Generic placeholder image

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5265
ISSN (Online): 2212-3989

Review Article

Association of Low Vitamin D with Complications of HIV and AIDS: A literature Review

Author(s): Evelyn Chokuda, Chris Reynolds and Satyajit Das*

Volume 20, Issue 2, 2020

Page: [122 - 142] Pages: 21

DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666181221122731

Price: $65

Abstract

With the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the survival of HIV patients has improved dramatically, but the complications of the disease and treatment have become an important issue in the management of HIV patients. Vitamin-D deficiency is common in HIV patients. Low vitamin-D is associated with different comorbidities in the HIV uninfected general population.

In this review, we first briefly describe vitamin D synthesis and mechanism of action and we focus on the epidemiological and clinical data dealing with the relationship between vitamin D deficiency in HIV infection with several comorbidities which has been found to be increasingly common in patients living with HIV infection. We searched the PubMed database using the keywords “HIV,” “vitamin D” and other common disorders or conditions that are relatively common in HIV infection. The other conditions included in the search were osteoporosis and fracture, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and insulin resistance, active tuberculosis, hepatitis-C co-infection, and HIV disease progression. Articles presenting original data as well as systematic reviews and met analysis related to HIV population were included in our analysis.

Vitamin-D deficiency seems to be associated with several adverse outcomes in HIV patients but a definite cause and effect relationship with vitamin-D is yet to be confirmed in most of the cases. However, the literature supporting the efficacy of vitamin-D supplementation is lacking.

Keywords: HIV, vitamin D, diabetes, fracture, cardiovascular disease, Hepatitis C, tuberculosis, cancer.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
DeLuca, H.F. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004, 80(6)(Suppl.), 1689S-1696S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1689S] [PMID: 15585789]
[2]
Bolland, M.J.; Grey, A.; Gamble, G.D.; Reid, I.R. Calcium and vitamin D supplements and health outcomes: a reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) limited-access data set. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2011, 94(4), 1144-1149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.015032] [PMID: 21880848]
[3]
Lake, J.E.; Adams, J.S. Vitamin D in HIV-infected patients. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 2011, 8(3), 133-141.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-011-0082-8] [PMID: 21647555]
[4]
Hammond, E.; McKinnon, E.; Glendenning, P.; Williams, R.; Mallal, S.; Phillips, E. Association between 25-OH vitamin D and insulin is independent of lipoatrophy in HIV. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.), 2012, 76(2), 201-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04149.x] [PMID: 21682759]
[5]
Adeyemi, O.M.; Agniel, D.; French, A.L.; Tien, P.C.; Weber, K.; Glesby, M.J.; Villacres, M.C.; Sharma, A.; Merenstein, D.; Golub, E.T.; Meyer, W.; Cohen, M. Vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in the United States. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2011, 57(3), 197-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31821ae418] [PMID: 21471818]
[6]
Bikle, D.D. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chem. Biol., 2014, 21(3), 319-329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016] [PMID: 24529992]
[7]
Mansueto, P.; Seidita, A.; Vitale, G.; Gangemi, S.; Iaria, C.; Cascio, A. Vitamin D deficiency in HIV Infection: Not only a bone disorder. BioMed Res. Int., 2015, 2015735615
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/735615] [PMID: 26000302]
[8]
Manson, J.E.; Brannon, P.M.; Rosen, C.J.; Taylor, C.L. Vitamin D deficiency - is there really a pandemic? N. Engl. J. Med., 2016, 375(19), 1817-1820.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1608005] [PMID: 27959647]
[9]
Ross, A.C.; Manson, J.E.; Abrams, S.A.; Aloia, J.F.; Brannon, P.M.; Clinton, S.K.; Durazo-Arvizu, R.A.; Gallagher, J.C.; Gallo, R.L.; Jones, G.; Kovacs, C.S.; Mayne, S.T.; Rosen, C.J.; Shapses, S.A. The 2011 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D: what dietetics practitioners need to know. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 2011, 111(4), 524-527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.01.004] [PMID: 21443983]
[10]
Ross, A.C.; Manson, J.E.; Abrams, S.A.; Aloia, J.F.; Brannon, P.M.; Clinton, S.K.; Durazo-Arvizu, R.A.; Gallagher, J.C.; Gallo, R.L.; Jones, G.; Kovacs, C.S.; Mayne, S.T.; Rosen, C.J.; Shapses, S.A. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011, 96(1), 53-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2704] [PMID: 21118827]
[11]
Holick, M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 357(3), 266-281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553] [PMID: 17634462]
[12]
Yin, M. Vitamin D, bone, and HIV infection. Top. Antivir. Med., 2012, 20(5), 168-172.
[PMID: 23363695]
[13]
Dao, C.N.; Patel, P.; Overton, E.T.; Rhame, F.; Pals, S.L.; Johnson, C.; Bush, T.; Brooks, J.T. Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV and AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy (SUN) Investigators.Low vitamin D among HIV-infected adults: prevalence of and risk factors for low vitamin D Levels in a cohort of HIV-infected adults and comparison to prevalence among adults in the US general population. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2011, 52(3), 396-405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq158] [PMID: 21217186]
[14]
Oyedele, T.; Adeyemi, O.M. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected adults: what are the future research questions? Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 2012, 9(1), 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-011-0101-9] [PMID: 22187389]
[15]
Viard, J.P.; Souberbielle, J.C.; Kirk, O.; Reekie, J.; Knysz, B.; Losso, M.; Gatell, J.; Pedersen, C.; Bogner, J.R.; Lundgren, J.D.; Mocroft, A. EuroSIDA Study Group.Vitamin D and clinical disease progression in HIV infection: results from the EuroSIDA study. AIDS, 2011, 25(10), 1305-1315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328347f6f7] [PMID: 21522006]
[16]
Giusti, A.; Penco, G.; Pioli, G. Vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review. Nutr. Diet. Suppl., 2011, 3, 101-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDS.S6921]
[17]
Tafazoli, A.; Khalili, H. Vitamin D and HIV infection. Future Virol., 2013, 8(6), 589-606.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl.13.40]
[18]
Atteritano, M.; Mirarchi, L.; Venanzi-Rullo, E.; Santoro, D.; Iaria, C.; Catalano, A.; Lasco, A.; Arcoraci, V.; Lo Gullo, A.; Bitto, A.; Squadrito, F.; Cascio, A. Vitamin D status and the relationship with bone fragility fractures in HIV-infected patients: a case control study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(1)E119
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010119] [PMID: 29301284]
[19]
Erlandson, K.M.; Lake, J.E.; Sim, M.; Falutz, J.; Prado, C.M.; Domingues da Silva, A.R.; Brown, T.T.; Guaraldi, G. Bone Mineral Density Declines Twice as Quickly Among HIV-Infected Women Compared With Men. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2018, 77(3), 288-294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001591] [PMID: 29140875]
[20]
Stephens, K.I.; Rubinsztain, L.; Payan, J.; Rentsch, C.; Rimland, D.; Tangpricha, V. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and calculated frax risk scores may underestimate osteoporotic fracture risk in vitamin d-deficient veterans with HIV infection. Endocr. Pract., 2016, 22(4), 440-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP15958.OR] [PMID: 26684149]
[21]
Yin, M.T.; Lu, D.; Cremers, S.; Tien, P.C.; Cohen, M.H.; Shi, Q.; Shane, E.; Golub, E.T.; Anastos, K. Short-term bone loss in HIV-infected premenopausal women. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2010, 53(2), 202-208.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181bf6471] [PMID: 19890216]
[22]
Bone mineral density, vitamin D levels and inflammation markers in antiretroviralnaive HIV-infected and uninfected adults 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2012 5-8th of March 2012.
[23]
Stein, E.M.; Yin, M.T.; McMahon, D.J.; Shu, A.; Zhang, C.A.; Ferris, D.C.; Colon, I.; Dobkin, J.F.; Hammer, S.M.; Shane, E. Vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected postmenopausal Hispanic and African-American women. Osteoporos. Int., 2011, 22(2), 477-487.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1299-x] [PMID: 20585939]
[24]
Dolan, S.E.; Kanter, J.R.; Grinspoon, S. Longitudinal analysis of bone density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91(8), 2938-2945.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0127] [PMID: 16735489]
[25]
Das, S.; Bopitya, S.; Taha, H.; David, L. Relationship between vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, bone mineral density, fracture and antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov, 2014, 9(1), 6-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574891X09666140609123138] [PMID: 24909536]
[26]
Prior, J.; Burdge, D.; Maan, E.; Milner, R.; Hankins, C.; Klein, M.; Walmsley, S. Fragility fractures and bone mineral density in HIV positive women: a case-control population-based study. Osteoporos. Int., 2007, 18(10), 1345-1353.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-007-0428-7] [PMID: 17665239]
[27]
Triant, V.A.; Brown, T.T.; Lee, H.; Grinspoon, S.K. Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2008, 93(9), 3499-3504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0828] [PMID: 18593764]
[28]
Paul, T.V.; Asha, H.S.; Thomas, N.; Seshadri, M.S.; Rupali, P.; Abraham, O.C.; Pulimood, S.A.; Jose, A. Hypovitaminosis D and bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men from India, with or without antiretroviral therapy. Endocr. Pract., 2010, 16(4), 547-553.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP09197.OR] [PMID: 20150027]
[29]
Sudjaritruk, T.; Bunupuradah, T.; Aurpibul, L.; Kosalaraksa, P.; Kurniati, N.; Prasitsuebsai, W.; Sophonphan, J.; Ananworanich, J.; Puthanakit, T. Bone-D Study Group.Hypovitaminosis D and hyperparathyroidism: effects on bone turnover and bone mineral density among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents. AIDS, 2016, 30(7), 1059-1067.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001032] [PMID: 26807972]
[30]
Fausto, A.; Bongiovanni, M.; Cicconi, P.; Menicagli, L.; Ligabò, E.V.; Melzi, S.; Bini, T.; Sardanelli, F.; Cornalba, G.; Monforte, Ad. Potential predictive factors of osteoporosis in HIV-positive subjects. Bone, 2006, 38(6), 893-897.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2005.11.001] [PMID: 16377270]
[31]
Cervero, M.; Torres, R.; Agud, J.L.; Alcázar, V.; Jusdado, J.J.; García-Lacalle, C.; Moreno, S. Prevalence of and risk factors for low bone mineral density in Spanish treated HIV-infected patients. PLoS One, 2018, 13(4)e0196201
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196201] [PMID: 29709013]
[32]
Ramayo, E.; González-Moreno, M.P.; Macías, J.; Cruz-Ruíz, M.; Mira, J.A.; Villar-Rueda, A.M.; García-García, J.A.; Gómez-Mateos, J.M.; Lozano, F.; Pineda, J.A. Relationship between osteopenia, free testosterone, and vitamin D metabolite levels in HIV-infected patients with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 2005, 21(11), 915-921.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2005.21.915] [PMID: 16386106]
[33]
Klassen, K.M.; Kimlin, M.G.; Fairley, C.K.; Emery, S.; Anderson, P.H.; Ebeling, P.R. STEAL Study Group.Associations between vitamin D metabolites, antiretroviral therapy and bone mineral density in people with HIV. Osteoporos. Int., 2016, 27(5), 1737-1745.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3432-3] [PMID: 26659069]
[34]
Havens, P.L.; Stephensen, C.B.; Van Loan, M.D.; Schuster, G.U.; Woodhouse, L.R.; Flynn, P.M.; Gordon, C.M.; Pan, C.G.; Rutledge, B.; Harris, D.R.; Price, G.; Baker, A.; Meyer, W.A., III; Wilson, C.M.; Hazra, R.; Kapogiannis, B.G.; Mulligan, K. Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN) 109 Study Team.Vitamin D3 Supplementation Increases Spine Bone Mineral Density in Adolescents and Young Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Being Treated With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2018, 66(2), 220-228.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix753] [PMID: 29020329]
[35]
Rovner, A.J.; Stallings, V.A.; Rutstein, R.; Schall, J.I.; Leonard, M.B.; Zemel, B.S. Effect of high-dose cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on bone and body composition in children and young adults with HIV infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Osteoporos. Int., 2017, 28(1), 201-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3826-x] [PMID: 27837268]
[36]
Das, S.; Bopitya, S.; Chowdhury, A.R.; Das, A.; Taha, H. Effect of low dose oral Vitamin-D and calcium replacement in HIV patients. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov, 2016, 11(1), 59-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574891X11666160201122236] [PMID: 26844688]
[37]
Rosenvinge, M.M.; Gedela, K.; Copas, A.J.; Wilkinson, A.; Sheehy, C.A.; Bano, G.; Hay, P.E.; Pakianathan, M.R.; Sadiq, S.T. Tenofovir-linked hyperparathyroidism is independently associated with the presence of vitamin D deficiency. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2010, 54(5), 496-499.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181caebaa] [PMID: 20672448]
[38]
Mondy, K.; Powderly, W.G.; Claxton, S.A.; Yarasheski, K.H.; Royal, M.; Stoneman, J.S.; Hoffmann, M.E.; Tebas, P. Alendronate, vitamin D, and calcium for the treatment of osteopenia/osteoporosis associated with HIV infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2005, 38(4), 426-431.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000145352.04440.1e] [PMID: 15764959]
[39]
Aydın, O.A.; Karaosmanoglu, H.K.; Karahasanoglu, R.; Tahmaz, M.; Nazlıcan, O. Prevalence and risk factors of osteopenia/osteoporosis in Turkish HIV/AIDS patients. Braz. J. Infect. Dis., 2013, 17(6), 707-711.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2013.05.009] [PMID: 24076108]
[40]
Bongiovanni, M.; Tincati, C. Bone diseases associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: pathogenesis, risk factors and clinical management. Curr. Mol. Med., 2006, 6(4), 395-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652406777435435] [PMID: 16900662]
[41]
Casado, J.L.; Bañon, S.; Andrés, R.; Perez-Elías, M.J.; Moreno, A.; Moreno, S. Prevalence of causes of secondary osteoporosis and contribution to lower bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients. Osteoporos. Int., 2014, 25(3), 1071-1079.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2506-3] [PMID: 24057480]
[42]
Brown, T.T.; Qaqish, R.B. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review. AIDS, 2006, 20(17), 2165-2174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32801022eb] [PMID: 17086056]
[43]
Compston, J. Osteoporosis and fracture risk associated with HIV infection and treatment. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 2014, 43(3), 769-780.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2014.05.001] [PMID: 25169566]
[44]
Peters, B.S.; Perry, M.; Wierzbicki, A.S.; Wolber, L.E.; Blake, G.M.; Patel, N.; Hoile, R.; Duncan, A.; Kulasegaram, R.; Williams, F.M. A cross-sectional randomised study of fracture risk in people with HIV infection in the probono 1 study. PLoS One, 2013, 8(10)e78048
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078048] [PMID: 24205086]
[45]
Young, B.; Dao, C.N.; Buchacz, K.; Baker, R.; Brooks, J.T. HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators.Increased rates of bone fracture among HIV-infected persons in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) compared with the US general population, 2000-2006. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2011, 52(8), 1061-1068.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq242] [PMID: 21398272]
[46]
Bedimo, R.; Maalouf, N.M.; Zhang, S.; Drechsler, H.; Tebas, P. Osteoporotic fracture risk associated with cumulative exposure to tenofovir and other antiretroviral agents. AIDS, 2012, 26(7), 825-831.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835192ae] [PMID: 22301411]
[47]
Childs, K.E.; Fishman, S.L.; Constable, C.; Gutierrez, J.A.; Wyatt, C.M.; Dieterich, D.T.; Mullen, M.P.; Branch, A.D. Short communication: Inadequate vitamin D exacerbates parathyroid hormone elevations in tenofovir users. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 2010, 26(8), 855-859.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2009.0308] [PMID: 20672993]
[48]
Masiá, M.; Padilla, S.; Robledano, C.; López, N.; Ramos, J.M.; Gutiérrez, F. Early changes in parathyroid hormone concentrations in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 2012, 28(3), 242-246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2011.0052] [PMID: 21639815]
[49]
Ntional Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Vitamin D deficiency in adults - treatment and prevention., 2016.Available from :. https://cks.nice.org.uk/vitamin-d-deficiency-in-adults-treatment-and-prevention
[50]
Lai, H.; Fishman, E.K.; Gerstenblith, G.; Moore, R.; Brinker, J.A.; Keruly, J.C.; Chen, S.; Detrick, B.; Lai, S. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with development of subclinical coronary artery disease in HIV-infected African American cocaine users with low Framingham-defined cardiovascular risk. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2013, 9, 729-737.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S50537] [PMID: 24265555]
[51]
Ross, A.C.; Judd, S.; Kumari, M.; Hileman, C.; Storer, N.; Labbato, D.; Tangpricha, V.; McComsey, G.A. Vitamin D is linked to carotid intima-media thickness and immune reconstitution in HIV-positive individuals. Antivir. Ther. (Lond.), 2011, 16(4), 555-563.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP1784] [PMID: 21685543]
[52]
Choi, A.I.; Lo, J.C.; Mulligan, K.; Schnell, A.; Kalapus, S.C.; Li, Y.; Hunt, P.W.; Martin, J.N.; Deeks, S.G.; Hsue, P.Y. Association of vitamin D insufficiency with carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-infected persons. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2011, 52(7), 941-944.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq239] [PMID: 21273298]
[53]
Huff, H.; Merchant, A.T.; Lonn, E.; Pullenayegum, E.; Smaill, F.; Smieja, M. Vitamin D and progression of carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-positive Canadians. HIV Med., 2018, 19(2), 143-151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12563] [PMID: 29110385]
[54]
Lai, S.; Fishman, E.K.; Gerstenblith, G.; Brinker, J.; Tai, H.; Chen, S.; Li, J.; Tong, W.; Detrick, B.; Lai, H. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with coronary artery calcification in cardiovascularly asymptomatic African Americans with HIV infection. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2013, 9, 493-500.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S48388] [PMID: 24009422]
[55]
Shikuma, C.M.; Seto, T.; Liang, C.Y.; Bennett, K.; DeGruttola, V.; Gerschenson, M.; Stein, J.H.; Budoff, M.; Hodis, H.N.; Delaney, J.A.; Ogata-Arakaki, D.; Pramyothin, P.; Chow, D. Vitamin D levels and markers of arterial dysfunction in HIV. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 2012, 28(8), 793-797.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/aid.2011.0086] [PMID: 21978287]
[56]
Moreno-Pérez, O.; Portilla, J.; Escoín, C.; Alfayate, R.; Reus, S.; Merino, E.; Boix, V.; Bernabeu, A.; Giner, L.; Mauri, M.; Sánchez-Paya, J.; Picó, A. Impact of vitamin D insufficiency on insulin homeostasis and beta cell function in nondiabetic male HIV-infected patients. HIV Med., 2013, 14(9), 540-548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12042] [PMID: 23651392]
[57]
Portilla, J.; Moreno-Pérez, O.; Serna-Candel, C.; Escoín, C.; Alfayate, R.; Reus, S.; Merino, E.; Boix, V.; Giner, L.; Sánchez-Payá, J.; Picó, A. Vitamin D insufficiency and subclinical atherosclerosis in non-diabetic males living with HIV. J. Int. AIDS Soc., 2014, 17, 18945.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18945] [PMID: 24836607]
[58]
Bajaj, S.; Misra, V.; Bharghav, A.; Gupta, S.K.; Sonkar, K.K.; Ibandalin, Association of vitamin D levels, lipid profile and intima media thickness in HIV positive patients. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab., 2012, 16(Suppl. 2), S411-S412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.104111] [PMID: 23565446]
[59]
Eckard, A.R.; Raggi, P.; O’Riordan, M.A.; Rosebush, J.C.; Labbato, D.; Chahroudi, A.; Ruff, J.H.; Longenecker, C.T.; Tangpricha, V.; McComsey, G.A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-infected youth. Virulence, 2018, 9(1), 294-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2017.1365217] [PMID: 28891732]
[60]
Chen, S.; Glenn, D.J.; Ni, W.; Grigsby, C.L.; Olsen, K.; Nishimoto, M.; Law, C.S.; Gardner, D.G. Expression of the vitamin d receptor is increased in the hypertrophic heart. Hypertension, 2008, 52(6), 1106-1112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.119602] [PMID: 18936343]
[61]
Uysal, S.; Kalayci, A.G.; Baysal, K. Cardiac functions in children with vitamin D deficiency rickets. Pediatr. Cardiol., 1999, 20(4), 283-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002469900464] [PMID: 10368454]
[62]
Anderson, J.L.; May, H.T.; Horne, B.D.; Bair, T.L.; Hall, N.L.; Carlquist, J.F.; Lappé, D.L.; Muhlestein, J.B. Intermountain Heart Collaborative (IHC) Study Group.Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am. J. Cardiol., 2010, 106(7), 963-968.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.027] [PMID: 20854958]
[63]
Judd, S.E.; Tangpricha, V. Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Med. Sci., 2009, 338(1), 40-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91] [PMID: 19593102]
[64]
Bozzette, S.A.; Ake, C.F.; Tam, H.K.; Chang, S.W.; Louis, T.A. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 348(8), 702-710.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022048] [PMID: 12594314]
[65]
Bozzette, S.A. HIV and Cardiovascular Disease. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2011, 53(1), 92-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir275] [PMID: 21653309]
[66]
Friis-Møller, N.; Reiss, P.; Sabin, C.A.; Weber, R.; Monforte, Ad.; El-Sadr, W.; Thiébaut, R.; De Wit, S.; Kirk, O.; Fontas, E.; Law, M.G.; Phillips, A.; Lundgren, J.D. DAD Study Group.Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 356(17), 1723-1735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa062744] [PMID: 17460226]
[67]
Grunfeld, C.; Delaney, J.A.; Wanke, C.; Currier, J.S.; Scherzer, R.; Biggs, M.L.; Tien, P.C.; Shlipak, M.G.; Sidney, S.; Polak, J.F.; O’Leary, D.; Bacchetti, P.; Kronmal, R.A. Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study. AIDS, 2009, 23(14), 1841-1849.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832d3b85] [PMID: 19455012]
[68]
Richart, T.; Thijs, L.; Nawrot, T.; Yu, J.; Kuznetsova, T.; Balkestein, E.J.; Struijker-Boudier, H.A.; Staessen, J.A. The metabolic syndrome and carotid intima-media thickness in relation to the parathyroid hormone to 25-OH-D(3) ratio in a general population. Am. J. Hypertens., 2011, 24(1), 102-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2010.124] [PMID: 20596035]
[69]
Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Oikonomou, E.; Maniatis, K.; Kioufis, S.; Kokkou, E.; Vavuranakis, M.; Zaromitidou, M.; Kassi, E.; Miliou, A.; Stefanadis, C. Vitamin D3, D2 and arterial wall properties in coronary artery disease. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2014, 20(37), 5914-5918.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140619122937] [PMID: 24947585]
[70]
Lee, S.; Ahuja, V.; Masaki, K.; Evans, R.W.; Barinas-Mitchell, E.J.; Ueshima, H.; Shin, C.; Choo, J.; Hassen, L.; Edmundowicz, D.; Kuller, L.H.; Willcox, B.; Sekikawa, A. A Significant Positive Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Coronary Artery Calcification among Middle-aged Men: For the ERA JUMP Study. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 2016, 35(7), 614-620.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1118651] [PMID: 27315115]
[71]
Sung, K.C.; Chang, Y.; Ryu, S.; Chung, H.K. High levels of serum vitamin D are associated with a decreased risk of metabolic diseases in both men and women, but an increased risk for coronary artery calcification in Korean men. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2016, 15(1), 112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-016-0432-3] [PMID: 27519883]
[72]
Szep, Z.; Guaraldi, G.; Shah, S.S.; Lo Re, V., III; Ratcliffe, S.J.; Orlando, G.; Carli, F.; Rossi, R.; Rochira, V.; Tebas, P. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV infection. AIDS, 2011, 25(4), 525-529.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328342fdfd] [PMID: 21178753]
[73]
Adeyemi, O.M.; Livak, B.; Orsi, J.; Glesby, M.J.; Villacres, M.C.; Weber, K.M.; Sharma, A.; Golub, E.; Young, M.; Cohen, M.; Tien, P.C. Vitamin D and insulin resistance in non-diabetic women’s interagency HIV study participants. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2013, 27(6), 320-325.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2012.0400] [PMID: 23675750]
[74]
van den Bout-van den Beukel, C.J.; van den Bos, M.; Oyen, W.J.; Hermus, A.R.; Sweep, F.C.; Tack, C.J.; Bosch, M.E.; Burger, D.M.; Koopmans, P.P.; van der Ven, A.J. The effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on vitamin D levels and insulin sensitivity is dose related in vitamin D-deficient HIV-1-infected patients. HIV Med., 2008, 9(9), 771-779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00630.x] [PMID: 18754805]
[75]
Shi, H.; Norman, A.W.; Okamura, W.H.; Sen, A.; Zemel, M.B. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates human adipocyte metabolism via nongenomic action. FASEB J., 2001, 15(14), 2751-2753.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0584fje] [PMID: 11606486]
[76]
Norman, A.W.; Frankel, J.B.; Heldt, A.M.; Grodsky, G.M. Vitamin D deficiency inhibits pancreatic secretion of insulin. Science, 1980, 209(4458), 823-825.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.6250216] [PMID: 6250216]
[77]
Khan, H.; Kunutsor, S.; Franco, O.H.; Chowdhury, R. Vitamin D, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 2013, 72(1), 89-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0029665112002765] [PMID: 23107484]
[78]
Nolan, D. Metabolic complications associated with HIV protease inhibitor therapy. Drugs, 2003, 63(23), 2555-2574.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200363230-00001] [PMID: 14636077]
[79]
Hadigan, C.; Miller, K.; Corcoran, C.; Anderson, E.; Basgoz, N.; Grinspoon, S. Fasting hyperinsulinemia and changes in regional body composition in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1999, 84(6), 1932-1937.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.6.1932] [PMID: 10372689]
[80]
Nolan, D.; Hammond, E.; James, I.; McKinnon, E.; Mallal, S. Contribution of nucleoside-analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy to lipoatrophy from the population to the cellular level. Antivir. Ther. (Lond.), 2003, 8(6), 617-626.
[PMID: 14760896]
[81]
Mercier, S.; Gueye, N.F.; Cournil, A.; Fontbonne, A.; Copin, N.; Ndiaye, I.; Dupuy, A.M.; Cames, C.; Sow, P.S.; Ndoye, I.; Delaporte, E.; Simondon, K.B. Lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in HIV-1-infected adults on 4- to 9-year antiretroviral therapy in Senegal: a case-control study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2009, 51(2), 224-230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31819c16f4] [PMID: 19339897]
[82]
van Vonderen, M.G.; Blümer, R.M.; Hassink, E.A.; Sutinen, J.; Ackermans, M.T.; van Agtmael, M.A.; Yki-Jarvinen, H.; Danner, S.A.; Serlie, M.J.; Sauerwein, H.P.; Reiss, P. Insulin sensitivity in multiple pathways is differently affected during zidovudine/lamivudine-containing compared with NRTI-sparing combination antiretroviral therapy. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2010, 53(2), 186-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c190f4] [PMID: 19898246]
[83]
Tenforde, M.W.; Yadav, A.; Dowdy, D.W.; Gupte, N.; Shivakoti, R.; Yang, W.T.; Mwelase, N.; Kanyama, C.; Pillay, S.; Samaneka, W.; Santos, B.; Poongulali, S.; Tripathy, S.; Riviere, C.; Berendes, S.; Lama, J.R.; Cardoso, S.W.; Sugandhavesa, P.; Christian, P.; Semba, R.D.; Campbell, T.B.; Gupta, A. NWCS319 and ACTG 5175 study team. Vitamin A and D deficiencies associated with incident tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in multinational case-cohort study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2017, 75(3), e71-e79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001308] [PMID: 28169875]
[84]
Sudfeld, C.R.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Isanaka, S.; Aboud, S.; Mugusi, F.M.; Wang, M.; Chalamilla, G.; Fawzi, W.W. Vitamin D status and incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis, opportunistic infections, and wasting among HIV-infected Tanzanian adults initiating antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis., 2013, 207(3), 378-385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis693] [PMID: 23162137]
[85]
Martineau, A.R.; Nhamoyebonde, S.; Oni, T.; Rangaka, M.X.; Marais, S.; Bangani, N.; Tsekela, R.; Bashe, L.; de Azevedo, V.; Caldwell, J.; Venton, T.R.; Timms, P.M.; Wilkinson, K.A.; Wilkinson, R.J. Reciprocal seasonal variation in vitamin D status and tuberculosis notifications in Cape Town, South Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2011, 108(47), 19013-19017.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111825108] [PMID: 22025704]
[86]
Conesa-Botella, A.; Goovaerts, O.; Massinga-Loembé, M.; Worodria, W.; Mazakpwe, D.; Luzinda, K.; Mayanja-Kizza, H.; Colebunders, R.; Kestens, L. TB IRIS Study Group.Low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Ugandan HIV-infected patients with and without tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis., 2012, 16(11), 1517-1521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0146] [PMID: 23044447]
[87]
Musarurwa, C.; Zijenah, L.S.; Duri, D.Z.; Mateveke-Dangaiso, K.; Mhandire, K.; Chipiti, M.M.; Munjoma, M.W.; Mujaji, W.B. Association of high serum vitamin D concentrations with active pulmonary TB in an HIV co-endemic setting, Harare, Zimbabwe. BMC Infect. Dis., 2017, 17(1), 142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2243-x] [PMID: 28193202]
[88]
Hewison, M. Vitamin D and innate and adaptive immunity. Vitam. Horm., 2011, 86, 23-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00002-2] [PMID: 21419266]
[89]
Shen, L. Vitamin D controls T cell activation: implication for causal association between vitamin D deficiency and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2010, 52(5), 1864.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.23781] [PMID: 20672383]
[90]
Selvaraj, P. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and cathelicidin in the treatment of tuberculosis. Vitam. Horm., 2011, 86, 307-325.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00013-7] [PMID: 21419277]
[91]
Hewison, M. Vitamin D and immune function: an overview. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 2012, 71(1), 50-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0029665111001650] [PMID: 21849106]
[92]
Coussens, A.K.; Martineau, A.R.; Wilkinson, R.J. Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Actions of Vitamin D in Combating TB/HIV. Scientifica (Cairo), 2014, 2014903680
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/903680] [PMID: 25101194]
[93]
Gibney, K.B.; MacGregor, L.; Leder, K.; Torresi, J.; Marshall, C.; Ebeling, P.R.; Biggs, B.A. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 46(3), 443-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/525268] [PMID: 18173355]
[94]
Nnoaham, K.E.; Clarke, A. Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2008, 37(1), 113-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym247] [PMID: 18245055]
[95]
Musarurwa, C.; Zijenah, L.S.; Mhandire, D.Z.; Bandason, T.; Mhandire, K.; Chipiti, M.M.; Munjoma, M.W.; Mujaji, W.B. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis in hospitalised HIV infected patients in a low income tropical setting: a cross sectional study. BMC Pulm. Med., 2018, 18(1), 67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12890-018-0640-6] [PMID: 29739378]
[96]
Haug, C.J.; Aukrust, P.; Lien, E.; Müller, F.; Espevik, T.; Frøland, S.S. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in AIDS: immunopathogenic significance of an activated tumor necrosis factor system and depressed serum levels of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. J. Infect. Dis., 1996, 173(1), 259-262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/173.1.259] [PMID: 8537672]
[97]
Haug, C.J.; Müller, F.; Aukrust, P.; Frøland, S.S. Different effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on replication of Mycobacterium avium in monocyte-derived macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects and healthy controls. Immunol. Lett., 1998, 63(2), 107-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00065-0] [PMID: 9761372]
[98]
Campbell, G.R.; Spector, S.A. Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy. PLoS Pathog., 2012, 8(5)e1002689
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002689] [PMID: 22589721]
[99]
Dadabhai, A.S.; Saberi, B.; Lobner, K.; Shinohara, R.T.; Mullin, G.E. Influence of vitamin D on liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the pooled clinical trials data. World J. Hepatol., 2017, 9(5), 278-287.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v9.i5.278] [PMID: 28261385]
[100]
Mandorfer, M.; Payer, B.A.; Schwabl, P.; Steiner, S.; Ferlitsch, A.; Aichelburg, M.C.; Stättermayer, A.F.; Ferenci, P.; Obermayer-Pietsch, B.; Grabmeier-Pfistershammer, K.; Trauner, M.; Peck-Radosavljevic, M.; Reiberger, T. Revisiting liver disease progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients: the influence of vitamin D, insulin resistance, immune status, IL28B and PNPLA3. Liver Int., 2015, 35(3), 876-885.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/liv.12615] [PMID: 24905495]
[101]
Guzmán-Fulgencio, M.; García-Álvarez, M.; Berenguer, J.; Jiménez-Sousa, M.Á.; Cosín, J.; Pineda-Tenor, D.; Carrero, A.; Aldámiz, T.; Alvarez, E.; López, J.C.; Resino, S. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with severity of liver disease in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. J. Infect., 2014, 68(2), 176-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2013.10.011] [PMID: 24184809]
[102]
Amanzada, A.; Goralczyk, A.D.; Moriconi, F.; van Thiel, D.H.; Ramadori, G.; Mihm, S. Vitamin D status and serum ferritin concentration in chronic hepatitis C virus type 1 infection. J. Med. Virol., 2013, 85(9), 1534-1541.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23632] [PMID: 23852677]
[103]
Mandorfer, M.; Reiberger, T.; Payer, B.A.; Ferlitsch, A.; Breitenecker, F.; Aichelburg, M.C.; Obermayer-Pietsch, B.; Rieger, A.; Trauner, M.; Peck-Radosavljevic, M. Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group.Low vitamin D levels are associated with impaired virologic response to PEGIFN + RBV therapy in HIV-hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. AIDS, 2013, 27(2), 227-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835aa161] [PMID: 23238552]
[104]
Terrier, B.; Carrat, F.; Geri, G.; Pol, S.; Piroth, L.; Halfon, P.; Poynard, T.; Souberbielle, J.C.; Cacoub, P. Low 25-OH vitamin D serum levels correlate with severe fibrosis in HIV-HCV co-infected patients with chronic hepatitis. J. Hepatol., 2011, 55(4), 756-761.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2011.01.041] [PMID: 21334402]
[105]
El-Maouche, D.; Mehta, S.H.; Sutcliffe, C.G.; Higgins, Y.; Torbenson, M.S.; Moore, R.D.; Thomas, D.L.; Sulkowski, M.S.; Brown, T.T. Vitamin D deficiency and its relation to bone mineral density and liver fibrosis in HIV-HCV coinfection. Antivir. Ther. (Lond.), 2013, 18(2), 237-242.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/IMP2264] [PMID: 22910231]
[106]
Milazzo, L.; Mazzali, C.; Bestetti, G.; Longhi, E.; Foschi, A.; Viola, A.; Vago, T.; Galli, M.; Parravicini, C.; Antinori, S. Liver-related factors associated with low vitamin D levels in HIV and HIV/HCV coinfected patients and comparison to general population. Curr. HIV Res., 2011, 9(3), 186-193.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157016211795945269] [PMID: 21585333]
[107]
Gal-Tanamy, M.; Bachmetov, L.; Ravid, A.; Koren, R.; Erman, A.; Tur-Kaspa, R.; Zemel, R. Vitamin D: an innate antiviral agent suppressing hepatitis C virus in human hepatocytes. Hepatology, 2011, 54(5), 1570-1579.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.24575] [PMID: 21793032]
[108]
Abramovitch, S.; Dahan-Bachar, L.; Sharvit, E.; Weisman, Y.; Ben Tov, A.; Brazowski, E.; Reif, S. Vitamin D inhibits proliferation and profibrotic marker expression in hepatic stellate cells and decreases thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Gut, 2011, 60(12), 1728-1737.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.234666] [PMID: 21816960]
[109]
Petta, S.; Cammà, C.; Scazzone, C.; Tripodo, C.; Di Marco, V.; Bono, A.; Cabibi, D.; Licata, G.; Porcasi, R.; Marchesini, G.; Craxí, A. Low vitamin D serum level is related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to interferon-based therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2010, 51(4), 1158-1167.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.23489] [PMID: 20162613]
[110]
Villar, L.M.; Del Campo, J.A.; Ranchal, I.; Lampe, E.; Romero-Gomez, M. Association between vitamin D and hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol., 2013, 19(35), 5917-5924.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i35.5917] [PMID: 24124339]
[111]
Farnik, H.; Bojunga, J.; Berger, A.; Allwinn, R.; Waidmann, O.; Kronenberger, B.; Keppler, O.T.; Zeuzem, S.; Sarrazin, C.; Lange, C.M. Low vitamin D serum concentration is associated with high levels of hepatitis B virus replication in chronically infected patients. Hepatology, 2013, 58(4), 1270-1276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26488] [PMID: 23703797]
[112]
Malham, M.; Jørgensen, S.P.; Ott, P.; Agnholt, J.; Vilstrup, H.; Borre, M.; Dahlerup, J.F. Vitamin D deficiency in cirrhosis relates to liver dysfunction rather than aetiology. World J. Gastroenterol., 2011, 17(7), 922-925.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i7.922] [PMID: 21412501]
[113]
Mehta, S.; Giovannucci, E.; Mugusi, F.M.; Spiegelman, D.; Aboud, S.; Hertzmark, E.; Msamanga, G.I.; Hunter, D.; Fawzi, W.W. Vitamin D status of HIV-infected women and its association with HIV disease progression, anemia, and mortality. PLoS One, 2010, 5(1)e8770
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008770] [PMID: 20098738]
[114]
Mehta, S.; Mugusi, F.M.; Spiegelman, D.; Villamor, E.; Finkelstein, J.L.; Hertzmark, E.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Msamanga, G.I.; Fawzi, W.W. Vitamin D status and its association with morbidity including wasting and opportunistic illnesses in HIV-infected women in Tanzania. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2011, 25(10), 579-585.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2011.0182] [PMID: 21916603]
[115]
Ezeamama, A.E.; Guwatudde, D.; Wang, M.; Bagenda, D.; Kyeyune, R.; Sudfeld, C.; Manabe, Y.C.; Fawzi, W.W. Vitamin-D deficiency impairs CD4+T-cell count recovery rate in HIV-positive adults on highly active antiretroviral therapy: A longitudinal study. Clin. Nutr., 2016, 35(5), 1110-1117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.08.007] [PMID: 26371397]
[116]
Abraham, A.G.; Zhang, L.; Calkins, K.; Tin, A.; Hoofnagle, A.; Palella, F.J., Jr; Estrella, M.M.; Jacobson, L.P.; Witt, M.D.; Kingsley, L.A.; Brown, T.T. Vitamin D status and immune function reconstitution in HIV-infected men initiating therapy. AIDS, 2018, 32(8), 1069-1076.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001782] [PMID: 29547433]
[117]
Havers, F.; Smeaton, L.; Gupte, N.; Detrick, B.; Bollinger, R.C.; Hakim, J.; Kumarasamy, N.; Andrade, A.; Christian, P.; Lama, J.R.; Campbell, T.B.; Gupta, A. ACTG PEARLS.NWCS 319 Study Teams.25-Hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is associated with HIV disease progression and virological failure post-antiretroviral therapy initiation in diverse multinational settings. J. Infect. Dis., 2014, 210(2), 244-253.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu259] [PMID: 24799602]
[118]
Shepherd, L.; Souberbielle, J.C.; Bastard, J.P.; Fellahi, S.; Capeau, J.; Reekie, J.; Reiss, P.; Blaxhult, A.; Bickel, M.; Leen, C.; Kirk, O.; Lundgren, J.D.; Mocroft, A.; Viard, J.P. EuroSIDA in EuroCOORD.Prognostic value of vitamin D level for all-cause mortality, and association with inflammatory markers, in HIV-infected persons. J. Infect. Dis., 2014, 210(2), 234-243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu074] [PMID: 24493824]
[119]
Sherwood, J.E.; Mesner, O.C.; Weintrob, A.C.; Hadigan, C.M.; Wilkins, K.J.; Crum-Cianflone, N.F.; Aronson, N.E. Vitamin D deficiency and its association with low bone mineral density, HIV-related factors, hospitalization, and death in a predominantly black HIV-infected cohort. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2012, 55(12), 1727-1736.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis785] [PMID: 22972869]
[120]
Ferreira, S.M.; Lima, M.H.; Omena, A.L.; Canuto, J.M.; Canuto, V.M.; Morais, T.M.; Ferreira, Dde.C.; Gonçalves, L.S. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and its association with oral lesions in HIV-infected Brazilian adults. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 2016, 49(1), 90-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0159-2015] [PMID: 27163569]
[121]
García-Álvarez, M.; Berenguer, J.; Jiménez-Sousa, M.Á.; Vázquez-Morón, S.; Carrero, A.; Gutiérrez-Rivas, M.; Aldámiz-Echevarría, T.; López, J.C.; García-Broncano, P.; Resino, S. Optimal vitamin D plasma levels are associated with lower bacterial DNA translocation in HIV/hepatitis c virus coinfected patients. AIDS, 2016, 30(7), 1069-1074.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001007] [PMID: 27032111]
[122]
Haug, C.; Müller, F.; Aukrust, P.; Frøland, S.S. Subnormal serum concentration of 1,25-vitamin D in human immunodeficiency virus infection: correlation with degree of immune deficiency and survival. J. Infect. Dis., 1994, 169(4), 889-893.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/169.4.889] [PMID: 7907645]
[123]
Mehta, S.; Hunter, D.J.; Mugusi, F.M.; Spiegelman, D.; Manji, K.P.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Hertzmark, E.; Msamanga, G.I.; Fawzi, W.W. Perinatal outcomes, including mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and child mortality and their association with maternal vitamin D status in Tanzania. J. Infect. Dis., 2009, 200(7), 1022-1030.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605699] [PMID: 19673647]
[124]
Mave, V.; Shere, D.; Gupte, N.; Suryavanshi, N.; Kulkarni, V.; Patil, S.; Khandekar, M.; Kinikar, A.; Bharadwaj, R.; Bhosale, R.; Sambarey, P.; Chandanwale, A.; Bollinger, R.; Gupta, A. SWEN India and Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Medical College Clinical Trials Unit Study Team.Vitamin D deficiency is common among HIV-infected breastfeeding mothers in Pune, India, but is not associated with mother-to-child HIV transmission. HIV Clin. Trials, 2012, 13(5), 278-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/hct1305-278] [PMID: 23134628]
[125]
Calza, L.; Magistrelli, E.; Colangeli, V.; Borderi, M.; Contadini, I.; Bon, I.; Re, M.C.; Viale, P. Significant association between statin-associated myalgia and vitamin D deficiency among treated HIV-infected patients. AIDS, 2017, 31(5), 681-688.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001397] [PMID: 28060020]
[126]
Gangcuangco, L.M.; Kohorn, L.B.; Chow, D.C.; Keating, S.M.; Norris, P.J.; Nagamine, L.S.; Ndhlovu, L.C.; Souza, S.A.; Kallianpur, K.J.; Shikuma, C.M. High 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with unexpectedly high plasma inflammatory markers in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(43)e5270
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005270] [PMID: 27787390]
[127]
Erlandson, K.M.; Gudza, I.; Fiorillo, S.; Ndemera, B.; Schooley, R.T.; Gwanzura, L.; Borok, M.; Campbell, T.B. Relationship of vitamin D insufficiency to AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma outcomes: retrospective analysis of a prospective clinical trial in Zimbabwe. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2014, 24, 6-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.02.006] [PMID: 24769175]
[128]
Ostrowski, S.R.; Katzenstein, T.L.; Pedersen, B.K.; Gerstoft, J.; Ullum, H. Residual viraemia in HIV-1-infected patients with plasma viral load <or=20 copies/ml is associated with increased blood levels of soluble immune activation markers. Scand. J. Immunol., 2008, 68(6), 652-660.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02184.x] [PMID: 19055701]
[129]
Haug, C.J.; Müller, F.; Rollag, H.; Aukrust, P.; Degré, M.; Frøland, S.S. The effect of 1,25-vitamin D3 on maturation of monocytes from HIV-infected patients varies with degree of immunodeficiency. APMIS, 1996, 104(7-8), 539-548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1996.tb04909.x] [PMID: 8920807]
[130]
Connor, R.I.; Rigby, W.F. 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits productive infection of human monocytes by HIV-1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 176(2), 852-859.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80264-5] [PMID: 1673842]
[131]
Fabre-Mersseman, V.; Tubiana, R.; Papagno, L.; Bayard, C.; Briceno, O.; Fastenackels, S.; Dudoit, Y.; Rostane, H.; Salmon, D.; Costagliola, D.; Caby, F.; Sauce, D.; Viard, J.P.; Appay, V. Vitamin D supplementation is associated with reduced immune activation levels in HIV-1-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS, 2014, 28(18), 2677-2682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000472] [PMID: 25493593]
[132]
Musselwhite, L.W.; Andrade, B.B.; Ellenberg, S.S.; Tierney, A.; Belaunzaran-Zamudio, P.F.; Rupert, A.; Lederman, M.M.; Sanne, I.; Sierra Madero, J.G.; Sereti, I.; Vitamin, D. D-dimer, interferon γ, and sCD14 levels are independently associated with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: A prospective, international study. EBioMedicine, 2016, 4, 115-123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.01.016] [PMID: 26981576]
[133]
Huang, S.J.; Wang, X.H.; Liu, Z.D.; Cao, W.L.; Han, Y.; Ma, A.G.; Xu, S.F. Vitamin D deficiency and the risk of tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Drug Des. Devel. Ther., 2016, 11, 91-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S79870] [PMID: 28096657]
[134]
Schwartz, G.G. Vitamin D and intervention trials in prostate cancer: from theory to therapy. Ann. Epidemiol., 2009, 19(2), 96-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.03.007] [PMID: 18619854]
[135]
Colston, K.W.; Lowe, L.C.; Mansi, J.L.; Campbell, M.J. Vitamin D status and breast cancer risk. Anticancer Res., 2006, 26(4A), 2573-2580.
[PMID: 16886666]
[136]
Mizoue, T.; Kimura, Y.; Toyomura, K.; Nagano, J.; Kono, S.; Mibu, R.; Tanaka, M.; Kakeji, Y.; Maehara, Y.; Okamura, T.; Ikejiri, K.; Futami, K.; Yasunami, Y.; Maekawa, T.; Takenaka, K.; Ichimiya, H.; Imaizumi, N. Calcium, dairy foods, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer risk: the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2008, 17(10), 2800-2807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0369] [PMID: 18843026]
[137]
Bakhru, A.; Mallinger, J.B.; Buckanovich, R.J.; Griggs, J.J. Casting light on 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in ovarian cancer: a study from the NHANES. Gynecol. Oncol., 2010, 119(2), 314-318.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.07.006] [PMID: 20684976]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy