Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Diabetes Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3998
ISSN (Online): 1875-6417

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Nutraceuticals and Diet-based Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Whole Food to Components with Defined Roles and Mechanisms

Author(s): Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo and Olakunle James Onaolapo*

Volume 16, Issue 1, 2020

Page: [12 - 25] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666181031103930

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Over the past decades, the development and use of an array of prescription medications have considerably improved the clinical management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the quality of life of patients. However, as our knowledge of the associated risk factors and approaches to its management increases, the increasing roles of diet and the composition of the diet in the etiology and successful management of diabetes mellitus are being illuminated. Presently, a lot of attention is being given to nutraceuticals and certain phytochemicals that are integral parts of the human diet. It is believed that a clearer understanding of their roles may be crucial to ‘non-invasive’ or minimallyintrusive management, with regards to daily living of patients. In this review, an overview of nutraceutical components and phytochemicals that may be of benefit, or had been known to be beneficial in diabetes mellitus is given. Also, how the roles of such dietary components are evolving in the management of this disorder is highlighted. Lastly, the obstacles that need to be overcome before nutraceuticals can be considered as options for the clinical management of diabetes mellitus areconsidered.

Conclusion: Despite studies that demonstrate their efficacy, no nutraceutical or food-derived compound has been formally adopted as a direct replacement for any class of antidiabetic drugs.

Keywords: Antioxidants, bioactive compounds, functional foods, dietary supplements, phytochemical, phytotherapy.

[1]
Frank LL. Diabetes mellitus in the texts of old Hindu medicine (Charaka, Susruta, Vagbhata). Am J Gastroenterol 1957; 27: 76.
[2]
Mann JI, De Leeuw I, Hermansen K, et al. Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2004; 14: 373-94.
[3]
Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2008. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada: Nutrition Therapy. Can J Diabetes 2008; 32: S40-5.
[4]
Reyes Ramírez MP, Morales González JA, Madrigal Santillán EO. Diabetes. Tratamiento nutricional. Med Int Mex 2009; 25: 454-60.
[5]
Ješić M, Sajić S, Ješić M, et al. Microalbuminuria in relation to metabolic control and blood pressure in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7: 1037-41.
[6]
Krawagh AM, Alzahrani AM, Naser TA. Diabetes complications and their relation to glycemic control among patients attending diabetic clinic at king khalid national guard hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Int Med 2012; 1: 29-33.
[7]
Derosa G, Limas CP, Macías PC, Estrella A, Maffioli P. Dietary and nutraceutical approach to type 2 diabetes. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10: 336-44.
[8]
Salas-Salvadó J, Martinez-González MÁ, Bulló M, Ros E. The role of diet in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21: 32-48.
[9]
Ajala O, English P, Pinkney J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97: 505-16.
[10]
Forouhi NG, Misra A, Mohan V, Taylor R, Yancy W. Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. BMJ 2018; 13: 361. k2234
[11]
Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Kelley K, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA. Recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 281-6.
[12]
Trottier G, Boström PJ, Lawrentschuk N, Fleshner NE. Nutraceuticals and prostate cancer prevention: a current review. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7: 21-30.
[13]
Kalra EK. Nutraceutical--definition and introduction. AAPS PharmSci 2003; 5E25
[14]
Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ, Adewole SO. Ethanolic extract of Ocimum grattissimum leaves (Linn.) rapidly lowers blood glucose levels in diabetic Wistar rats. Maced J Med Sci 2011; 4: 351-7.
[15]
Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ. Ocimum Gratissimum Linn causes dose dependent hepatotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Maced J Med Sci 2012; 5: 17-25.
[16]
Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ, Adewole SO. Ocimum gratissimum linn worsens streptozotocin-induced nephrotoxicity in diabetic Wistar rats. Maced J Med Sci 2012; 5: 382-8.
[17]
Valcheva-Kuzmanova S, Kuzmanov K, Tancheva S, Belcheva A. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2007; 29: 101-5.
[18]
Mollica A, Zengin G, Locatelli M, et al. Anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties of Capparis spinosa L.: In vivo and in vitro evaluation of its nutraceutical potential. J Funct Foods 2017; 35: 32.
[19]
Mollica A, Zengin G, Locatelli M, et al. An assessment of the nutraceutical potential of Juglans regia L. leaf powder in diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107: 554-64.
[20]
Ballali S, Lanciai F. Functional food and diabetes: a natural way in diabetes prevention? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 63: 51-61.
[21]
World Health Organisation Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014- 2023.Geneva Switzerland ISBN 978 92 4 150609 2013. [Assessed on: August 2016]
[22]
Naimi M, Vlavcheski F, Shamshoum H, Tsiani E. Rosemary extract as a potential anti-hyperglycemic agent: current evidence and future perspectives. Nutrients 2017; 9: 968.
[23]
Nasri H. On the occasion of the world diabetes day 2013; diabetes education and prevention; nephrology point of view. J Renal Inj Prev 2013; 2: 31-2.
[24]
Nasri H, Shirzad H, Baradaran A, Rafieian-kopaei M. Antioxidant plants and diabetes mellitus. J Res Med Sci 2015; 20: 491-502.
[25]
Shoback D, Gardner DG, Eds. 9th ed Chapter 17. Greenspan’s Basic & Clinical Endocrinology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical 2011.
[26]
Ajabshir S, Asif A, Nayer A. The effects of vitamin D on the renin-angiotensin system. J Nephropathol 2014; 3: 41-3.
[27]
Rösen P, Nawroth PP, King G, Möller W, Tritschler HJ, Packer L. The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: a summary of a Congress Series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBN, the American Diabetes Association and the German Diabetes Society. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17: 189-212.
[28]
Johansen JS, Harris AK, Rychly DJ, Ergul A. Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in diabetes: linking basic science to clinical practice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2005; 4: 5.
[29]
Matough FA, Budin SB, Hamid ZA, Alwahaibi N, Mohamed J. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Diabetic Complications. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2012; 12: 5-18.
[30]
Huang SS, Deng JS, Chen HJ, Lin YH, Huang GJ. Antioxidant activities of two metallothionein-like proteins from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam. ‘Tainong 57’) storage roots and their synthesized peptides. Bot Stud 2014; 55: 64-73.
[31]
Shah S, Iqbal M, Karam J, Salifu M, McFarlane SI. Oxidative stress, glucose metabolism, and the prevention of type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological insights. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9: 911-29.
[32]
Meigs JB, Larson MG, Fox CS, Keaney JF Jr, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ. Association of oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and diabetes risk phenotypes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2529-35.
[33]
Park K, Gross M, Lee DH, et al. Oxidative stress and insulin resistance: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1302-7.
[34]
Wang X, Bao W, Liu J, et al. Inflammatory markers and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 166-75.
[35]
Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M, Witte DR, et al. Inflammation, insulin resistance, and diabetes--Mendelian randomization using CRP haplotypes points upstream. PLoS Med 2008; 5e155
[36]
Holvoet P, Lee DH, Steffes M, Gross M, Jacobs DR Jr. Association between circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and incidence of the metabolic syndrome. JAMA 2008; 299: 2287-93.
[37]
Park K, Steffes M, Lee DH, Himes JH, Jacobs DR Jr. Association of inflammation with worsening HOMA-insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2009b; 52: 2337-44.
[38]
Early BK, Stanley K. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: the role of medical nutrition therapy and registered dietitian nutritionists in the prevention and treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 118: 343-53.
[39]
Bent S. Herbal medicine in the United States: Review of efficacy, safety, and regulation—Grand rounds at University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 854-9.
[40]
Aguilar F, Herman A, Barlow S, et al. Use of rosemary extracts as a food additive-scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food. EFSA J 2008; 6: 721.
[41]
Aslan M, Orhan N, Orhan DD, Ergun F. Hypoglycaemic activity and antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants traditionally used in Turkey for diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 128: 384-9.
[42]
Trojan-Rodrigues M, Alves TLS, Soares GLG, Ritter MR. Plants used as antidiabetics in popular medicine in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 139: 155-63.
[43]
Coman C. Rugină Od, Socaciu C. Plants and natural compounds with antidiabetic action. Not Bot Horti Agrobo 2012; 40: 314-25.
[44]
Patel DK, Prasad SK, Kumar R, Hemalatha S. An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2: 320-30.
[45]
Anand P, Murali KY, Tandon V, Murthy PS, Chandra R. Insulinotropic effect of cinnamaldehyde on transcriptional regulation of pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and GLUT4 translocation in experimental diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 186: 72-81.
[46]
Souza A, Mbatchi B, Herchuelz A. Induction of insulin secretion by an aqueous extract of Tabernanhte iboga Baill. (Apocynaceae) in rat pancreatic islets of Langerhans. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 133: 1015-20.
[47]
Ponnusamy S, Ravindran R, Zinjarde S, Bhargava S, Ravi Kumar A. Evaluation of traditional Indian antidiabetic medicinal plants for human pancreatic amylase inhibitory effect in vitro. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011 2011.
[48]
Rafieian-Kopaei M, Nasri H. Ginger and diabetic nephropathy. J Renal Inj Prev 2013; 2: 9-10.
[49]
Barghamdi B, Ghorat F, Asadollahi K, Sayehmiri K, Peyghambari R, Abangah G. Therapeutic effects of Citrullus colocynthis fruit in patients with type II diabetes: A clinical trial study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016; 8: 130-4.
[50]
Rehman G, Hamayun M, Iqbal A, et al. In Vitro Antidiabetic Effects and Antioxidant Potential of Cassia nemophila Pods. BioMed Res Int 2018; 2018 1824790
[51]
Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee) Dworatzek PD, Arcudi K, Gougeon R, Husein N, Sievenpiper JL, Williams SL. Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabetes 2013; 37: S45-55.
[52]
Lee V, McKay T, Ardern CI. Awareness and perception of plant-based diets for the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes in a community education clinic: a pilot study. J Nutr Metab 2015; 2015 236234
[53]
Huang SS, Su SY, Chang JS, et al. Antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects of the aqueous extracts from Glycine species and its bioactive compounds. Bot Stud 2016; 57: 38.
[54]
Fahey JW, Holtzclaw WD, Wehage SL, Wade KL, Stephenson KK, Talalay P. Sulforaphane bioavailability from glucoraphanin-rich broccoli: control by active endogenous myrosinase. PLoS One 2015; 10e0140963
[55]
Fahey J, Talalay P. Antioxidant functions of sulforaphane: a potent inducer of Phase II detoxication enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37: 973-9.
[56]
Greaney AJ, Maier NK, Leppla SH, Moayeri M. Sulforaphane inhibits multiple inflammasomes through an Nrf2-independent mechanism. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99: 189-99.
[57]
Lee JH, Moon MH, Jeong JK, Park YG, Lee YJ, Seol JW, et al. Sulforaphane induced adipolysis via hormone sensitive lipase activation, regulated by AMPK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426: 492-7.
[58]
Ayodhya S, Kusum S, Saxena A. Hypoglycaemic activity of different extracts of various herbal plants. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2010; 1-212.
[59]
Roman-Ramos R, Almanza-Perez JC, Fortis-Barrera A, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of a hypoglycemic fraction from Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice. Am J Chin Med 2012; 40: 97-110.
[60]
Colomeu TC, Figueiredo D, Cazarin CB, et al. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential of Passiflora alata Curtis aqueous leaves extract in type 1 diabetes mellitus (NOD-mice). Int Immunopharmacol 18: 106-15.
[61]
Alkhatib A, Tsang C, Tiss A, et al. Functional foods and lifestyle approaches for diabetes prevention and management. Nutrients 2017; 9 pii: E1310
[62]
Gregori D, Gafare CE. Multifunctional food: medical evidence and methodological notes on substantiating health claims. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 63: 29-36.
[63]
Rudkowska I. Functional foods for health: focus on diabetes. Maturitas 2009; 62: 263-9.
[64]
Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Potential efficacy of broccoli sprouts as a unique supplement for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. J Med Food 2013; 16: 375-82.
[65]
He M, van Dam RM, Rimm E, Hu FB, Qi L. Whole-grain, cereal fiber, bran, and germ intake and the risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2010; 121: 2162-8.
[66]
Rosén LA, Ostman EM, Björck IM. Effects of cereal breakfasts on postprandial glucose, appetite regulation and voluntary energy intake at a subsequent standardized lunch; focusing on rye products. Nutr J 2011; 10: 7.
[67]
Sadiq Butt M, Tahir-Nadeem M, Khan MK, Shabir R, Butt MS. Oat: unique among the cereals. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47: 68-79.
[68]
Brockman DA, Chen X, Gallaher DD. Consumption of a high β-glucan barley flour improves glucose control and fatty liver and increases muscle acylcarnitines in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52: 1743-53.
[69]
Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F. Functional foods-based diet as a novel dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications: A review. World J Diabetes 2014; 5: 267-81.
[70]
Borneo R, León AE. Whole grain cereals: functional components and health benefits. Food Funct 2012; 3: 110-9.
[71]
Ye EQ, Chacko SA, Chou EL, Kugizaki M, Liu S. Greater whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and weight gain. J Nutr 2012; 142: 1304-13.
[72]
Rosén LA, Silva LO, Andersson UK, Holm C, Ostman EM, Björck IM. Endosperm and whole grain rye breads are characterized by low post-prandial insulin response and a beneficial blood glucose profile. Nutr J 2009; 8: 42.
[73]
Shen RL, Cai FL, Dong JL, Hu XZ. Hypoglycemic effects and biochemical mechanisms of oat products on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59: 8895-900.
[74]
Martínez I, Lattimer JM, Hubach KL, et al. Gut microbiome composition is linked to whole grain-induced immunological improvements. ISME J 2013; 7: 269-80.
[75]
Callegaro Mda D, Tirapegui J. Comparison of the nutritional value between brown rice and white rice. Arq Gastroenterol 1996; 33: 225-31.
[76]
Shimabukuro M, Higa M, Kinjo R, et al. Effects of the brown rice diet on visceral obesity and endothelial function: the BRAVO study. Br J Nutr 2014; 111: 310-20.
[77]
Torimitsu M, Nagase R, Yanagi M, et al. Replacing white rice with pre-germinated brown rice mildly ameliorates hyperglycemia and imbalance of adipocytokine levels in type 2 diabetes model rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2010; 56: 287-92.
[78]
Kozuka C, Yabiku K, Takayama C, Matsushita M, Shimabukuro M. Natural food science based novel approach toward prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes: recent studies on brown rice and γ-oryzanol. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 7: e165-72.
[79]
Thompson SV, Winham DM, Hutchins AM. Bean and rice meals reduce postprandial glycemic response in adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-over study. Nutr J 2012; 11: 23.
[80]
Gilbert ER, Liu D. Anti-diabetic functions of soy isoflavone genistein: mechanisms underlying its effects on pancreatic β-cell function. Food Funct 2013; 4: 200-12.
[81]
Zou Y, Chang SK, Gu Y, Qian SY. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compositions of lentil (Lens culinaris var. Morton) extract and its fractions. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59: 2268-76.
[82]
Duranti M. Grain legume proteins and nutraceutical properties. Fitoterapia 2006; 77: 67-82.
[83]
Flight I, Clifton P. Cereal grains and legumes in the prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke: a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 1145-59.
[84]
Helmstädter A. Beans and diabetes: Phaseolus vulgaris preparations as antihyperglycemic agents. J Med Food 2010; 13: 251-4.
[85]
Barrett ML, Udani JK. A proprietary alpha-amylase inhibitor from white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): a review of clinical studies on weight loss and glycemic control. Nutr J 2011; 10: 24.
[86]
Preuss HG. Bean amylase inhibitor and other carbohydrate absorption blockers: effects on diabesity and general health. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28: 266-76.
[87]
Anderson JW, Bush HM. Soy protein effects on serum lipoproteins: a quality assessment and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled studies. J Am Coll Nutr 2011; 30: 79-91.
[88]
Heber D. Vegetables, fruits and phytoestrogens in the prevention of diseases. J Postgrad Med 2004; 5: 145-9.
[89]
Takahashi K, Kamada C, Yoshimura H, et al. Effects of total and green vegetable intakes on glycated hemoglobin A1c and triglycerides in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Japanese Elderly Intervention Trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 50-8.
[90]
Hegde SV, Adhikari PMN, D’Souza V. Effect of daily supplementation of fruits on oxidative stress indices and glycaemic status in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2013; 19: 97-100.
[91]
Mollica A, Zengin G, Stefanucci A, et al. Nutraceutical potential of Corylus avellana daily supplements for obesity and related dysmetabolism. J Funct Foods 2018; 47: 562-74.
[92]
Kendall CW, Esfahani A, Truan J, Srichaikul K, Jenkins DJ. Health benefits of nuts in prevention and management of diabetes. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2010; 19: 110-6.
[93]
Ahmad MS, Ahmed N. Antiglycation properties of aged garlic extract: possible role in prevention of diabetic complications. J Nutr 2006; 136: 796-9.
[94]
Bernhoft A. A brief review on bioactive compounds in plant.. Bernhoft A. Oslo: The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters In: Bioactive compounds in plants – benefits and risks for man and animals. 2010; pp. 11-7.
[95]
Gothai S, Ganesan P, Park SY, Fakurazi S, Choi DK, Arulselvan P. Natural phyto-bioactive compounds for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: inflammation as a target. Nutrients 2016; 8E461
[96]
Pandey KB, Rizvi SI. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2009; 2: 270-8.
[97]
Scalbert A, Manach C, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 45: 287-306.
[98]
Chang CL, Lin Y, Bartolome AP, Chen YC, Chiu SC, Yang WC. Herbal therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: chemistry, biology, and potential application of selected plants and compounds. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013378657
[99]
Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig E-M, et al. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33: 1582-614.
[100]
Coman C, Rugina OD, Socaciu C. Plants and natural compounds with antidiabetic action. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 2012; 40: 314.
[101]
Patel DK, Prasad SK, Kumar R, Hemalatha S. An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2: 320-30.
[102]
Zhang W-Y, Lee J-J, Kim Y, et al. Effect of eriodictyol on glucose uptake and insulin resistance in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60: 7652-8.
[103]
Bucolo C, Leggio GM, Drago F, Salomone S. Eriodictyol prevents early retinal and plasma abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84: 88-92.
[104]
Zang Y, Zhang L, Igarashi K, Yu C. The anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of kaempferol glycosides from unripe soybean leaves in high-fat-diet mice. Food Funct 2015; 6: 834-41.
[105]
Bajaj S, Khan A. Antioxidants and diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16(Suppl. 2): S267-71.
[106]
Jain D, Bansal MK, Dalvi R, Upganlawar A, Somani R. Protective effect of diosmin against diabetic neuropathy in experimental rats. J Integr Med 2014; 12: 35-41.
[107]
Choi JS, Yokozawa T, Oura H. Improvement of hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia in streptozotocin-diabetic rats by a methanolic extract of Prunus davidiana stems and its main component, prunin. Planta Med 1991; 57: 208-11.
[108]
Takahashi T, Miyazawa M. Potent α-glucosidase inhibitors from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed. Phytother Res 2012; 26: 722-6.
[109]
Pan GY, Huang ZJ, Wang GJ, et al. The antihyperglycaemic activity of berberine arises from a decrease of glucose absorption. Planta Med 2003; 69: 632-6.
[110]
Kim W, Egan JM. The role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and diabetes treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60: 470-512.
[111]
Ichiki H, Miura T, Kubo M, et al. New antidiabetic compounds, mangiferin and its glucoside. Biol Pharm Bull 1998; 2: 1389-90.
[112]
Min Q, Cai X, Sun W, et al. Identification of mangiferin as a potential Glucokinase activator by structure-based virtual ligand screening. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 44681.
[113]
Jung M, Park M, Lee HC, Kang YH, Kang ES, Kim SK. Antidiabetic agents from medicinal plants. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13: 1203-18.
[114]
Hii CS, Howell SL. Effects of flavonoids on insulin secretion and 45 Ca2+ handling in rat islets of Langerhans. J Endocrinol 1985; 107: 1-8.
[115]
Bnouham M, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, Tahri A, Legssyer A. Medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic activity-a review of ten years of herbal medicine research (1990–2000). Int J Diabetes Metab 2006; 14: 1-25.
[116]
Iwu MM, Igboko OA, Okunji CO, Tempesta MS. Antidiabetic and aldose reductase activities of biflavones of Garcinia kola. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990; 42: 290-2.
[117]
Zang Y, Sato H, Igarashi K. Anti-diabetic effects of a kaempferol glycoside-rich fraction from unripe soybean (Edamame, Glycine max L. Merrill. ‘Jindai’) leaves on KK-A(y) mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75: 1677-84.
[118]
Mezei O, Banz WJ, Steger RW, Peluso MR, Winters TA, Shay N. Soy isoflavones exert hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects through the PPAR pathways in obese Zucker rats and murine RAW 264.7 cells. J Nutr 2003; 133: 1238-43.
[119]
Jung UJ, Lee MK, Jeong KS, Choi MS. The hypoglycaemic effects of hesperidin and naringin are partly mediated by hepatic glucose regulating enzymes in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. J Nutr 2004; 13: 2499-503.
[120]
Chauhan A, Sharma PK, Srivastava P, Kumar N, Duehe R. Plants having potential antidiabetic activity: a review. Der Pharm Lett 2010; 2: 369-87.
[121]
Modak M, Dixit P, Londhe J, Ghaskadbi S, Paul A, Devasagayam T. Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2007; 40: 163-73.
[122]
Tiong SH, Looi CY, Hazni H, et al. Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Molecules 2013; 18: 9770-84.
[123]
Chattopadhyay RR. A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 67: 367-72.
[124]
Agrawal R, Sethiya NK, Mishra SH. Antidiabetic activity of alkaloids of Aerva lanata roots on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes in rats. Pharm Biol 2013; 51: 635-42.
[125]
Singh SS, Pandey SC, Srivastava S, Gupta VS, Patro B, Ghosh AC. Chemistry and medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi). Indian J Pharmacol 2003; 35: 83-91.
[126]
Tian CM, Jiang X, Ouyang XX, Zhang YO, Xie WD. Berberine enhances antidiabetic effects and attenuates untoward effects of canagliflozin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 14(7): 518-26.
[127]
Brahmachari G. Bioactive Natural Products: Opportunities and Challenges in Medicinal ChemistryWorld Scientific Publishing . Co.pte Ltd: Singapore 2012.
[128]
Yarnell ENDRH, Abascal KBSJD, Rountree RMD. Clinical Botanical Medicine. 2nd ed. Mary Ann Liebert Inc. Publishers New York 2009.
[129]
Matsuda H, Nishida N, Yoshikawa M. Antidiabetic principles of natural medicines. V. Aldose reductase inhibitors from Myrcia multiflora DC. (2): Structures of myrciacitrins III, IV, and V. Chem Pharm Bull 2002; 30: 429-31.
[130]
Wilder RM, Allan FN. Synthalin, blueberry leaf extract and glukohormet. JAMA 1928; 38: 254-68.
[131]
Chen YG, Li P, Li P, et al. α-Glucosidase inhibitory effect and simultaneous quantification of three major flavonoid glycosides in Microctis folium. Molecules 2013; 18(4): 4221-32.
[132]
Konno C, Morayana M, Sugiyama K, et al. Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of aconitans A, B, C and D, glycans of Aconitum carmichaeli roots. Planta Med 1985; 51: 160-1.
[133]
Hikino H, Konno C, Mirin Y, Hayashi T. Isolation and hypoglycaemic activity of ganoderans A and B, glycans of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies1. Planta Med 1985; 51: 339-40.
[134]
Konno C, Suzuki Y, Oishi K, Munakata E, Hikino H. Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of atractans A, B and C, glycans of Atractylodes japonica rhizomes. Planta Med 1985; 2: 102-3.
[135]
Doi K, Matsuura M, Kawara A, Baba S. Treatment of diabetes with glucomannan (konjac mannan). Lancet 1979; 1: 987-8.
[136]
Narender T, Khaliq T, Singh AB, et al. Synthesis of alpha-amyrin derivatives and their in vivo antihyperglycaemic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44: 1215-22.
[137]
Naik SR, Barbosa FJM, Dhuley JN, Deshmukh V. Probable mechanism of hypoglycemic activity of bassic acid, a natural product isolated from Bumelia sartorum. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 33: 37-44.
[138]
Yoshikawa M, Harada E, Murakami T, et al. Escins-Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and IIIa bioactive triterpene oligoglycosides from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L: Their inhibitory effects on ethanol absorption, and hypoglycaemic activity on glucose tolerance test. Chem Pharm Bull 1994; 42: 1357-9.
[139]
Attele AS, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58: 1685-93.
[140]
Rotshteyn Y, Zito SW. Application of modified in vitro screening procedure for identifying herbals possessing sulfonylurea-like activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 93: 337-44.
[141]
Yoshikawa M, Shimada H, Morikawa T, et al. Medicinal foodstuffs. VII. On the saponin constituents with glucose and alcohol absorption-inhibitory activity from a food garnish “Tonburi”, the fruit of Japanese Kochia scoparia (L.) Schard: structures of scoparianosides A, B, and. C. Chem Pharm Bull 1997; 45: 1300-5.
[142]
Gupta R, Sharma AK, Dobhal MP, Sharma MC, Gupta RS. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of β-sitosterol in streptozotocin-induced experimental hyperglycemia. J Diabetes 2011; 3: 29-37.
[143]
Balamurugan R, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Antidiabetic activity of γ-sitosterol isolated from Lippia nodiflora L. in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667: 410-8.
[144]
Wang J, Huang M, Yang J, et al. Anti-diabetic activity of stigmasterol from soybean oil by targeting the GLUT4 glucose transporter. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61(1)1364117
[145]
Wiedenkeller DE, Sharp GWG. Effects of forskolin on insulin release and cyclic AMP content in rat pancreatic islets. Endocrinology 1983; 113: 2311-3.
[146]
Kumari K, Mathew BC, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1995; 32: 49-54.
[147]
Gao H, Huang YN, Xu PY, Kawabata J. Inhibitory effect on á-glucosidase by the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. Food Chem 2007; 105: 628-34.
[148]
Du ZY, Liu RR, Shao WY, Mao XP, Ma L, Gu LQ. α- Glucosidase inhibition of natural curcuminoids and curcumin analogs. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 14: 213-8.
[149]
Davì G, Santilli F, Patrono C. Nutraceuticals in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 28: 216-26.
[150]
Riccioni G, Bucciarelli T, Mancini B, et al. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation in cardiovascular diseases. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2007; 37: 89-95.
[151]
Palomer X, González‐Clemente JM, Blanco‐Vaca F, Mauricio D. Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10: 185-97.
[152]
Iqbal S, Naseem I. Role of vitamin A in type 2 diabetes mellitus biology: Effects of intervention therapy in a deficient state. Nutrition 2015; 31: 901-90.
[153]
Valdés-Ramos R, Guadarrama-López AL, Martínez-Carrillo BE, Benítez-Arciniega AD. Vitamins and type 2 diabetes mellitus. endocr metab immune disord drug targets 2015; 15: 54-63.
[154]
Jiang F, Dusting GJ. Natural phenolic compounds as cardiovascular therapeutics: Potential role of their anti‐inflammatory effects. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2003; 1: 135-56.
[155]
García‐Lafuente A, Guillamón E, Villares A, Rostagno MA, Martínez JA. Flavonoids as anti‐inflammatory agents: Implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflamm Res 2009; 58: 537-52.
[156]
McCarty MF. Nutraceutical resources for diabetes prevention—an update. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64: 151-8.
[157]
Henderson G, Crofts C, Schofield G. Linoleic acid and diabetes prevention. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6: 12-3.
[158]
Hartweg J, Farmer AJ, Perera R, Holman RR, Neil HA. Meta‐analysis of the effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipoproteins and other emerging lipid cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1593-602.
[159]
Fedor D, Kelley DS. Prevention of insulin resistance by n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12: 138-46.
[160]
Singh U, Jialal I. Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and diabetes. Nutr Rev 2008; 66: 646-57.
[161]
Golbidi S, Badran M, Laher I. Diabetes and alpha lipoic acid. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2: 69.
[162]
Talaei M, Pan A. Role of phytoestrogens in prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2015; 6: 271-83.
[163]
Cruz KJC, Soares de Oliveira AR, Nascimento Marreiro DO. Antioxidant role of zinc in diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2015; 6: 333-7.
[164]
Lau FC, Bagchi M, Sen CK, Bagchi D. Nutrigenomic basis of beneficial effects of chromium(III) on obesity and diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 317: 1-10.
[165]
Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Yuwanakorn A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of chromium supplementation in diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther 2014; 39: 292-306.
[166]
Bo S, Pisu E. Role of dietary magnesium in cardiovascular disease prevention, insulin sensitivity and diabetes. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19: 50-6.
[167]
Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium and type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2015; 6: 1152-7.
[168]
Papathanasopoulos A, Camilleri M. Dietary fiber supplements: Effects in obesity and metabolic syndrome and relationship to gastrointestinal functions. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 165-72.
[169]
Martin C. The role of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications. J Diabetes Nurs 17: 376-83.
[170]
Christie-David D, Girgis C, Gunton J. Effects of vitamins C and D in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Diet Suppl 2015; 7: 21-8.
[171]
Al-Maskari MY. 1, Waly MI, Ali A, Al-Shuaibi YS, Ouhtit A. Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia promote oxidative stress in adult type 2 diabetes. Nutrition 2012; 28: e23-6.
[172]
Yan MK, Khalil H. Vitamin supplements in type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11: S589-95.
[173]
Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Dietary polyphenols as potential nutraceuticals in management of diabetes: A review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2013; 12: 43.
[174]
Ding Y, Dai X, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Li Y. Functional and morphological effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins on peripheral neuropathy in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phytother Res 2014; 28: 1082-7.
[175]
Ding Y, Dai X, Zhang Z, et al. Proanthocyanidins protect against early diabetic peripheral neuropathy by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25: 765-72.
[176]
Raposo D, Morgado C, Pereira-Terra P, Tavares I. Nociceptive spinal cord neurons of laminae I-III exhibit oxidative stress damage during diabetic neuropathy which is prevented by early antioxidant treatment with epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG). Brain Res Bull 2015; 110: 68-75.
[177]
Valensi P, le Devehat C, Richard JL, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, safety study of QR-333 for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A preliminary report. J Diabetes Complications 2005; 19: 247-53.
[178]
Shi Y, Liang XC, Zhang H, Wu QL, Qu L, Sun Q. Quercetin protects rat dorsal root ganglion neurons against high glucose-induced injury in vitro through Nrf-2/HO-1 activation and NF-κB inhibition. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34: 1140-8.
[179]
Wu J, Zhang X, Zhang B. Efficacy and safety of puerarin injection in treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Tradit Chin Med 2014; 34: 401-10.
[180]
Hasanein P, Fazeli F. Role of naringenin in protection against diabetic hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia in male Wistar rats. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70: 997-1006.
[181]
Stavniichuk R, Drel VR, Shevalye H, et al. Baicalein alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy through inhibition of oxidative-nitrosative stress and p38 MAPK activation. Exp Neurol 2011; 230: 106-13.
[182]
Visnagri A, Kandhare AD, Chakravarty S, Ghosh P, Bodhankar SL. Hesperidin, a flavanoglycone attenuates experimental diabetic neuropathy via modulation of cellular and biochemical marker to improve nerve functions. Pharm Biol 2014; 52: 814-28.
[183]
Ma J, Yu H, Liu J, Chen Y, Wang Q, Xiang L. Curcumin promotes nerve regeneration and functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush injury in diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 610: 139-43.
[184]
Nabavi SF, Habtemariam S, Daglia M, Shafighi N, Barber AJ, Nabavi SM. Anthocyanins as a potential therapy for diabetic retinopathy. Curr Med Chem 2015; 22: 51-8.
[185]
Shi X, Liao S, Mi H. Hesperidin prevents retinal and plasma abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Molecules 2012; 17: 12868-81.
[186]
Lee HS, Jun JH, Jung EH, Koo BA, Kim YS. Epigalloccatechin-3-gallate inhibits ocular neovascularization and vascular permeability in human retinal pigment epithelial and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells via suppression of MMP-9 and VEGF activation. Molecules 2014; 19: 12150-72.
[187]
Kim YS, Kim J, Kim KM, et al. Myricetin inhibits advanced glycation end product (AGE)-induced migration of retinal pericytes through phosphorylation of ERK1/2, FAK-1, and paxillin in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93: 496-505.
[188]
Ola MS, Ahmed MM, Ahmad R, Abuohashish HM, Al-Rejaie SS, Alhomida AS. Neuroprotective effects of rutin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56: 440-8.
[189]
Xin H, Zhou F, Liu T, et al. Icariin ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13: 866-78.
[190]
Zhang HT, Shi K, Baskota A, Zhou FL, Chen YX, Tian HM. Silybin reduces obliterated retinal capillaries in experimental diabetic retinopathy in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740: 233-9.
[191]
Ayepola OR, Cerf ME, Brooks NL, Oguntibeju OO. Kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex of Garcinia kola seeds modulates apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes-induced nephrotoxic rats. Phytomedicine 2014; 21: 1785-93.
[192]
Bao L, Zhang Z, Dai X, et al. Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on renal injury in type 2 diabetic rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11: 645-52.
[193]
Park CH, Noh JS, Fujii H, et al. A low-molecular-weight polyphenol derived from lychee fruit, attenuates gluco-lipotoxicity-mediated renal disorder in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9: 13-22.
[194]
Gomes IB, Porto ML, Santos MC, et al. Renoprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of oral low-dose quercetin in the C57BL/6J model of diabetic nephropathy. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13: 184.
[195]
Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Genovese S, De Nigris V, Ceriello A. The possible role of flavonoids in the prevention of diabetic complications. Nutrients 2016; 8: 310.
[196]
Sarian MN, Ahmed QU, Mat So’ad SZ, et al. Antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of flavonoids: a structure-activity relationship based study. BioMed Res Int 2017. 8386065
[197]
Al-Dosari DI, Ahmed MM, Al-Rejaie SS, Alhomida AS, Ola MS. Flavonoid naringenin attenuates oxidative stress, apoptosis and improves neurotrophic effects in the diabetic rat retina. Nutrients 2017; 9: 1161.
[198]
Qin NB, Jia CC, Xu J, et al. New amides from seeds of Silybum marianum with potential antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Fitoterapia 2017; 119: 83-9.
[199]
Ghorbani A. Mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of flavonoid rutin. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96: 305-12.
[200]
Hemmati M, Mostafavi SE, Zarban A, Hoshyar R. Protective effects of quercetin on hyperglycemia and stress proteins expression in rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes. Mod Care J 2018.In Press. e64964
[201]
Axelsson AS, Tubbs E, Mecham B, et al. Sulforaphane reduces hepatic glucose production and improves glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9: 4477.
[202]
Sears B, Perry M. The role of fatty acids in insulin resistance. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14: 121.
[203]
Yessoufou A, Nekoua MP, Gbankoto A, Mashalla Y, Moutairou K. Beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in gestational diabetes: consequences in macrosomia and adulthood obesity. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015 731434
[204]
Chen C, Yu X, Shao S. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on glucose control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10 e0139565
[205]
Zhao M, Chen JY, Chu YD, Zhu YB, Luo L, Bu SZ. Efficacy of epalrestat plus α-lipoic acid combination therapy versus monotherapy in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis of 20 randomized controlled trials. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13: 1087-95.
[206]
Belury MA, Cole RM, Snoke DB, Banh T, Angelotti A. Linoleic acid, glycemic control and Type 2 diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 132: 30-3.
[207]
Dos Santos ALT, Duarte CK, Santos M, et al. Low linolenic and linoleic acid consumption are associated with chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2019; 13 e0195249
[208]
Oh DY, Talukdar S, Bae EJ, et al. GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. Cell 2010; 142: 687-98.
[209]
Itsiopoulos C, Marx W, Mayr HL, et al. The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review. J Nutr Intermediary Metab 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2018.02.002]
[210]
Mishra A, Chaudhary A, Sethi S. Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids inhibit NF-κB activation via a PPARα-dependent pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1621-7.
[211]
Spencer M, Finlin BS, Unal R, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce adipose tissue macrophages in human subjects with insulin resistance. Diabetes 2013; 62: 1709-7.
[212]
Hung AM, Booker C, Ellis CD, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit the up-regulation of endothelial chemokines in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30(2): 266-74.
[213]
Granados-Silvestre Mde L, Ortiz-López MG, Montúfar-Robles I, Menjívar-Iraheta M. Micronutrients and diabetes, the case of minerals. Cir Cir 2014; 82: 119-25.
[214]
Nsonwu AC, Usoro CAO, Etukudo MH, Usoro IN. Glycemic control and serum and urine levels of zinc and magnesium in diabetics in Calabar, Nigeria. Pak J Nutr 2006; 5: 75-8.
[215]
Chausmer AB. Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17: 109-14.
[216]
Andrews Chris Zinc. Diabetes Mellitus and Oxidative Disease. A Nutritional 2005; 22.
[217]
Resnick LM, Gupta RK, Bhargava KK, Hgruenspan H, Alderman MH, Laragh J. Magnesium deficiency in diabetes. Hypertension 1991; 17: 951-7.
[218]
Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 2017-29.
[219]
Saker F, Ybarra J, Leahy P, Hanson RW, Kalhan SC, Ismail-Beigi F. Glycemia-lowering effect of cobalt chloride in the diabetic rat: role of decreased gluconeogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1998; 274: E984-91.
[220]
Yıldırım O, Büyükbingöl Z. Effect of cobalt on the oxidative status in heart and aorta of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2003; 21: 27-33.
[221]
Cam MC, Brownsey RW, McNeill JH. Mechanisms of vanadium action: insulin-mimetic or insulin-enhancing agent? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000; 78: 829-47.
[222]
Theuwissen E, Mensink RP. Water-soluble dietary fibers and cardiovascular disease. Physiol Behav 2008; 94: 285-92.
[223]
Abutair AS, Naser IA, Hamed AT. The effect of soluble fiber supplementation on metabolic syndrome profile among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7: 31-9.
[224]
Davison KM, Temple NJ. Cereal fiber, fruit fiber, and type 2 diabetes: Explaining the paradox. J Diabet Complications 2018; 32: 240-5.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
35
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy