Abstract
Background: The increased cost of treatments in the health care industry and advancements in technologies have led to a promising area of development in Wireless Sensor Networks and semiconductor technologies. Wireless Body Area Networks is a subset of WSN in which sensor nodes are placed on the human body or implanted inside the body to determine various physical parameters of the human body. This information is forwarded to the medical centers or central servers through gateways. The direct advantage of this technology is the existence of portable health monitoring applications as well as location independent monitoring applications. But, still, the existence of smart hospitals needs a lot of focused research related to practical problems faced by patients as well as practitioners.
Introduction: The aim of this paper is to present an essential depiction of WBAN development in both medical and non- medical applications. The important features of various wireless technologies supported by WBAN have also been presented. It is apparent that to determine the overall performance of a network in terms of different parameters like temperature, power consumption, throughput and delay, etc., a significant role is played by the routing protocols. Since WBAN directly deals with the human body and hence implementation of a new protocol is a challenging task before researchers, this paper reviews each category of routing protocols and their corresponding limitations. A comparison among routing protocols will guide researchers in implementing a specific protocol for targeted application. The paper also focuses on the future of WBAN which will provide the research areas for further exploration.
Conclusion: It is found that QoS aware protocols are employed specifically for critical applications. If we consider radiation imparted from the sensors and tissue protection of the human body, the thermal aware routing protocol is the solution. Another important conclusion of this paper is that the various protocols do not provide an optimal solution for selecting the forward node during routing and this solution primarily depends on the residual energy of the nodes and distance of the node from the sink. A study of protocols developed from 2004 onwards till date shows that implementation of WBAN using integration of IoT, EoT, and fog computing has been the emerging topic of research in recent years.
Keywords: Energy efficient, EoT, IoT, QoS, QoE, routing protocols, wireless body area networks, wireless networks, wireless technologies.
Erratum In:
A Study of Wireless Body Area Networks and its Routing Protocols for Healthcare Environment
Graphical Abstract
[1]
T. Kaneda, PRB projects world population rising 33 percent by 2050 to nearly 10 billion, 2016.Available at:, https://www.prb.org/2016-world-population-data-sheet/
[2]
"World Health Organization,Global Status Report on Non- Communicable Diseases, 2014,1-302. Avalaible at: ", https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-status-report-2014/en/
[3]
"World Health Organization,Global Health and Aging, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health,NIH Publications no", 11-7737, October 2011,1-32.
[4]
S. Movassaghi, M. Abolhasan, J. Lipman, D. Smith, and A. Jamalipour, "Wireless body area networks: A Survey", , IEEE communications surveys and tutorials,, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1658-1686, 2014.
[5]
S.N. Shah, and R.H. Jhaveri, "Recent research on wireless body area networks: A survey", IEEE Int. J. Comput. Appl., vol. 142, pp. 42-49, 2016.
[6]
I. Ha, Technologies and research trends in wireless body area networks for healthcare: A systematic literature review.Inter. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw.,, 1-14, 2015
[7]
M.R. Naik, and P. Samundiswary, "Wireless body area network security issues-survey", In: International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT).Kumaracoil, India Vol. 7, 2016, pp.190-194.
[8]
D.M. Barakah, and M.A. Ammad-uddin, "A survey of challenges and applications of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) and role of a virtual doctor server in existing architecture", In: Third International Conference on Intelligent Systems Modelling and Simulation, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, vol. 3. 2012, pp. 214-219.
[9]
H.J. Yoo, "Wireless body area network and its healthcare applications", In: Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings.Seoul, South Korea Vol. 5, 2014, pp. 89-91.
[10]
M. Salayma, A. Al-Dubai, I. Romdhani, and Y. Nasser, "Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN): A survey on reliability, fault tolerance, and technologies coexistence", ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 50, pp. 1-38, 2017.
[11]
D. Rathee, S. Rangi, S. Chakarvarti, and V.R. Singh, "Recent trends in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) research and cognition based adaptive WBAN architecture for healthcare", Springer Health Technol., vol. 4, pp. 239-244, 2014.
[12]
K. Jamil, and R.Y. Mehmet, "Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) for medical applications", New Develop. Biomed. Eng., vol. 1, pp. 591-628, 2010.
[13]
O.U. Rehman, Performance study of localization techniques in wireless body area sensor networks. arXiv, pp. 1968-1975, 2012.
[14]
C. Chakraborty, B. Gupta, and S.K. Ghosh, "A review on telemedicine-based WBAN framework for patient monitoring", Telemed. J. E Health, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 619-626, 2013.
[15]
L.J. Akinbami, J.E. Moorman, and X. Liu, "Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005-2009", Natl. Health Stat. Rep.. Vol. 32, pp. 1-14, 2011
[16]
S. Patel, "Monitoring motor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson’s disease using wearable sensors", IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed.. Vol. 13, pp. 864-873, 2009.
[17]
M.K. Hassan, A.I.E. Desouky, M.M. Badawy, A.M. Sarhan, M. Elhoseny, and M. Gunasekaran, "EoT-driven hybrid ambient assisted living framework with naïve Bayes–firefly algorithm", Neural Comput. Appl.. May 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-018-3533-y]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-018-3533-y]
[18]
M. Ghamari, B. Janko, R.S. Sherratt, W. Harwin, R. Piechockic, and C. Soltanpur, "A survey on wireless body area networks for eHealthcare systems in residential environments", Sensors . Vol. 16, pp. 1-33, 2016.
[19]
C. Chen, and C.P. Raez, "Design and evaluation of a wireless body sensor system for smart home health monitoring", In: IEEE global telecommunication conference, Honolulu, HI, USA,, 2009, pp. 1-6.
[20]
J.Y. Khan, "Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) design techniques and performance evaluation", J. Med. Syst., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 1441-1457, 2012.
[21]
C. Wang, Q. Wang, and S. Shi, "A distributed wireless body area network for medical supervision", In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on instrumentation and measurement technology. Graz, Austria, 2012, pp. 2612-2616.
[22]
(a)V. Balasubramanian, "Performance evaluation of the dependable properties of a body area wireless sensor network", In: International Conference on Reliability Optimization and Information Technology (ICROIT).Faridabad, India 2014., (b)A. Janabi, I.A. Shourbaji, M. Shojafar, and S. Shamshirband, "Survey of main challenges (security and privacy) in wireless body area networks for healthcare applications", Egyptian Informatics J., vol. 18, pp. 113-122, 2017.
[25]
"Karthiga, “A study on routing protocols in wireless body area networks and its suitability for m-Health applications”, Commun. Sig. Process. (ICCSP),", 2015, pp. 1064-1069.
[26]
I. Ha, Technologies and research trends in wireless body area networks for healthcare: A systematic literature review.Inter. J. Distrib. Sen. Netw., June 2015,
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/573538.]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/573538.]
[27]
R. Negra, I. Jemili, and A. Belghith, "Wireless body area networks: Applications and technologies", Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 83, pp. 1274-1281, 2016.
[28]
D.R. Chen, "A real-time streaming control for quality-of-service coexisting wireless body area networks", Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 68, pp. 719-732, 2018.
[29]
T. Bhardwaj, and S.C. Sharma, "Cloud-WBAN: An experimental framework for Cloud-enabled wireless body area network with efficient virtual resource utilization", Sustain. Computing: Informatics and Systems, vol. 20, pp. 14-33, 2018.
[30]
K. Kalaiselvi, G.R. Suresh, and V. Ravi, "Genetic algorithm based sensor node classification in wireless body area networks", Cluster Comput., vol. 22, pp. S12849-S12855, 2019.
[31]
N. Javaid, A. Ahmad, Q. Nadeem, M. Imran, and N. Haider, iMSIMPLE: iMproved stable increase throughput multi-hop link efficient routing protocol for wireless body area networks.Comput. Hum. Behav, . pp. 1-9, 2014, In press.
[32]
L. Laaziz, A. Meharouech, J. Elias, and A. Mehaoua, MAC- network cross layer energy optimization model for wireless body area networks.Joint 16th CFIP and 12th NOTERE, Paris, France, July 2015,
[33]
A. Rezaee, and F. Psandideh, "A fuzzy congestion control protocol based on active queue management in wireless sensor networks with medical applications", Wirel. Pers. Commun., vol. 98, pp. 815-842, 2018.
[34]
Y. Kim, "S. Lee and S. Lee,Coexistence of Zigbee based WBAN and W-Fi for health telemonitoring systems", IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 222-230, 2016.
[35]
R. Latha, P. Vetrivelan, and M. Jagannath, "Balancing emergency message dissemination and network lifetime in Bayesian game formulation", Inform. Med. Unlocked, vol. 8, pp. 60-65, 2017.
[36]
R. Latha, P. Vetrivelan, and M. Jagannath, Balancing emergency message dissemination and network lifetime in Bayesian game formulation.Inform. Med. Unlocked, . pp. 60-65, 2017.
[37]
R.K. Megalingam, A. Sudhakaran, D. Jacob, V. Radhakrishnan, and D. Unnikrishnan, "Advance network based wireless, single PMS for multiple-patient monitoring", In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology. Korea, 2011, pp. 1587-1592.
[38]
A. Sharma, and R. Kumar, "Performance comparison and detailed study of AODV, DSDV, DSR, TORA and OLSR routing protocols in ad hoc networks", In: Fourth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC).Waknaghat, India, 2016
[39]
H.B. Elhadj, L. Chaari, and L. Kamoun, A survey of routing protocols in wireless body area networks for healthcare applications.Inter. J. E-Health Med. Commun. (IJEHMC),, Vol. 3, no. 2, 2012.
[40]
S.B. Tambe, "R.C. Thool and V.R. Thool, “Cluster based wireless mobile healthcare system for physiological data monitoring”, Elsevier", Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 78, pp. 40-47, 2016.
[41]
S.B. Tambe, "R.C. Thool and V.R. Thool, “Cluster based wireless mobile healthcare system for physiological data monitoring”, Elsevier", Procedia Comput. Sci., pp. 40-47, 2016.
[42]
J.I. Bangash, A.H. Abdullah, M.H. Anisi, and A.W. Khan, "A survey of routing protocols in wireless body sensor networks", Sensors , vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1322-1357, 2014.
[43]
A. Sharma, and R. Kumar, "An optimal routing scheme for critical healthcare HTH services-an IOT perspective", In: Fourth International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP).Shimla, India, 2017
[44]
M. Roy, C. Chowdhury, and N. Aslam, "Designing an energy efficient WBAN routing protocol", In: 9th International Conference on Communication system and Networks.Bangalore, India, 2017
[45]
R.A. Uthra, and S.V. Raja, "QoS routing in wireless sensor networks-A survey", ACM Comput. Surv., p. 45, 2012.
[46]
V. Bhanumathi, and C.P. Sangeetha, A guide for selection of routing protocols in WBAN for healthcare applications., Hum. Cent. Comput. Inform. Sci, pp. 2-19. 2017
[47]
X. Liang, Q. Shen, R. Lu, X. Lin, X. Shen, and W. Zhuang, "Exploiting prediction to enable secure and reliable routing in wireless body area networks", In: Proceedings of the 31st annual IEEE international conference on computer communications. Orlando, FL,USA, 2012, pp. 388–396.
[48]
M. Quwaider, and S. Biswas, "On-body packet routing algorithms for body sensor networks", In: Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Networks and Communications. Chennai, India,2009, pp. 171–177.
[49]
T. Watteyne, I. Augé-Blum, M. Dohler, and D. Barthel, "Anybody: A self-organization protocol for body area networks", In: Proceedings of the ICST 2nd International Conference on Body Area Networks (Body Nets ’07). Brussels, Belgium, 2007, pp. 1-7.
[50]
B.J. Culpepper, L. Dung, and M. Moh, "Design and analysis of hybrid indirect transmissions (HIT) for data gathering in wireless micro sensor networks", ACM SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 61-83, 2004.
[51]
T.A. Alghamdi, "Cluster based energy efficient routing protocol for wireless body area networks", Trends Appl. Sci. Res., pp. 13-18, 2016.
[52]
B. Braem, B. Latre, I. Moerman, C. Blondia, and P. Demeester, "The wireless autonomous spanning tree protocol for multihop wireless body area networks", In: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International IEEE Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services.San Jose, CA, USA 1–8, 2006.
[53]
B. Latre, B. Braem, I. Moerman, C. Blondia, E. Reusens, W. Joseph, and P. Demeester, "A low-delay protocol for multihop wireless body area networks", In: Proceedings of the 4th annual international conference mobile and ubiquitous systems: Networking and services. Philadelphia, PA, USA,, 1-8, 2007
[54]
L. Laaziz, A. Meharouech, J. Elias, and A. Mehaoua, "MAC- network cross layer energy optimization model for wireless body area networks", Joint 16th CFIP and 12th NOTERE. Paris, France, July 2015.
[55]
X. Liang, and I. Balasingham, "A QoS-aware routing service framework for biomedical sensor networks", In: Proceedings of the 4th IEEE Int. Sympos. Wireless, Commun. Syst.. Trondheim, Norway,pp. 342-345, 2007.
[56]
X. Liang, I. Balasingham, and S.S. Byun, "A reinforcement learning based routing protocol with QoS support for biomedical sensor networks", In: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Applied Sciences on Biomedical and Communication Technologies.Aalborg, Denmark 1-5, 2008.
[57]
M.A. Razzaque, C.S. Hong, and S. Lee, "Data-centric multiobjective QoS-aware routing protocol for body sensor networks", Sensors , vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 917-937, 2011.
[58]
Z.A. Khan, S. Sivakumar, W. Phillips, B. Robertson, and N. Javaid, "QPRD: QoS-aware peering routing protocol for delay sensitive data in hospital body area network communication", In: Proceedings of the 7th international IEEE conference on broadband, wireless computing, communication and applications (BWCCA’12).Victoria, BC, Canada 2012, pp. 178-185.
[59]
Z. Ali Khan, S. Sivakumar, W. Phillips, and B. Robertson, "ZEQoS: A new energy and QoS- aware routing protocol for communication of sensor devices in healthcare system", Int. J. Distrib. Sen. Netw.,. Vol. 5, 2005.
[60]
B. Nazir, and H. Hasbullah, "Energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocol for clustered wireless sensor network", Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 39, pp. 2425-2441, 2013.
[61]
Q. Tang, N. Tummala, S.K. Gupta, and L. Schwiebert, "TARA: Thermal-aware routing algorithm for implanted sensor networks", In: Proceedings of the 1st IEEE international conference distributed computing in sensor systems.Marina del Rey, CA, USA,, 2005, pp. 206-217.
[62]
D. Takahashi, Y. Xiao, and F. Hu, "LTRT: Least total-route temperature routing for embedded biomedical sensor networks", In: Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.Washington, DC, USA, 641–645.
[63]
B. Anirban, and M.A. Bassiouni, "Energy efficient thermal aware routing algorithms for embedded biomedical sensor networks", In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’06).Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2006, pp 604-609.
[64]
N. Javaid, Z. Abbas, M.S. Fareed, and N. Alrajeh, "M-ATTEMPT: A new energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless body area sensor networks", Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 19, pp. 224-231, 2013.
[65]
A.R. Bhangwar, P. Kumar, A. Ahmed, and M.I. Channa, "Trust and Thermal Aware Routing Protocol (TTRP) for wireless body area networks", Wirel. Pers. Commun., vol. 97, pp. 349-364, 2017.
[66]
N. Javaid, A. Ahmad, Q. Nadeem, M. Imran, and N. Haider, "“iM-SIMPLE: iMproved stable increase throughput multi-hop link efficient routing protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks”, Elsevier -Comput", Hum. Behav., pp. 1-9, 2014.
[67]
N. Kaur, and S. Singh, "“Optimized cost effective and energy efficient routing protocol for wireless body area networks”, Elsevier", Ad Hoc Netw., pp. 65-84, 2017.
[68]
V. Navya, and P. Deepalakshmi, "Energy efficient routing for critical physiological parameters in wireless body area networks under mobile emergency scenarios", Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 72, pp. 512-525, 2018.
[69]
D.Y. Kim, W.Y. Kim, J.S. Cho, and B. Lee, "EAR: An environment-adaptive routing algorithm for WBANs", In: Proceedings of International symposium on medical information and Communication technology (ISMICT), 2010.
[70]
E. Hojjatollah, and M.B. Behrouz, Evolutionary based multihop routing protocol. Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ), , 63-74, 2018
[71]
R.A. Khan, K.H. Mohammadani, A.A. Sumroo, J. Hussain, S. Khan, T.H. Arain, and H. Zafar, "An energy efficient routing protocol for wireless body area sensor networks", Wirel. Pers. Commun., vol. 99, pp. 1443-1454, 2018.
[72]
S. Pathak, M. Kumar, A. Mohan, and B. Kumar, "“Energy optimization of ZigBee based WBAN for patient monitoring”, Elsevier-", Procedia Comput. Sci.. 2015. 414-420.
[73]
A. Bhatia, and K.P. Ranjeet, "A delay and energy efficient poll-based MAC protocol for wireless body area networks", Wirel. Pers. Commun., vol. 99, pp. 915-939, 2018.
[74]
F. Ullah, A.H. Abdullah, O. Kaiwartya, and Y. Cao, "TraPy-MAC: Traffic priority aware medium access control protocol for wireless body area network", J. Med. Syst., vol. 41, no. 6, . 2017
[75]
G. Ahmed, Z. Jianhua, and M.M.S. Fareed, "PERA: Priority based energy efficient routing algorithm for WBAN", Wirel. Pers. Commun., vol. 96, pp. 4737-4753, 2017.
[76]
Q. Nadeem, N. Javaid, S.N. Mohammad, M.Y. Khan, S. Sarfraz, and M. Gul, "SIMPLE: Stable Increased-throughput Multi-hop protocol for link efficiency in wireless body area networks", In: 8th International conference on broadband and wireless computing, communication and applications. Compiegne, France, Vol. 221,no. 226, 2013, pp. 28-30.
[78]
M. Elhosenv, A. Shehab, and X. Yuan, "Optimizing robot path in dynamic environments using genetic algorithm and Bezier curve", J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst., vol. 33, pp. 2305-2316, 2017.
[79]
A. Forkan, I. Khalil, A. Ibaida, and Z. Tari, “BDCaM: Big data for context aware monitoring-a personalized knowledge discovery framework for assisted healthcare”, IEEE Trans., Cloud Comput, pp. 1-1. 2015
[80]
D. Masouros, I. Bakolas, V. Tsoutsouras, and K. Siozios, "From edge to cloud: Design and implementation of a healthcare Internet of Things infrastructure", In: 27th international symposium on power and timing modeling, optimization and simulation (PATMOS), Thessaloniki, Greece, 1-6, 2017
[81]
F. Andriopoulou, T. Dagiuklas, and T. Orphanoudakis, "Integrating IoT and Fog computing for healthcare service delivery", In: Components and services for IoT platforms., Springer: Berlin, 2017, pp. 213-232.
[82]
D. Masouros, I. Bakolas, and V. Tsoutsouras, "“From edge to cloud: Design and implementation of a healthcare internet of things infrastructure. In: 27th international symposium on power and timing modeling, optimization and simulation (PATMOS), Thessaloniki, Greece, ", 2017, pp. 1–6.
[83]
A. Forkan, I. Khalil, and Z. Tari, "CoCaMAAL: A cloud-oriented context-aware middleware in ambient assisted living", Future Gener. Comput. Syst..35:114–127,, 2014
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.07.009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.07.009]
[84]
M.K. Hassan, A.I. El Desouky, S.M. Elghamrawy, and A.M. Sarhan, "Intelligent hybrid remote patient-monitoring model with cloud-based framework for knowledge discovery", Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 70, pp. 1034-1048, 2018.
[85]
H. Dubey, A. Monteiro, N. Constant, M. Abtahi, D. Borthakur, L. Mehler, Y. Sun, Q. Yang, U. Akbar, and K. Mankodia, "Fog computing in medical internet-of-things: Architecture, implementation, and applications", In: Handbook of large-scale distributed computing in smart healthcare., Springer: Berlin, pp. 281-321. 2017
[86]
A. Sevin, C. Bayilmis, and I. Kirbas, "Design and implementation of a new quality of service-aware cross-layer medium access protocol for wireless body area networks", Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 56, pp. 145-156, 2016.
[87]
M. Elhoseny, G. Ramirez-Gonzalez, O.M. Abu-Elnasr, S.A. Shawkat, N. Arun, and A. Farouk, "Secure medical data transmission model for IoT-based healthcare systems", IEEE Access, pp. 1-1, 2008.
[88]
A. Darwish, A.E. Hassanien, M. Elhoseny, A.K. Sangaiah, and K. Muhammad, "The impact of the hybrid platform of internet of things and cloud computing on healthcare systems: Opportunities, challenges, and open problems", J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput., vol. 10, no. 10, 2017.
[89]
O. Abedinia, "Solution of economic load dispatch problem via hybrid particle swarm optimization with time‐varying acceleration coefficients and bacteria foraging algorithm techniques", Inter. Transact. Electric. Energy Syst., vol. 23, pp. 1504-1522, 2013.
[90]
O. Abedinia, N. Amjady, and A. Ghasemi, "A new metaheuristic algorithm based on shark smell optimization", Complexity, vol. 21, no. 5, 2016.
[91]
B.H. Jung, R.U. Akbar, and D.K. Sung, "Throughput, energy consumption and energy efficiency of IEEE 802.15.6 body area network MAC protocol", In: 23rd IEEE International Symposium on indoor and mobile radio communications (PIMRC).Sydney, Australia, 2012, pp. 584-589.
[92]
J. Naganawa, K. Wangchuk, M. Kim, T. Aoyagi, and J. Takada, "Simulation-based scenario-specific channel modeling for WBAN cooperative transmission schemes", IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 559-570, 2015.
[93]
S. Ahmed, N. Javaid, S. Yousaf, A. Ahmad, M.M. Sandhu, M. Imran, Z.A. Khan, and N. Alrajeh, "Co-LAEEBA: Cooperative link aware and energy efficient protocol for wireless body area networks", Comput. Human Behav., vol. 51, pp. 1205-1215, 2015.
[94]
P. Mohnani, and F. Jabeen, "Modeling and optimizing wireless body area network data using PSO in virtual doctor server", Commun. Appl. Electron., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 39-43, 2016.
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
01 September, 2024
Advancements in Brain Tumor Detection and Treatment using Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Blockchain Technology
Brain tumors are among the most challenging diseases to diagnose and treat, requiring specialized expertise and advanced technology for accurate detection and effective treatment. In recent years, machine learning and deep learning algorithms have shown promise in improving the accuracy and efficiency of brain tumor detection through medical imaging analysis. ...read more
19 August, 2024
Advances of Biometric Data Analysis to Boost Intelligent Applications
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, more and more intelligent devices and applications are appearing in our daily lives, such as smart home, smart agriculture, health diagnosis, educational support, and environmental monitoring. Interaction with these devices or applications has become a pressing issue that can greatly improve ...read more
13 August, 2024
Attainment of SDGs through the Advancement in Solar Energy Systems
With less than a decade until we reach 2030, it is crucial to address the deep inequalities affecting not only our health but also our quality of life, and the economy of countries worldwide. Few of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be directly and indirectly achieved through the ...read more
23 April, 2024
Emerging Intelligent Computing Techniques and their Applications Using Machine Learning
This special issue will aim to discuss computational intelligence approaches, initiatives and applications in engineering and science fields (including Machine Intelligence, Mining Engineering, Modeling and Simulation, Computer, Communication, Networking and Information Engineering, Systems Engineering, Innovative Computing Systems, Adaptive Technologies for Sustainable Growth, and Theoretical and Applied Sciences). This collection should ...read more
Related Journals
Recent Patents on Engineering
Article Metrics
18