Abstract
Various pathological processes are associated with the aberrant expression and function of cytokines, especially those belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. Nevertheless, the functions of members of the TGF-β family in cancer progression and therapy are still uncertain. Growth differentiation factor- 15, which exists in intracellular and extracellular forms, is classified as a divergent member of the TGF-β superfamily. It has been indicated that GDF-15 is also connected to the evolution of cancer both positively and negatively depending upon the cellular state and environment. Under normal physiological conditions, GDF-15 inhibits early tumour promotion. However, its abnormal expression in advanced cancers causes proliferation, invasion, metastasis, cancer stem cell formation, immune escape and a reduced response to therapy. As a clinical indicator, GDF-15 can be used as a tool for the diagnosis and therapy of an extensive scope of cancers. Although some basic functions of GDF-15 are noncontroversial, their mechanisms remain unclear and complicated at the molecular level. Therefore, GDF-15 needs to be further explored and reviewed.
Keywords: GDF-15, antineoplastic agent, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, therapy.
[1]
Bootcov MR, Bauskin AR, Valenzuela SM, et al. MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94(21): 11514-9.
[2]
Tan M, Wang Y, Guan K, Sun Y. PTGF-beta, a type beta transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) superfamily member, is a p53 target gene that inhibits tumor cell growth via TGF-beta signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(1): 109-14.
[3]
Lee SH, Krisanapun C, Baek SJ. NSAID-activated gene-1 as a molecular target for capsaicin-induced apoptosis through a novel molecular mechanism involving GSK3beta, C/EBPbeta and ATF3. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31(4): 719-28.
[4]
Wallentin L, Hijazi Z, Andersson U, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15, a marker of oxidative stress and inflammation, for risk assessment in patients with atrial fibrillation: Insights from the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial. Circulation 2014; 130(21): 1847-58.
[5]
Adela R, Banerjee SK. GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015490842
[6]
Franczyk B, Gluba-Brzózka A, Bartnicki P, Banach M, Rysz J. Are Markers of Cardiac Dysfunction Useful in the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Dialysis Patients? Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23(20): 3024-33.
[7]
Böttner M, Suter-Crazzolara C, Schober A, Unsicker K. Expression of a novel member of the TGF-beta superfamily, growth/ differentiation factor-15/macrophage-inhibiting cytokine-1 (GDF-15/MIC-1) in adult rat tissues. Cell Tissue Res 1999; 297(1): 103-10.
[8]
Unsicker K, Spittau B, Krieglstein K. The multiple facets of the TGF-β family cytokine growth/differentiation factor-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24(4): 373-84.
[9]
Jiang J, Thalamuthu A, Ho JE, et al. A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Concentration in Blood. Front Genet 2018; 9: 97.
[10]
Eling TE, Baek SJ, Shim M, Lee CH. NSAID activated gene (NAG-1), a modulator of tumorigenesis. J Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 39(6): 649-55.
[11]
Hsu JY, Crawley S, Chen M, et al. Non-homeostatic body weight regulation through a brainstem-restricted receptor for GDF15. Nature 2017; 550(7675): 255-9.
[12]
Yang L, Chang CC, Sun Z, et al. GFRAL is the receptor for GDF15 and is required for the anti-obesity effects of the ligand. Nat Med 2017; 23(10): 1158-66.
[13]
Emmerson PJ, Wang F, Du Y, et al. The metabolic effects of GDF15 are mediated by the orphan receptor GFRAL. Nat Med 2017; 23(10): 1215-9.
[14]
Mullican SE, Lin-Schmidt X, Chin CN, et al. GFRAL is the receptor for GDF15 and the ligand promotes weight loss in mice and nonhuman primates. Nat Med 2017; 23(10): 1150-7.
[15]
Xu K, Liu G, Fu C. The Tryptophan Pathway Targeting Antioxidant Capacity in the Placenta. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 20181054797
[16]
Emmerson PJ, Duffin KL, Chintharlapalli S, Wu X. GDF15 and Growth Control. Front Physiol 2018; 9: 1712.
[17]
Ding Q, Mracek T, Gonzalez-Muniesa P, et al. Identification of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in adipose tissue and its secretion as an adipokine by human adipocytes. Endocrinology 2009; 150(4): 1688-96.
[18]
Ozkan H, Demirbaş S, Ibiş M, Akbal E, Köklü S. Diagnostic validity of serum macrophage inhibitor cytokine and tissue polypeptide-specific antigen in pancreatobiliary diseases. Pancreatology 2011; 11(3): 295-300.
[19]
Zimmers TA, Jin X, Hsiao EC, et al. Growth differentiation factor-15: induction in liver injury through p53 and tumor necrosis factor-independent mechanisms. J Surg Res 2006; 130(1): 45-51.
[20]
Yuan Z, Li H, Qi Q, et al. Plasma levels of growth differentiation factor-15 are associated with myocardial injury in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 28221.
[21]
Zimmers TA, Jin X, Hsiao EC, McGrath SA, Esquela AF, Koniaris LG. Growth differentiation factor-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 induction after kidney and lung injury. Shock 2005; 23(6): 543-8.
[22]
Yang CZ, Ma J, Zhu DW, et al. GDF15 is a potential predictive biomarker for TPF induction chemotherapy and promotes tumorigenesis and progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2014; 25(6): 1215-22.
[23]
Liu YN, Wang XB, Wang T, et al. Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 as a Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Stage I and II Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 129(17): 2026-32.
[24]
Brown DA, Ward RL, Buckhaults P, et al. MIC-1 serum level and genotype: Associations with progress and prognosis of colorectal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9(7): 2642-50.
[25]
Koopmann J, Rosenzweig CN, Zhang Z, et al. Serum markers in patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 versus CA19-9. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12(2): 442-6.
[26]
Tsui KH, Hsu SY, Chung LC, et al. Growth differentiation factor-15: A p53- and demethylation-upregulating gene represses cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis in bladder carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 12870.
[27]
Brown DA, Lindmark F, Stattin P, et al. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1: A new prognostic marker in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15(21): 6658-64.
[28]
Staff AC, Bock AJ, Becker C, Kempf T, Wollert KC, Davidson B. Growth differentiation factor-15 as a prognostic biomarker in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 118(3): 237-43.
[29]
Staff AC, Trovik J, Eriksson AG, et al. Elevated plasma growth differentiation factor-15 correlates with lymph node metastases and poor survival in endometrial cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17(14): 4825-33.
[30]
Roth P, Junker M, Tritschler I, et al. GDF-15 contributes to proliferation and immune escape of malignant gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16(15): 3851-9.
[31]
Kluger HM, Hoyt K, Bacchiocchi A, et al. Plasma markers for identifying patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17(8): 2417-25.
[32]
Agarwal MK, Hastak K, Jackson MW, Breit SN, Stark GR, Agarwal ML. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 mediates a p53-dependent protective arrest in S phase in response to starvation for DNA precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103(44): 16278-83.
[33]
Wynne S, Djakiew D. NSAID inhibition of prostate cancer cell migration is mediated by Nag-1 Induction via the p38 MAPK-p75(NTR) pathway. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8(12): 1656-64.
[34]
Zhang Z, Wu L, Wang J, et al. Opposing effects of PI3K/Akt and Smad-dependent signaling pathways in NAG-1-induced glioblastoma cell apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9(4)e96283
[35]
Osada M, Park HL, Park MJ, et al. A p53-type response element in the GDF15 promoter confers high specificity for p53 activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354(4): 913-8.
[36]
Cheng JC, Chang HM, Leung PC. Wild-type p53 attenuates cancer cell motility by inducing growth differentiation factor-15 expression. Endocrinology 2011; 152(8): 2987-95.
[37]
Yin T, Cho SJ, Chen X. RNPC1, an RNA-binding protein and a p53 target, regulates macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) expression through mRNA stability. J Biol Chem 2013; 288(33): 23680-6.
[38]
Jones MF, Li XL, Subramanian M, et al. Growth differentiation factor-15 encodes a novel microRNA 3189 that functions as a potent regulator of cell death. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22(10): 1641-53.
[39]
Song H, Yin D, Liu Z. GDF-15 promotes angiogenesis through modulating p53/HIF-1α signaling pathway in hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39(4): 4017-22.
[40]
Husaini Y, Lockwood GP, Nguyen TV, et al. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15) gene deletion promotes cancer growth in TRAMP prostate cancer prone mice. PLoS One 2015; 10(2)e0115189
[41]
Baek SJ, Kim JS, Moore SM, Lee SH, Martinez J, Eling TE. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors induce the expression of the tumor suppressor gene EGR-1, which results in the up-regulation of NAG-1, an antitumorigenic protein. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 67(2): 356-64.
[42]
Lu X, He X, Su J, et al. EZH2-Mediated Epigenetic Suppression of GDF15 Predicts a Poor Prognosis and Regulates Cell Proliferation in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2018; 12: 309-18.
[43]
Yamaguchi K, Lee SH, Eling TE, Baek SJ. Identification of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) as a novel downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/ GSK-3beta pathway. J Biol Chem 2004; 279(48): 49617-23.
[44]
Shin JW, Kwon SB, Bak Y, Lee SK, Yoon DY. BCI induces apoptosis via generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in H1299 lung cancer cells. Sci China Life Sci 2018; 61(10): 1243-53.
[45]
Zhang X, Kang Y, Huo T, et al. GL-V9 induced upregulation and mitochondrial localization of NAG-1 associates with ROS generation and cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112: 49-59.
[46]
Vaish V, Piplani H, Rana C, Vaiphei K, Sanyal SN. NSAIDs may regulate EGR-1-mediated induction of reactive oxygen species and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gene (NAG)-1 to initiate intrinsic pathway of apoptosis for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 378(1-2): 47-64.
[47]
Ikushima H, Miyazono K. TGFbeta signalling: A complex web in cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10(6): 415-24.
[48]
Min KW, Liggett JL, Silva G, et al. NAG-1/GDF15 accumulates in the nucleus and modulates transcriptional regulation of the Smad pathway. Oncogene 2016; 35(3): 377-88.
[49]
Woo SM, Min KJ, Kim S, et al. Silibinin induces apoptosis of HT29 colon carcinoma cells through early growth response-1 (EGR-1)-mediated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) up-regulation. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 211: 36-43.
[50]
Chiu SC, Wang MJ, Yang HH, et al. Activation of NAG-1 via JNK signaling revealed an isochaihulactone-triggered cell death in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11: 146.
[51]
Bauskin AR, Brown DA, Kuffner T, et al. Role of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in tumorigenesis and diagnosis of cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66(10): 4983-6.
[52]
Zhao C, Li Y, Qiu W, et al. C5a induces A549 cell proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer via GDF15 gene activation mediated by GCN5-dependent KLF5 acetylation. Oncogene 2018; 37(35): 4821-37.
[53]
Li S, Ma YM, Zheng PS, Zhang P. GDF15 promotes the proliferation of cervical cancer cells by phosphorylating AKT1 and Erk1/2 through the receptor ErbB2. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37(1): 80.
[54]
Xu Q, Xu HX, Li JP, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 induces growth and metastasis of human liver cancer stem-like cells via AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8(10): 16972-87.
[55]
Zhang L, Yang X, Pan HY, et al. Expression of growth differentiation factor 15 is positively correlated with histopathological malignant grade and in vitro cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2009; 45(7): 627-32.
[56]
Xu J, Kimball TR, Lorenz JN, et al. GDF15/MIC-1 functions as a protective and antihypertrophic factor released from the myocardium in association with SMAD protein activation. Circ Res 2006; 98(3): 342-50.
[57]
Kim KK, Lee JJ, Yang Y, You KH, Lee JH. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 activates AKT and ERK-1/2 via the transactivation of ErbB2 in human breast and gastric cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29(4): 704-12.
[58]
Yuan M, Chen J, Zeng Z. Knockdown of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in RPMI-8226 human multiple myeloma cells inhibits osteoclastic differentiation through inhibiting the RANKL-Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14(6): 5199-204.
[59]
Si Y, Liu X, Cheng M, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 is induced by hepatitis C virus infection and regulates hepatocellular carcinoma-related genes. PLoS One 2011; 6(5)e19967
[60]
Park YJ, Lee H, Lee JH. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 transactivates ErbB family receptors via the activation of Src in SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells. BMB Rep 2010; 43(2): 91-6.
[61]
Lu Y, Ma J, Li Y, et al. CDP138 silencing inhibits TGF-β/Smad signaling to impair radioresistance and metastasis via GDF15 in lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8(9)e3036
[62]
Yang H, Choi HJ, Park SH, Kim JS, Moon Y. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) and subsequent urokinase-type plasminogen activator mediate cell death responses by ribotoxic anisomycin in HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78(9): 1205-13.
[63]
Tu M, Li Z, Liu X, et al. Vasohibin 2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer via activation of transforming growth factor β 1 and hypoxia dependent repression of GATA-binding factor 3. Cancer Lett 2017; 388: 187-97.
[64]
Guo J, Bian Y, Wang Y, Chen L, Yu A, Sun X. S100A4 influences cancer stem cell-like properties of MGC803 gastric cancer cells by regulating GDF15 expression. Int J Oncol 2016; 49(2): 559-68.
[65]
Tsui KH, Chang YL, Feng TH, et al. Growth differentiation factor-15 upregulates interleukin-6 to promote tumorigenesis of prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49(2): 153-63.
[66]
Azad MAK, Sarker M, Li T, Yin J. Probiotic Species in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: An Overview. BioMed Res Int 2018; 20189478630
[67]
Jiang Q, Chen S, Ren W, et al. Escherichia coli aggravates endoplasmic reticulum stress and triggers CHOP-dependent apoptosis in weaned pigs. Amino Acids 2017; 49(12): 2073-82.
[68]
Choi HJ, Kim J, Do KH, Park SH, Moon Y. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 mediates cancer cell survival: An in vitro implication of infection-linked tumor dissemination. Oncogene 2013; 32(41): 4960-9.
[69]
Codó P, Weller M, Kaulich K, et al. Control of glioma cell migration and invasiveness by GDF-15. Oncotarget 2016; 7(7): 7732-46.
[70]
Griner SE, Joshi JP, Nahta R. Growth differentiation factor 15 stimulates rapamycin-sensitive ovarian cancer cell growth and invasion. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85(1): 46-58.
[71]
Lee DH, Yang Y, Lee SJ, et al. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 induces the invasiveness of gastric cancer cells by up-regulating the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system. Cancer Res 2003; 63(15): 4648-55.
[72]
Ji H, Lu HW, Li YM, et al. Twist promotes invasion and cisplatin resistance in pancreatic cancer cells through growth differentiation factor 15. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12(3): 3841-8.
[73]
Li C, Wang J, Kong J, et al. GDF15 promotes EMT and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7(1): 860-72.
[74]
Peake BF, Eze SM, Yang L, Castellino RC, Nahta R. Growth differentiation factor 15 mediates epithelial mesenchymal transition and invasion of breast cancers through IGF-1R-FoxM1 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8(55): 94393-406.
[75]
Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Jiang L, Li L. GPF15 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018; 46(sup2): 652-8.
[76]
Feng H, Chen L, Wang Q, et al. Calumenin-15 facilitates filopodia formation by promoting TGF-β superfamily cytokine GDF-15 transcription. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4e870
[77]
Aw Yong KM, Zeng Y, Vindivich D, et al. Morphological effects on expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a marker of metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229(3): 362-73.
[78]
Wakchoure S, Swain TM, Hentunen TA, et al. Expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in prostate cancer bone metastases induces osteoclast activation and weight loss. Prostate 2009; 69(6): 652-61.
[79]
Valent P, Bonnet D, De Maria R, et al. Cancer stem cell definitions and terminology: the devil is in the details. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12(11): 767-75.
[80]
Levanat S, Sabol M, Musani V, Ozretic P, Trnski D. Hedgehog Signaling Pathway as Genetic and Epigenetic Target in Ovarian Tumors. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23(1): 73-94.
[81]
Zhu J, Yu H, Chen S, et al. Prognostic significance of combining high mobility group Box-1 and OV-6 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci China Life Sci 2018; 61(8): 912-23.
[82]
Sasahara A, Tominaga K, Nishimura T, et al. An autocrine/paracrine circuit of growth differentiation factor (GDF) 15 has a role for maintenance of breast cancer stem-like cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8(15): 24869-81.
[83]
Mimeault M, Johansson SL, Batra SK. Pathobiological implications of the expression of EGFR, pAkt, NF-κB and MIC-1 in prostate cancer stem cells and their progenies. PLoS One 2012; 7(2)e31919
[84]
Quail DF, Joyce JA. Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med 2013; 19(11): 1423-37.
[85]
Urakawa N, Utsunomiya S, Nishio M, et al. GDF15 derived from both tumor-associated macrophages and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas contributes to tumor progression via Akt and Erk pathways. Lab Invest 2015; 95(5): 491-503.
[86]
Bruzzese F, Hägglöf C, Leone A, et al. Local and systemic protumorigenic effects of cancer-associated fibroblast-derived GDF15. Cancer Res 2014; 74(13): 3408-17.
[87]
Ishige T, Nishimura M, Satoh M, et al. Combined Secretomics and Transcriptomics Revealed Cancer-Derived GDF15 is Involved in Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer Progression and Fibroblast Activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 21681.
[88]
Corre J, Labat E, Espagnolle N, et al. Bioactivity and prognostic significance of growth differentiation factor GDF15 secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in multiple myeloma. Cancer Res 2012; 72(6): 1395-406.
[89]
Wang S, Tong M, Hu S, Chen X. The Bioactive Substance Secreted by MSC Retards Mouse Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Calcification. BioMed Res Int 2018; 20186053567
[90]
Zhai Y, Zhang J, Wang H, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 contributes to cancer-associated fibroblasts-mediated chemo-protection of AML cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35(1): 147.
[91]
Fairlie WD, Moore AG, Bauskin AR, Russell PK, Zhang HP, Breit SN. MIC-1 is a novel TGF-beta superfamily cytokine associated with macrophage activation. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 65(1): 2-5.
[92]
Wang DJ, Ratnam NM, Byrd JC, Guttridge DC. NF-κB functions in tumor initiation by suppressing the surveillance of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Cell Reports 2014; 9(1): 90-103.
[93]
Zhou Z, Li W, Song Y, et al. Growth differentiation factor-15 suppresses maturation and function of dendritic cells and inhibits tumor-specific immune response. PLoS One 2013; 8(11)e78618
[94]
Lambert JR, Kelly JA, Shim M, et al. Prostate derived factor in human prostate cancer cells: gene induction by vitamin D via a p53-dependent mechanism and inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth. J Cell Physiol 2006; 208(3): 566-74.
[95]
Shin SY, Kim JH, Lee JH, Lim Y, Lee YH. 2′-Hydroxyflavanone induces apoptosis through Egr-1 involving expression of Bax, p21, and NAG-1 in colon cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56(5): 761-74.
[96]
Harn HJ, Chuang HM, Chang LF, et al. Taiwanin A targets non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 in human lung carcinoma. Fitoterapia 2014; 99: 227-35.
[97]
Wu K, Na K, Chen D, Wang Y, Pan H, Wang X. Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 on Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides-induced apoptosis of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 53(6): 2356-68.
[98]
Chang JW, Kang SU, Choi JW, et al. Tolfenamic acid induces apoptosis and growth inhibition in anaplastic thyroid cancer: Involvement of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 expression and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67: 115-30.
[99]
Aguiar RP, Aldawsari FS, Wiirzler LAM, et al. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Tyrosol-Salicylate Derivatives as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23(44): 6841-8.
[100]
Jang TJ, Kim NI, Lee CH. Proapoptotic activity of NAG-1 is cell type specific and not related to COX-2 expression. Apoptosis 2006; 11(7): 1131-8.
[101]
Jang TJ, Kang HJ, Kim JR, Yang CH. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene (NAG-1) expression is closely related to death receptor-4 and -5 induction, which may explain sulindac sulfide induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25(10): 1853-8.
[102]
Yang H, Park SH, Choi HJ, Moon Y. The integrated stress response-associated signals modulates intestinal tumor cell growth by NSAID-activated gene 1 (NAG-1/MIC-1/PTGF-beta). Carcinogenesis 2010; 31(4): 703-11.
[103]
Wang X, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ, Eling TE. The role of NAG-1/GDF15 in the inhibition of intestinal polyps in APC/Min mice by sulindac. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4(1): 150-60.
[104]
Zimmers TA, Gutierrez JC, Koniaris LG. Loss of GDF-15 abolishes sulindac chemoprevention in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136(4): 571-6.
[105]
Kim JS, Baek SJ, Sali T, Eling TE. The conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac sulfide arrests ovarian cancer cell growth via the expression of NAG-1/MIC-1/GDF-15. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4(3): 487-93.
[106]
Lu ZH, Yang L, Yu JW, et al. Weight loss correlates with macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 expression and might influence outcome in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15(15): 6047-52.
[107]
Vocka M, Langer D, Fryba V, et al. Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) as new potential serum marker in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Biomark 2018; 21(4): 869-74.
[108]
Blanco-Calvo M, Tarrío N, Reboredo M, et al. Circulating levels of GDF15, MMP7 and miR-200c as a poor prognostic signature in gastric cancer. Future Oncol 2014; 10(7): 1187-202.
[109]
Huang CY, Beer TM, Higano CS, et al. Molecular alterations in prostate carcinomas that associate with in vivo exposure to chemotherapy: identification of a cytoprotective mechanism involving growth differentiation factor 15. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13(19): 5825-33.
[110]
Magadoux L, Isambert N, Plenchette S, Jeannin JF, Laurens V. Emerging targets to monitor and overcome docetaxel resistance in castration resistant prostate cancer. (review) Int J Oncol 2014; 45(3): 919-28. [review].
[111]
Zhao D, Wang X, Zhang W. GDF15 predict platinum response during first-line chemotherapy and can act as a complementary diagnostic serum biomarker with CA125 in epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18(1): 328.
[112]
Joshi JP, Brown NE, Griner SE, Nahta R. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)-mediated HER2 phosphorylation reduces trastuzumab sensitivity of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82(9): 1090-9.
[113]
Meier JC, Haendler B, Seidel H, et al. Knockdown of platinum-induced growth differentiation factor 15 abrogates p27-mediated tumor growth delay in the chemoresistant ovarian cancer model A2780cis. Cancer Med 2015; 4(2): 253-67.
[114]
Chang JT, Chan SH, Lin CY, et al. Differentially expressed genes in radioresistant nasopharyngeal cancer cells: gp96 and GDF15. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6(8): 2271-9.
[115]
Schiegnitz E, Kämmerer PW, Rode K, Schorn T, Brieger J, Al-Nawas B. Growth differentiation factor 15 as a radiation-induced marker in oral carcinoma increasing radiation resistance. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 45(1): 63-9.
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
30 July, 2024
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
18 September, 2024
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
29 September, 2024
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
30 June, 2024
Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treatment: Standard of Care and Recent Advances
In this thematic issue, we aim to provide a standard of care of the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The editor will invite authors from different countries who will write review articles of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The Diagnosis, Staging, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment all ...read more
Related Journals
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
Current Bioactive Compounds
Current Cancer Drug Targets
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews
Current Diabetes Reviews
Current Drug Safety
Current Drug Targets
Current Drug Therapy
Related Books
Drug Addiction Mechanisms in the Brain
The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Attentive Arbiter of Inflammatory Response
Software and Programming Tools in Pharmaceutical Research
Objective Pharmaceutics: A Comprehensive Compilation of Questions and Answers for Pharmaceutics Exam Prep
Medicinal Chemistry of Drugs Affecting Cardiovascular and Endocrine Systems
Advanced Pharmacy
Plant-derived Hepatoprotective Drugs
The Role of Chromenes in Drug Discovery and Development
New Avenues in Drug Discovery and Bioactive Natural Products
Practice and Re-Emergence of Herbal Medicine
Article Metrics
90
16
3
1
