Generic placeholder image

Recent Patents on Engineering

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1872-2121
ISSN (Online): 2212-4047

Review Article

Review on Seawater Greenhouse: Achievements and Future Development

Author(s): Tahani K. Bait-Suwailam and Abdulrahim M. Al-Ismaili *

Volume 13, Issue 4, 2019

Page: [312 - 324] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1872212113666181211151658

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Seawater greenhouse (SWGH) is a technology established to overcome issues related to open field cultivation in arid areas like high temperatures and freshwater shortage. So far, five pilot Seawater greenhouses were built around the world; in Spain, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Australia and Somaliland. All the patents related to the Seawater greenhouse components and designs mentioned were reviewed.

Methods: The Seawater greenhouse adopts the humidification-dehumidification (HDH) concept where evaporated moisture from saline water source is condensed to produce freshwater within the greenhouse body. Many advancements have been made throughout the past 25 years to optimize the Seawater greenhouse by means of structural improvement, heat distribution, condenser design and material, source of feed water and the evaporator via both trial-and-error and simulation approaches. The latter included numerical, mathematical, analytical and artificial neural network simulations. Various condenser designs were adopted in order to increase freshwater production to meet the irrigation demand of the seawater greenhouse.

Results and Conclusion: To make the Seawater greenhouse self-sufficient in terms of energy production, the use of renewable energies and nonconventional sources was also investigated like the use of geothermal, solar and wind energy to produce electricity for the greenhouse operation and for other requirements as well. The use of reverse osmosis along with reverse electro dialysis to produce freshwater and electricity in the seawater greenhouse, was also one of the ideas suggested to improve and solve the associated constraints. Direct contact dehumidification is another development suggested to improve the condensation rate. This new approach seems to be very promising as it involves low capital, operation and maintenance costs, high freshwater production, and fouling- and corrosion-free.

Keywords: Seawater greenhouse, direct contact dehumidifier, simulations, renewable energy, humidification, dehumidification.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
A.M. Al-Ismaili, and K. Weatherhead, Steady-state simulation of the seawater greenhouse condenser CIGR J., Vol. 2, pp. 52-60, 2018
[2]
A.M. Al-Ismaili, and K. Weatherhead, "Empirical Model for the Condenser of the Seawater Greenhouse", Chem. Eng. Commun..Vol. 205, pp. 1252-1260,, 2018
[3]
J.S. Perret, "Humidification-dehumidification system in a greenhouse for sustainable crop production In ", Proc., Ninth International Water Technology Conference Sharm El Sheikh, 2005, pp. 849-862.
[4]
H. Mahmoudi, "Application of geothermal energy for heating and fresh water production in a brackish water greenhouse desalination unit: A case study from Algeria", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 14, pp. 512-517, 2010.
[5]
N. Ghaffour, "Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies: A comprehensive review on challenges and potential applications of integrated systems", Desalination, vol. 356, pp. 94-114, 2015.
[6]
C. Paton, Seawater greenhouse development for Oman: thermodynamic modelling and economic analysis., MEDRC Project, 2001.
[7]
P. Davies, and C. Paton, ""The sea water greenhouse and the watermaker condenser" In ", Proc. HPC2004—3rd International Conference on Heat Powered Cycles, Larnaca, Cyprus, 2004
[8]
M. Chaibi, and T. Jilar, "System design, operation and performance of roof-integrated desalination in greenhouses", Sol. Energy, vol. 76, pp. 545-561, 2004.
[9]
H.E. Fath, "Solar distillation: a promising alternative for water provision with free energy, simple technology and a clean environment", Desalination, vol. 116, pp. 45-56, 1998.
[10]
A.M. Al-Ismaili, and H. Jayasuriya, "Seawater greenhouse in Oman: A sustainable technique for freshwater conservation and production", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 54, pp. 653-664, 2016.
[11]
M.F. Goosen, "Thermodynamic and economic considerations in solar desalination", Desalination, vol. 129, pp. 63-89, 2000.
[12]
M. Goosen, Application of renewable energies for water desalination. IntechOpen, Vol. 5, pp.88-118, 2011.
[13]
A.M. Al-Ismaili, H. Jayasuriya, H. Kotagama, and Y. Al-Mulla, "Seawater greenhouse in Oman: A sustainable technique for freshwater conservation and production", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 54, pp. 653-664, 2016.
[14]
P. Davies, and C. Paton, "The seawater greenhouse in the United Arab Emirates: thermal modelling and evaluation of design options", Desalination, vol. 173, pp. 103-111, 2005.
[15]
J.S. Perret, "Development of a humidification–dehumidification system in a quonset greenhouse for sustainable crop production in arid regions", Biosyst. Eng., vol. 91, pp. 349-359, 2005.
[16]
W. Al-Ismaili, and Jayasuriya H., ""Mathematical simulation of the dehumidifier of seawater greenhouse". In ", Proc. International Conference of Agricultural Engineering Valencia, Spain July 2012, pp. 8-12.
[17]
A.I. Am, Modification of a Quonset greenhouse to a humidification-dehumidification system: Design, construction and pilot testing. Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman., 2003.
[18]
A.M. Al-Ismaili, "Modelling of a humidification-dehumidification greenhouse in Oman".Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK, , 2009
[19]
K. Quteishat, "Review of MEDRC R&D projects", Desalination, vol. 156, pp. 1-20, 2003.
[20]
A.M. Al-Ismaili, ""Water Production of Seawater Greenhouse in Oman”, in", Abstracts of Fog Collection Symposium Salalah, Oman, 2012
[21]
A.M. Al-Ismaili, ""Seawater greenhouses in Oman: Experimental results”, In", International Agriculture Congress Putrajaya, Malaysia 2014
[22]
T. Tahri, "Desalination of seawater using a humidification-dehumidification seawater greenhouse", Desalination Water Treat., vol. 12, pp. 382-388, 2009.
[23]
T. Tahri, "The Use of Solar Energy in the Desalination Sea Water in Agricultural Greenhouse", J. Fundamental App. Sci.,, vol. 2, pp. 166-182, 2010.
[24]
A. Klein, "First farm to grow veg in a desert using only sun and seawater", New Sci..2016, https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108296-first-farm-to-growveg- in-a-desert-using-only-sun-and-seawater/
[25]
C. Rothera.; Seawater greenhouse Somaliland..(2017) Available: , https://www.sgsomaliland.com/story/
[26]
T. Akinaga, "Brine utilisation for cooling and salt production in wind-driven seawater greenhouses: Design and modelling", Desalination, vol. 426, pp. 135-154, 2018.
[27]
C. Rothera, Seawater greenhouse Somaliland., 2017.Available: , https://seawatergreenhouse.com/construction-blog/2017/9/29/the-final-stages
[28]
T. Tahri, "Simulation of the condenser of the seawater greenhouse: part ll: Application of the developed theoretical model", J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 96, pp. 43-47, 2009.
[29]
T. Tahri, "Simulation of the condenser of the seawater greenhouse: part I: theoretical development", J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 96, pp. 35-42, 2009.
[30]
M. Douani, "Modeling heat exchange in the condenser of a seawater greenhouse in Oman", Chem. Eng. Commun., vol. 198, pp. 1579-1593, 2011.
[31]
T. Tahri, Dessalement solaire de l’eau de mer dans une serre Simulation du condenseur et effets des paramètre opératoires.. Journées Internationales de Thermique, Vol. 13, pp. 1-6, 2007.
[32]
T. Tahri, ""Theoretical modeling of the condensation phenomena in the dehumidifier of the seawater greenhouse”, In", Proc., ECI 8th International Conference on Boiling and Condensation Heat Transfer Lausanne, 2012, pp. 3-7.
[33]
T. Tahri, "Study of influence of operational parameters on the mass condensate flux in the condenser of seawater greenhouse at Muscat, Oman", Desalination Water Treat., vol. 57, pp. 13930-13937, 2016.
[34]
T. Tahri, "Influence of operational parameters in mass condensate flux of condenser of the seawater greenhouse”,.In Proc., 16èmes Journées Internationales de Thermique (JITH). Marrakech: November, pp. 13-15, 2013
[35]
S. Sablani, "Simulation of fresh water production using a humidification-dehumidification seawater greenhouse", Desalination, vol. 159, pp. 283-288, 2003.
[36]
M. Goosen, "Solar energy desalination for arid coastal regions: development of a humidification–dehumidification seawater greenhouse", Sol. Energy, vol. 75, pp. 413-419, 2003.
[37]
S. Sablani, "Development of humidification-dehumidification seawater greenhouse technology for arid coastal regions In ", Proc., The third LACCEI international Latin American and Caribbean conference for engineering and technology: A global perspective. Cartagena de la India 2005
[38]
M. Goosen, "Humidification-dehumidification desalination: Seawater greenhouse development In ", IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse Manama, Bahrain 2001
[39]
Y. Zurigat, Greenhouse-State of the art review and performance evaluation of dehumidifier., MEDRC Project, 2008.
[40]
K. Yetilmezsoy, and S.A. Abdul-Wahab, "A composite desirability function-based modeling approach in predicting mass condensate flux of condenser in seawater greenhouse", Desalination, vol. 344, pp. 171-180, 2014.
[41]
N. Ghaffour, "Technology development and application of solar energy in desalination: MEDRC contribution", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, pp. 4410-4415, 2011.
[42]
G. Salehi, "Modeling of the seawater greenhouse systems In ", World Renewable Energy Congress Sweden; 8-13 May; 2011; Linköping; Sweden, 2011, pp. 3733-3740.
[43]
M. Hajiamiri, and G. Salehi, "Modeling of the seawater greenhouse systems", Life Sci. J., vol. 10, pp. 353-359, 2013.
[44]
A. Eslamimanesh, and M. Hatamipour, "Mathematical modeling of a direct contact humidification–dehumidification desalination process", Desalination, vol. 237, pp. 296-304, 2009.
[45]
A. Raoueche, Sensitivity analysis of the seawater greenhouse. WEDC, Loughbrough University, Leicestershire le11 3 tu (UK). 1996, pp. 291-294.
[46]
A. Raoueche, “Seawater greenhouse for arid lands,” Doctor of Philosophy., Cranfield University, 1997.
[47]
A. Raoueche, and B. Bailey, Performance aspects of a seawater greenhouse In WEDC CONFERENCE, 1997, pp. 182-183.
[48]
B. Bailey, and A. Raoueche, "Design and performance aspects of a water producing greenhouse cooled by seawater In ", International Symposium on Water Quality & Quantity-Greenhouse 458, 1993pp. 311-316
[49]
B. Dawoud, "On the possible techniques to cool the condenser of seawater greenhouses", Desalination, vol. 195, pp. 119-140, 2006.
[50]
T. Tahri, "Simulation of the vapor mixture condensation in the condenser of seawater greenhouse using two models", Desalination, vol. 317, pp. 152-159, 2013.
[51]
C. Paton, and P. Davies, "The seawater greenhouse cooling, fresh water and fresh produce from seawater In ", The 2nd International Conference on Water Resources in Arid Environments, Riyadh 2006
[52]
M. Mohammadi, "Small-scale building load forecast based on hybrid forecast engine", Neural Process. Lett., vol. 48, pp. 329-351, 2018.
[53]
W. Gao, "Different states of multi-block based forecast engine for price and load prediction", Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 104, pp. 423-435, 2019.
[54]
O. Awodele, and O. Jegede, Neural networks and its application in engineering. In Neural Networks and Its Application in Engineering. Proceedings of Informing Science & IT Education Conference (InSITE). 2009, pp.83-95.
[55]
N. Ghadimi, "Two stage forecast engine with feature selection technique and improved meta-heuristic algorithm for electricity load forecasting", Energy, vol. 161, pp. 130-142, 2018.
[56]
H. Ebrahimian, "“The price prediction for the energy market based on a new method,” ", Econ. Res.,, vol. 31, pp. 313-337, 2018.
[57]
H. Leng, "A new wind power prediction method based on ridgelet transforms, hybrid feature selection and closed-loop forecasting", Adv. Eng. Inform., vol. 36, pp. 20-30, 2018.
[58]
T. Zarei, Study on parameters effective on the performance of a humidification-dehumidification seawater greenhouse using support vector regression. Desalination, Vol. 435, pp. 235-245,2017.
[59]
P. Davies, "Potential of the seawater greenhouse in Middle Eastern climates In ", International Engineering Conference Mutah University, Jordan 2004, pp. 26-28.
[60]
C. Paton, Seawater greenhouse development for Oman: thermodynamic modelling and economic analysis.MEDRC Project, . Vol. 54, pp. 653-664, 2001.
[61]
S. Sablani, "Simulation of fresh water production using a humidification-dehumidification seawater greenhouse", World Renewable Energy Congress VII Vol. 159, pp.283-288, 2002
[62]
A. Alkhalidi, "Condenser designs for greenhouse desalination", Int J Sustain Water Environ Sys, vol. 5, pp. 1-6, 2013.
[63]
M. Zamen, "A novel integrated system for fresh water production in greenhouse: Dynamic simulation", Desalination, vol. 322, pp. 52-59, 2013.
[64]
K. Bourouni, "Water desalination by humidification and dehumidification of air: state of the art", Desalination, vol. 137, pp. 167-176, 2001.
[65]
P. Davies, and P. Knowles, "Seawater bitterns as a source of liquid desiccant for use in solar-cooled greenhouses", Desalination, vol. 196, pp. 266-279, 2006.
[66]
P. Davies, "A solar cooling system for greenhouse food production in hot climates", Sol. Energy, vol. 79, pp. 661-668, 2005.
[67]
A. Al-Khalidi, Performance of a greenhouse deslaination condenser: An experimental study In Nuclear & Renewable Energy Conference (INREC), 2010 1st International . 2010, pp. 1-7.
[68]
H. Mahmoudi, "Improving the performance of a Seawater Greenhouse desalination system by assessment of simulation models for different condensers", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 14, pp. 2182-2188, 2010.
[69]
H. Mahmoudi, "Assessment of wind energy to power solar brackish water greenhouse desalination units: A case study from Algeria", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 13, pp. 2149-2155, 2009.
[70]
A. Kabeel, and A.M. Almagar, "Seawater greenhouse in desalination and economics In ", Proceedings of 17th International Water Technology Conference, IWTC17 Istanbul, 2013
[71]
E. Farrell, "Reverse electrodialysis powered greenhouse concept for water-and energy-self-sufficient agriculture", Appl. Energy, vol. 187, pp. 390-409, 2017.
[72]
N. Niroomand, "Theoretical investigation of using a direct contact dehumidifier in humidification–dehumidification desalination unit based on an open air cycle", Desalination Water Treat., vol. 54, pp. 305-315, 2015.
[73]
S. Sideman, and D. Moalem-Maron, Direct contact condensation In Advances in Heat Transfer.. Vol. 15, ed: Elsevier, 1982, pp. 227-281
[74]
D. Olander, "Design of direct contact cooler-condensers", Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 53, pp. 121-126, 1961.
[75]
S. Gumruk And M.K. Aktas, , "Experimental Study of Direct Contact Condensation of Steam on Water Droplets In ", Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, 2015
[76]
Y. Hu, "Transient analysis of the steam‐water direct contact condensation in the packed column", Can. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 96, pp. 404-413, 2018.
[77]
G. Celata, "Direct contact condensation of steam on droplets", Int. J. Multiph. Flow, vol. 17, pp. 191-211, 1991.
[78]
J.F. Klausner, and R. Mei, Diffusion driven desalination apparatus and process. US Patent US6919000B2, 2005.
[79]
J.F. Klausner, "Innovative diffusion driven desalination process", J. Energy Resources Tech.. Transac., vol. 126, pp. 219-225 2004
[80]
X.-Z. Wu, "Condensation regime diagram for supersonic/sonic steam jet in subcooled water", Nucl. Eng. Des., vol. 239, pp. 3142-3150, 2009.
[81]
G. Patel, "Numerical modelling of low-Reynolds number direct contact condensation in a suppression pool test facility", Ann. Nucl. Energy, vol. 71, pp. 376-387, 2014.
[82]
B. Qiu, "Experimental investigation on the driving force and energy conversion in direct contact condensation for steam jet", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 115, pp. 35-42, 2017.
[83]
W. He, "Parametric analysis of a humidification dehumidification desalination system using a direct-contact dehumidifier", Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 120, pp. 31-40, 2017.
[84]
W. Villanueva, "Generalization of experimental data on amplitude and frequency of oscillations induced by steam injection into a subcooled pool", Nucl. Eng. Des., vol. 295, pp. 155-161, 2015.
[85]
G. Patel, "Direct contact condensation modeling in pressure suppression pool system", Nucl. Eng. Des., 2016.
[86]
X. Zong, "Experimental study on the direct contact condensation of steam jet in subcooled water flow in a rectangular mix chamber", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 80, pp. 448-457, 2015.
[87]
Q. Xu, "Experimental study on direct contact condensation of stable steam jet in water flow in a vertical pipe", Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., vol. 66, pp. 808-817, 2013.
[88]
Q. Xu, and L. Guo, "Direct contact condensation of steam jet in crossflow of water in a vertical pipe. Experimental investigation on condensation regime diagram and jet penetration length", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 94, pp. 528-538, 2016.
[89]
A. de With, "Steam plume length diagram for direct contact condensation of steam injected into water", Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 30, pp. 971-982, 2009.
[90]
S.J. Hong, "Condensation dynamics of submerged steam jet in subcooled water", Int. J. Multiph. Flow, vol. 39, pp. 66-77, 2012.
[91]
S.S. Gulawani, "Analysis of flow pattern and heat transfer in direct contact condensation", Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 64, pp. 1719-1738, 2009.
[92]
Q. Xu, "Mechanisms of pressure oscillation in steam jet condensation in water flow in a vertical pipe", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 110, pp. 643-656, 2017.
[93]
S.K. Dahikar, "Investigation of flow and temperature patterns in direct contact condensation using PIV, PLIF and CFD", Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 65, pp. 4606-4620, 2010.
[94]
X-p. Yang, "Experimental study on the direct contact condensation of the steam jet in subcooled water flow in a rectangular channel: Flow patterns and flow field", Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 56, pp. 172-181, 2015.
[95]
R. K. Calay, and A. E. Holdø, "Regimes of direct contact condensation of steam injected into water", Int. J. Multiphysics,. Vol. 1, pp. 271-282, 2007
[96]
S. Cho, "Effect of multiple holes on the performance of sparger during direct contact condensation of steam", Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 28, pp. 629-638, 2004.
[97]
A.P-d. With, Characterisation and Modelling of Flow Mechanisms for Direct Contact Condensation of Steam Injected Into Water., University of Hertfordshire, 2006.
[98]
R. Calay, "Three-dimensional condensation regime diagram for direct contact condensation of steam injected into water", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 50, pp. 1762-1770, 2007.
[99]
H. Li, "Thermal stratification and mixing in a suppression pool induced by direct steam injection", Ann. Nucl. Energy, vol. 111, pp. 487-498, 2018.
[100]
R. Szijártó, "Condensation models for the water–steam interface and the volume of fluid method", Int. J. Multiph. Flow, vol. 93, pp. 63-70, 2017.
[101]
X.-P Yang, "Interface dynamics and pressure oscillation of stable steam jet condensation in water flow in a confined channel with the presence of non-condensable gas", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 111, pp. 1157-1171, 2017.
[102]
S. Li, "Experiment study on steam-water direct contact condensation in water flow in a Tee junction", Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 120, pp. 99-106, 2017.
[103]
Q. Xu, "Interfacial characteristics of steam jet condensation in crossflow of water in a vertical pipe", Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 113, pp. 1266-1276, 2017.
[104]
Q. Xu, "Velocity field characteristics of the turbulent jet induced by direct contact condensation of steam jet in crossflow of water in a vertical pipe", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 103, pp. 305-318, 2016.
[105]
D. Heinze, "Simulation of direct contact condensation of steam jets submerged in subcooled water by means of a one-dimensional two-fluid model In ", 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics (HEFAT2014), . Orlando, USA, 2014.
[106]
A. Shah, "Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of mixing section length on direct-contact condensation in steam jet pump", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 72, pp. 430-439, 2014.
[107]
H-S. Park, "Direct-contact condensation of pure steam on co-current and counter-current stratified liquid flow in a circular pipe", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 52, pp. 1112-1122, 2009.
[108]
P. Datta, "Modeling of steam–water direct contact condensation using volume of fluid approach", Numerical Heat Trans. Appl., vol. 73, pp. 17-33, 2018.
[109]
S.U. Ryu, "Experimental study on the direct contact condensation of steam jet in the passive safety injection tank", J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., vol. 55, pp. 66-78, 2018.
[110]
V. Tanskanen, "CFD simulation and pattern recognition analysis of the chugging condensation regime", Ann. Nucl. Energy, vol. 66, pp. 133-143, 2014.
[111]
H.S. Kang, and C-H. Song, "CFD analysis of a turbulent jet behavior induced by a steam jet discharge through a single hole in a subcooled water tank", Nucl. Eng. Des., vol. 240, pp. 2160-2168, 2010.
[112]
Y-T. Moon, "CFD simulation of steam jet-induced thermal mixing in subcooled water pool", Nucl. Eng. Des., vol. 239, pp. 2849-2863, 2009.
[113]
H.S. Kang, and C-H. Song, "CFD Analysis of Turbulent Jet Behavior Induced by a Steam Jet Discharged Through a Vertical Upward Single Hole in a Subcooled Water Pool", Nucl. Eng. Technol., vol. 42, pp. 382-393, 2010.
[114]
S. Li, "CFD based approach for modeling steam–water direct contact condensation in subcooled water flow in a tee junction", Prog. Nucl. Energy, vol. 85, pp. 729-746, 2015.
[115]
P. Apanasevich, "CFD based approach for modeling direct contact condensation heat transfer in two-phase turbulent stratified flows", Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 95, pp. 123-135, 2015.
[116]
T. Höhne, "Numerical modelling of a direct contact condensation experiment using the AIAD framework", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 111, pp. 211-222, 2017.
[117]
D. Heinze, "A physically based, one-dimensional three-fluid model for direct contact condensation of steam jets in flowing water", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 106, pp. 1041-1050, 2017.
[118]
H.S. Kang, and C.H. Song, "CFD analysis for thermal mixing in a subcooled water tank under a high steam mass flux discharge condition", Nucl. Eng. Des., vol. 238, pp. 492-501, 2008.
[119]
J. Mikielewicz, and A. Rageb, "Simple theoretical approach to direct-contact condensation on subcooled liquid film", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 38, pp. 557-562, 1995.
[120]
L. Štrubelj, "Direct contact condensation induced transition from stratified to slug flow", Nucl. Eng. Des., vol. 240, pp. 266-274, 2010.
[121]
G. Gregu, "Experimental study on steam chugging phenomenon in a vertical sparger", Int. J. Multiph. Flow, vol. 88, pp. 87-98, 2017.
[122]
X-h. Qu, "CFD simulation of steam–air jet condensation", Nucl. Eng. Des., vol. 297, pp. 44-53, 2016.
[123]
J.F. Maćkowiak, "Modelling of combined direct-contact condensation and reactive absorption in packed columns", Chem. Eng. J., vol. 146, pp. 362-369, 2009.
[124]
B. Qiu, "Pressure oscillation and a new method to calculate the heat transfer coefficient for steam jet condensation", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 104, pp. 1152-1159, 2017.
[125]
J. Tang, "Feature of acoustic sound signals involved in vapor bubble condensation and its application in identification of condensation regimes", Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 137, pp. 384-397, 2015.
[126]
K. Takase, "Numerical study on direct-contact condensation of vapor in cold water", Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 63, pp. 421-428, 2002.
[127]
D.H. Youn, "The direct contact condensation of steam in a pool at low mass flux", J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., vol. 40, pp. 881-885, 2003.
[128]
N. Clerx, "Temperature fields induced by direct contact condensation of steam in a cross-flow in a channel", Heat Mass Transf., vol. 47, p. 981, 2011.
[129]
F. Zangrando, and D. Bharathan, "Direct-contact condensation of low-density steam on seawater at high inlet noncondensable concentrations", J. Heat Transfer, vol. 115, pp. 690-698, 1993.
[130]
Y. Li, "Direct contact condensation in packed beds", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 49, pp. 4751-4761, 2006.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy