-61.
[89]
Liu W, Chen J, Li ZJ, et al. Study on epidemiological distribution of HIV-1 subtype in Guangxi. Guangxi J Prev Med 1999; 3: 4-7.
[90]
Feng T, Shao Y, Li L. Molecular epidemiology analysis of HIV-1 subtype E strains found in Shenzhen, China. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2000; 14(4): 330-2.
[PMID: 11471018]
[91]
Yang R, Kusagawa S, Zhang C, Xia X, Ben K, Takebe Y. Identification and characterization of a new class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombinants comprised of two circulating recombinant forms, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC, in China. J Virol 2003; 77(1): 685-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.1.685-695.2003] [PMID: 12477871]
[92]
Tee KK, Pybus OG, Li XJ, et al. Temporal and spatial dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 circulating recombinant forms 08_BC and 07_BC in Asia. J Virol 2008; 82(18): 9206-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00399-08] [PMID: 18596096]
[93]
Yang R, Xia X, Kusagawa S, Zhang C, Ben K, Takebe Y. On-going generation of multiple forms of HIV-1 intersubtype recombinants in the Yunnan Province of China. AIDS 2002; 16(10): 1401-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200207050-00012] [PMID: 12131217]
[94]
Zhang Y, Lu L, Ba L, et al. Dominance of HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE in sexually acquired cases leads to a new epidemic in Yunnan province of China. PLoS Med 2006; 3(11)e443
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030443] [PMID: 17105339]
[95]
Zhang L, Chen Z, Cao Y, et al. Molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus in paid blood donors and injection drug users in china. J Virol 2004; 78(24): 13591-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.24.13591-13599.2004] [PMID: 15564470]
[96]
Piyasirisilp S, McCutchan FE, Carr JK, et al. A recent outbreak of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in southern China was initiated by two highly homogeneous, geographically separated strains, circulating recombinant form AE and a novel BC recombinant. J Virol 2000; 74(23): 11286-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.23.11286-11295.2000] [PMID: 11070028]
[97]
Feng FM, Li JY, Bao ZY, et al. Strutural characterization and phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 genome of a prevalent subtype B′ strain in Central China. Virol Sin 2004; 19: 444-8.
[98]
Wu Z, Rou K, Detels R. Prevalence of HIV infection among former commercial plasma donors in rural eastern China. Health Policy Plan 2001; 16(1): 41-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/16.1.41] [PMID: 11238429]
[99]
Meng Z, He X, Xing H, et al. Construction and characterization of an infectious molecular clone of HIV type 1 CRF07_BC. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24(2): 259-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2007.0128] [PMID: 18257686]
[100]
Guan Q, Wei M, Huang HL, et al. Sequence analysis of gag-pol gene of HIV-1 B/C recombinant viruses in China. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2004; 84(5): 387-91.
[PMID: 15061991]
[101]
Cao YZ, Li GH, Wang SY, et al. Current situation, crisis and countermeasures of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1 in China. Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002; 20: 56-9.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
58
7
World Immunization Week
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy